Hemocytes Research Articles

Effects of melatonin feed on histology and antioxidant ability of the gills and oxygen consumption of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis), exposed to acute hypoxia stress

The Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis), as a benthic animal, adequate oxygen is very important for their life activities. This study was designed to evaluate the damage of the gill structure and function of E. sinensis under acute hypoxia (DO = 0.5 mgO2L−1,4 h) and the anti-injury effects of melatonin (MT). Histological examination showed predominantly regressive changes in the gills of crab exposed to hypoxia. The histoarchitecture of gills in the hypoxia group showed disrupted pillar cells (PC), the accumulation of hemocytes (HeM) in the hemocoelic space, lifting of lamellar epithelium and the appearance of bigger size of distal tips. Whereas, no such changes were found in MT group. Compared with the Control+hypoxia (C_hyp) group, the MDA of MT + hypoxia (MT_hyp) was significantly decreased (p < 0.05), while the Na+-K+ATPase content obviously increased in MT_hyp (p < 0.05). Hypoxia promoted the CAT and GSH-PX activities in gills, meanwhile, SOD, CAT and GSH-PX activities significantly increased in MT_hyp group after 4 h of hypoxia compared to Control+normoxia (C_nor) group (p < 0.05). Next, we observed the changes of oxygen consumption rate (OC) and the number times of opening-and-closing water inlet (OCWI) in each group within 1 h after reoxygenation. We found that both MT + normoxia (MT_nor) and MT_hyp groups in oxygen consumption rate after reoxygenation obviously higher than that of C_hyp and C_nor group at 2 mins. The number times of OCWI in C_hyp and MT_hyp groups were significantly higher than that of C_nor and MT_nor groups (p < 0.05) after reoxygenation for 2 mins. In summary, the number times of OCWI be used as an index to evaluate hypoxia for E. sinensis. MT is demonstrated as an antioxidant not only related to the antioxidant ability, but also to the protective gill structure and regulation respiratory for E. sinensis.

A diet rich in diatom improves the antibacterial capacity of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas by enhancing norepinephrine-regulated immunomodulation

Microalgae such as dinoflagellate and diatom are the major food source of bivalve species, and sufficient food intake contributes to the immunity and the growth of bivalves. In the present study, a monoamine oxidase gene (named as CgMAO), which is the rate-limiting enzyme of norepinephrine (NE) biosynthesis, was cloned from C. gigas. After the oysters were fed with a diet rich in diatom for 21 and 40 d, the NE contents in oyster serum, as well as the mRNA expression of CgMAO in oyster haemocytes, increased significantly compared with control group. Besides, the mRNA expression of cytokines CgTNF-1 and CgIL17-5 in haemocytes and the activities of immune-related enzymes (SOD and LYZ) in oyster serum also increased significantly after diatom feeding. These results collectively suggested that sufficient microalgae intake might significantly enhance the antibacterial capacity in oyster by prompting the biosynthesis of NE and triggering the subsequent antibacterial processes modulated by NE.

Farklı Etki Mekanizmalı İnsektisitlerin Tek Başına ve Karışım Halindeki Uygulamaların Galleria mellonella Larvalarında Hemosit Sayıları Üzerine Etkileri

Böcek büyüme düzenleyicileri ve mikrobiyal insektisitler zararlılarla mücadelede tarımsal alanlarda sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır. Bu nedenle, her iki insektisit türüne karşı zararlılarda direnç gelişimi meydana gelmektedir. Son yıllarda, direnç gelişimine karşı farklı etki mekanizmalı insektisitlerin karışım halinde uygulanması sıklıkla tercih edilen bir yöntem olarak kabul edilmektedir. İmmun sistem parametreleri, insektisitlerin zararlı böcek türleriyle mücadelede toksik etkilerinin belirlenmesinde biyobelirteç olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu amaç kapsamında yapılan çalışmada juvenil hormon analoğu pyriproxyfen ve mikrobiyal insektisit B. thuringiensis’ in 50 ve 100 µg/mL derişimlerinin tek başına ve karışım halindeki (25+25 ve 50+50 µg/mL) uygulamalarının Galleria mellonella larvalarında total hemosit sayısı ve diferansiyel hemosit sayısı üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, pyriproxyfenin, G. mellonella larvalarında bağışıklık sistemini baskılayarak, B. thuringiensis biyopreparatının toksik etkisini arttırdığı belirlenmiştir.

Cu, Zn ve Karışımlarının Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Larvalarının Hemosit Tipleri ve Sayıları Üzerine Etkileri

Yapılan çalışmada, Zn (30 mg/L) ve Cu (10 mg/L)’ nun tek başına ve karışım halinde toksik etkilerinin Galleria mellonella larvalarının hemosit tipleri ile total ve diferansiyel hemosit sayıları üzerine olan etkileri incelenmiştir. G.mellonella larvalarında prohemosit, granülosit, plazmatosit, sferülosit ve önositoid olmak üzere beş tip hemosit gözlenmiştir. Total ve diferansiyel hemosit sayıları ağır metallerden önemli ölçüde etkilenmiştir. Metallerin uygulanması sonucunda (72 saat sonunda) total hemosit sayısı (THS) azalmıştır. Prohemosit, granülosit, sferülosit ve önositoidlerde azalma plazmatosit sayılarında ise artış gözlenmiştir. G.mellonella larvalarının hemosit sayılarında meydana gelen değişimler çevre kirliliği düzeylerini değerlendirmede iyi bir model organizma olarak kullanılabilirliğini ve başka türler üzerinde de yapılacak immünolojik çalışmalara yol gösterebileceğini ortaya koymuştur.

Circulating Hemocytes: Phylogenesis, Ontogenesis and the Formation of Monofunctionality

Circulating Hemocytes: Phylogenesis, Ontogenesis and the Formation of Monofunctionality

Effect of low expression of human hemocyte specific protein 1 associated protein X1 on proliferation of human colon cancer cells

Objective To observe the effect of human hemocyte specific protein 1 (HS-1) associated protein X-1on the proliferation of colon cancer cells. Methods HAX1-specific small interfering RNA (siHAX1) was transiently transfected into colon cancer cells SW48, which was verified by the western blotting. The effect of HAX1 on SW48 cells was observed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and clone formation assay. At the same time, the expression of Cyclin D1 was showed by Western blotting. Results It was confirmed that the expression of HAX1 was declined in colon cancer cells by western blotting. And, at the 48 h, the A value (1.264±0.020) of the colon cancer cells in the control group (siCon) was higher than that in the experimental group (siHAX1) (1.122±0.057, 1.021±0.033, 0.989±0.049), which was statistically significant (P<0.05). In other words, the proliferation of experimental group was decreased. At the 72 h, the A value (1.332±0.019) in the control group was different from that in the experimental group (1.199±0.040, 1.081±0.022, 1.068±0.026), and the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). So the proliferative capacity of the experimental group was still decreased. In addition, the expression of Cyclin D1 protein was significantly decreased after low expression of HAX1 protein. Conclusion Low expression of HAX1 in colon cancer cells can inhibit the proliferation of cells by decreasing the expression of Cyclin D1. Key words: Colon cancer; Human hemocyte specific protein 1 associated protein X1; Cell proliferation; Cyclin D1

Interorgan Molecular Communication Strategies of “Local” and “Systemic” Innate Immune Responses in Mosquito Anopheles stephensi

Mosquitoes that transmit many deadly infectious diseases also need to keep fighting against many microbial infections. Constitutive expression of multiple antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in almost all body tissues is believed to facilitate the effective management of these local infections. When any infection breaches the local barrier, AMPs are induced rapidly in non-target tissues such as hemocytes (HCs) and establish their co-ordination with systemic immune effectors to clear off the body infection. But how interorgan immune communication is managed during local and systemic infections remain largely unknown. To understand this interorgan molecular relationship, we identified, extensively profiled and compared the expression of AMPs in three important mosquito tissues viz. midgut, fat body (FB), and HCs. dsRNA-mediated AMPs silencing suggests that mosquito tissues are able to manage an optimal expression of AMPs at the physiological level. We also examined the possible contribution of two important immune regulator genes relish (REL) and nitric oxide synthase, controlling AMPs expression in these tissues during local or systemic infections. We show that each tissue has a unique ability to respond to local/systemic challenges, but HCs are more specialized to recognize and discriminate-specific antigens than gut and FB. Our investigation also revealed that both REL and NO participate in the overall management of the interorgan immune responses, but at the same time each tissue also has its own ability to maintain the interorgan flow of signals. In our knowledge, this is the first large-scale study examining the interorgan immune relationship in the mosquito.

Survival, Hematological Characteristics, Hemocyte Mortality and Histological Changes of Korean Rockfish Sebastes schlegeli Held in Live Fish Containers

Survival, Hematological Characteristics, Hemocyte Mortality and Histological Changes of Korean Rockfish Sebastes schlegeli Held in Live Fish Containers

Comparative analysis of gene expression profiles for several migrating cell types identifies cell migration regulators

Cell migration is an instrumental process that ensures cells are properly positioned to support the specification of distinct tissue types during development. To provide insight, we used fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate two migrating cell types from the Drosophila embryo: caudal visceral mesoderm (CVM) cells, precursors of longitudinal muscles of the gut, and hemocytes (HCs), the Drosophila equivalent of blood cells. ~350 genes were identified from each of the sorted samples using RNA-seq, and in situ hybridization was used to confirm expression within each cell type or, alternatively, within other interacting, co-sorted cell types. To start, the two gene expression profiling datasets were compared to identify cell migration regulators that are potentially generally-acting. 73 genes were present in both CVM cell and HC gene expression profiles, including the transcription factor zinc finger homeodomain-1 (zfh1). Comparisons with gene expression profiles of Drosophila border cells that migrate during oogenesis had a more limited overlap, with only the genes neyo (neo) and singed (sn) found to be expressed in border cells as well as CVM cells and HCs, respectively. Neo encodes a protein with Zona pellucida domain linked to cell polarity, while sn encodes an actin binding protein. Tissue specific RNAi expression coupled with live in vivo imaging was used to confirm cell-autonomous roles for zfh1 and neo in supporting CVM cell migration, whereas previous studies had demonstrated a role for Sn in supporting HC migration. In addition, comparisons were made to migrating cells from vertebrates. Seven genes were found expressed by chick neural crest cells, CVM cells, and HCs including extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and proteases. In summary, we show that genes shared in common between CVM cells, HCs, and other migrating cell types can help identify regulators of cell migration. Our analyses show that neo in addition to zfh1 and sn studied previously impact cell migration. This study also suggests that modification of the extracellular milieu may be a fundamental requirement for cells that undergo cell streaming migratory behaviors.

Effect of Parasitization by Microplitis pallidipes Szepligeti on the Hemolymph Melanization, Total Number and Composition of Hemocytes in the Hemolymph of Larval Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)

Effect of Parasitization by Microplitis pallidipes Szepligeti on the Hemolymph Melanization, Total Number and Composition of Hemocytes in the Hemolymph of Larval Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)

Incidences of hematological adverse reactions in 435 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia treated by imatinib mesylate

Objective To explore the hematology adverse reactions of imatinib mesylate (IM) in the treatment of chronic phase (CP) of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Methods The clinical data of 435 CML-CP patients treated with IM were analyzed respectively in the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University from Jan 2013 to Jan 2015. The hematology adverse reactions were followed up regularly and the incidences in different groups with various factors were compared. Results Until the end of follow-up, 74 (17.0 %) patients had hematology adverse reactions. 61 (14.02 %) patients had neutropenia, including 9 (14.75 %) patients who had level Ⅲ-Ⅳ neutropenia. 60 (13.79 %) cases had thrombocytopenia including 11 (18.33 %) patients with level Ⅲ-Ⅳ thrombocytopenia. Anemia occurred in 50 (11.49 %) patients, of whom 5 (10.00 %) cases were grade Ⅲ-Ⅳ anemia. 33 (7.59 %) cases experienced pancytopenia. The incidence of hematology adverse reactions was influenced by nine factors, including the course before treatment, the size of spleen, Sokal scores, the use of interferon, fusion genes, chromosomes, complete cytogenetic response, main molecular reaction and Karnofsky scores (all P 0.05). Conclusions During the initial treatment of CML-CP, if patients experienced level Ⅰ-Ⅱ hematology adverse reactions, they can continue to taking IM. However, when level Ⅲ-Ⅳ hematology adverse reactions happened, they need to reduce the dose or stop taking, and one month later, hemocyte will get well. In the long-term treatment of CML, once level Ⅲ-Ⅳ hematology adverse reactions occur, the patients need to receive some related inspections, such as bone marrow morphology and molecular biology detection, to clear the disease stage. When it is necessary, the patients can take the second generation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Key words: Leukemia, myeloid, chronic; Imatinib mesylate; Hematology adverse reactions

Study on the pathological features of the bone marrow and JAK2 V617F gene mutation in patients with primary myelofibrosis

Objective To investigate the pathological features of the bone marrow and the mutation of JAK2 V617F gene in patients with primary myelofibrosis (PMF), and analyze the effects of JAK2 V617F mutation on myelofibrosis and the number of hemocytes in patients with PMF. Methods The morphological features of 37 patients with PMF were studied by HGE and Gomori staining. The mutation of JAK2 V617F gene in marrow samples from patients was detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR. Results The positive rate of JAK2 V617F gene mutation in 37 patients with PMF was 54 % (20/37). JAK2 V617F positive patients had higher counts of white blood cell and platelet in peripheral blood [(12.79±3.54) × 109/L and (312.47±203.81) × 109/L] than JAK2 V617F negative patients [(4.22±2.07) × 109/L and (136.43±104.87) × 109/L] (t= 3.158, P= 0.025; t = 2.623, P= 0.046). The two groups had no significant difference between the counts of hemoglobin and the level of fiber hyperplasy in bone marrow(both P > 0.05). Conclusion JAK2 V617F gene mutation detection is important for diagnosis of PMF, especially those with high counts of white blood cell and platelet. Key words: Primary myelofibrosis; Pathology, clinic; JAK2 V617F gene mutation

A comparative study of haemocytes in three cyclorrhaphous dipteran flies

The larval haemolymph of three cyclorrhaphous dipteran flies, Sarcophaga ruficornis Fab., Musca domestica L. and Chrysomya megacephala Fab., possesses five different types of haemocytes: prohaemocytes; plasmatocytes; granulocytes; spherulocytes; oenocytoids. In addition, vermicytes are found in the haemolymph of S. ruficornis and adipohaemocytes in the haemolymph of M. domestica. The total haemocyte counts in the three dipteran flies show an increasing trend throughout the larval stage, attaining a peak value in the freshly formed white puparium stage and declining thereafter. The differential haemocyte count shows a decline in the number of prohaemocytes with an increase in the number of plasmatocytes, granulocytes and spherulocytes.

Effect of rice bran extract on immunological and physiological parameters of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails infected with Schistosoma mansoni

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of rice bran extract on immunological and physiological parameters of Biomphalaria alexandrina snails and Schistosoma mansoni infection. Rice bran methanolic extract showed the strongest antioxidant activity. IC50 values for scavenging DPPH was 344.22 µg/ml and reducing power was increased with increasing amounts of the extract. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 4.23 mg gallic acid-equivalent (GAE)/g bran and 2.11 mg quercetin-equivalent (QE)/g bran, respectively. The presence of rice bran during infection causes reduction in infection rate by 33.3%. The exposure of snails to infection for 24 h followed by treatment with 500 ppm of rice bran for 24 h caused a reduction in infection rate by 56.5% as compared to the control (80%). The reduction in infection rate of Schistosoma haematobium may be due to the increase in immune activity response, activation and vacuolation of haemocytes distributed in hemolymph of snails which represent the important system in immunity defense against any invaders. These results could provide useful information for control of Schistosomiasis in integrated pest management program and environmental protection. Key words: Schistosomiasis, antioxidant, rice bran, control, immunological and physiological parameters, snail.

Shrimp Immune System-Special Focus on Penaeidin

In this review paper, we summarize the immune system of penaeid shrimp. This review includes the clotting system comprising clot protein and clotting enzyme (transglutaminase II), as well as the prophenoloxidase (proPO) activation system including proPO-activating enzyme (PPAE), proPO and clip domain serine protease homolog (c-SPH). In addition, several shrimp cytokines or cytokine-like molecules found in tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon participating in the defense responses are also discussed. C-SPH could enhance hemocyte adhesion. Shrimp astakine promoted hemocyte proliferation in the hematopoietic tissues and could be down-regulated at the post-transcriptional level by the binding of intracellular molecules such as transglutaminase I and crustin Pm4 to its 3'-untranslatd region. Penaeidin is found to be a dual function molecule as an antimicrobial peptide and an autocrine-acting cytokine. Yet, other antimicrobial substances such as quinone and melanine which are generated during the proPO activation pathway and the reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates (ROI and RNI) which are generated during the phagocytic process can also kill and clear the invading microorganisms directly. In addition, Dscam (Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) which plays an essential role in the alternative adaptive immune system of invertebrates, has also been characterized in shrimp.Penaeid shrimp is one of the most important commercially available aquaculture resources. Although, the culture techniques and field management skills have significantly improved in the recent years, infectious diseases are still a threat to the industry. The study of shrimp immune system could be important in designing the strategies against pathogen infection. For shrimp, the innate immune responses play a major role in combatting invading pathogens and prevent them against diseases. The immune responses involve different factors such as physical barrier, bacteria clearance, encapsulation, clotting reactions, prophenoloxidase system, reactive oxygen intermediates, and antimicrobial activity. The innate immune system uses a variety of pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on the hemocyte membrane to detect the pathogenassociated molecule pattern (PAMP) and transduce signals during pathogen invasion. Hemocytes are then activated and the defense molecules are degranulated against the pathogens.

Influence of tidal stress on the immunocompetence of hemocytes in soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria)

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Role of haemocytes analysis in preliminary diagnosis for leukemia

Objective To explore the role of haemocytes analysis in preliminary diagnosis for leukemia.Methods The first haemocytes analysis results of patients with leukemia from July 2010 to July 2011 in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed,including the total number of white blood cells (WBC),suspect epigrams and types of automated hematology analyzer,manual differential.Results A total of 54 patients with leukemia were evaluated.27 cases with high WBC all showed suspect epigrams by automated hematology analyzer and also determined by manual differential with Wrights staining,26 suspect results were reported to the clinic doctors.Of the other 27 cases with normal or low WBC,20 cases showed epigrams by automated hematology analyzer and determined by manual differential,19 suspect results were reported to the clinic doctors; 7 cases did not show the suspect epigrams by the automated hematology analyzer and were partly determined by manual differential (5/7),3 suspect results were reported to the clinic doctors.Conclusions The haemocytes analysis has an important diagnostic value for the preliminary diagnosis for leukemia,it is easily to make a preliminary diagnosis with the high WBC count.Without being strictly abided by the procedures and different morphology identify level may be the causes of misdiagnosis. Key words: Haemocytes analysis; WBC count; Suspect epigrams of WBC; Manual differential

The effect of TLR4 expression in platelets and activation of platelets on the pathogenesis of thrombocytopenia induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice

Objective To determine the role of the platelet activation and the expression of platelet Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in thrombocytopenia induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice.Methods ICR mice were randomly (random number) divided into control group,model 3,6,12,24,48,72h groups and neutrocytopenia syndrome (NEP) group.The blood samples of mice in model groups were detected 3,6,12,24,48,and 72 hours after intravenous injection of LPS respectively.Anti- neutrophil monoclonal antibody was administered in the mice of NEP group 24 h before injection of LPS,and blood samples were collected 24 h after injection of LPS.The determination of platelet count (PC),mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW) was carried out with full automatic hemocyte analyzer.The plasma tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α),macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) levels were measured by using ELISA.The rate of platelet TLR4 expression was detected by flow cytometry.Comparison between groups was carried out by using ANOVA statistical methods.Results PC was reduced by 30％ 3 h after intravenous injection of LPS,and reached the lowest level within 24 h (P ＜0.01 ).MPV and PDW were increased compared with healthy controls (P ＜0.01 ).Plasma TNF - α,M - CSF and sCD40L were significantly increased after LPS stimulation (P ＜0.01 ),and reached the peak during 6 ～ 24 h after LPS administration.PC had correlation with plasma levels of M - CSF ( r =- 0.746) and sCD40L ( r =- 0.573 ).The platelet TLR4 expression was significantly increased 6 h after LPS stimulation.The platelet TLR4 expression in NEP group was significantly lower than that in 24 h model group ( P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusions The excessive activation platelet represented by increase in sCD40L,MPV,PDW and high levels of M-CSF in macrophages along with platelet TLR4 expression participate in the pathogenesis of thrombocytopenia.The up - regulation of the platelet TLR4 expression is dependent on neutrophils in case of thrombocytopenia induced by LPS. Key words: Lipopolysaccharides; Endotoxemia; Thrombocytopenia; Platelet activation; Toll like receptor 4; Macrophage colony- stimulating factor; Soluble CD40 ligand; Neutrophils; Mean platelet volume; Platelet distribution width

The effect of different salinities on mortality and histopathological changes of SPF imported Litopenaeus vannamei, experimentally exposed to White Spot Virus and a new differential hemocyte staining method

The effect of different salinities on mortality and histopathological changes of SPF imported Litopenaeus vannamei, experimentally exposed to White Spot Virus and a new differential hemocyte staining method

Epidemiological investigation and genotype of thalassemia on middle school students in Chongzuo, Guangxi

To investigate the carrier ratio and the genotype of thalassemia among students of secondary school in Chongzuo, Guangxi. From June 10-20, 2008 among 7 regions of Chongzuo, 1 secondary school was randomly chosen from each region, and the number of student volunteers was determined by 0.5 per thousand proportion of the local population size. 1097 students were screened, including 515 boys and 582 girls of 12-16 year olds. Among them, 968 cases were Zhuang (438 boys and 530 girls) 128 cases were Han (76 boys and 52 girls) and one case was Yao nationalities (boy). Analysis of blood cells was detected by Cell Dyn 1700 automatic hemocyte analysator while hemoglobin F (HbF) and hemoglobin A2 (HbA2) were detected by hemoglobin autoanalyse variant. Among those with HbA > or = 4% that belonged to beta-thalassemia before alpha and beta-thalassemia gene were analyzed to identify the genotypes. If HbA2 was <4% but MCV< or = 80 fl, alpha-thalassemia gene was analyzed. Among 1097 cases, 218 were alpha-thalassemia (19.87%), 50 were beta-thalassemia (4.56%) and 13 were combination of alpha beta-thalassemia (1.19%). The overall detected ratio was 25.62%. 133 cases with thalassemia were boys (25.83%) and 148 were girls (25.43%) with no significant difference (P>0.05). 255 cases of thalassemia were Zhuang (26.34%), and 25 were Han nationality (19.52%). The detected ratio among Zhuang nationality was higher than in Han nationality and with significant difference statistically (P<0.01). 3 kinds of deletion (-alpha(3.7)/, -alpha(4.2)/, --(SEA)/) and another 3 kinds of non-deletion (alpha alpha(CS)/, alpha alpha(WS)/, alpha alpha(QS/) alpha-thalassemia genotype were identified, with a higher rate of alpha alpha(WS)/. Among the beta-thalassemia genotype, CD41-42 appeared the most common genotype. MCV of thalassemia was lower than in the controls, with significant difference (P<0.01). 78-90 fl of alpha-thalassemia was detected from the MCV specimen. If taken MCV<79 fl as the positive phenotype of thalassemia, 32 cases were misdiagnosed. The rate of missed diagnosed cases was 2.97%. Rate of thalassemia carrier among students of secondary school in Chongzuo, Guangxi was considered to be high, especially those belonged to Zhuang nationality were higher than the Hans. The carrier rate of alpha alpha(WS)/ was higher, with CD41-42 the most common genotype.