Abstract
Mosquitoes that transmit many deadly infectious diseases also need to keep fighting against many microbial infections. Constitutive expression of multiple antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in almost all body tissues is believed to facilitate the effective management of these local infections. When any infection breaches the local barrier, AMPs are induced rapidly in non-target tissues such as hemocytes (HCs) and establish their co-ordination with systemic immune effectors to clear off the body infection. But how interorgan immune communication is managed during local and systemic infections remain largely unknown. To understand this interorgan molecular relationship, we identified, extensively profiled and compared the expression of AMPs in three important mosquito tissues viz. midgut, fat body (FB), and HCs. dsRNA-mediated AMPs silencing suggests that mosquito tissues are able to manage an optimal expression of AMPs at the physiological level. We also examined the possible contribution of two important immune regulator genes relish (REL) and nitric oxide synthase, controlling AMPs expression in these tissues during local or systemic infections. We show that each tissue has a unique ability to respond to local/systemic challenges, but HCs are more specialized to recognize and discriminate-specific antigens than gut and FB. Our investigation also revealed that both REL and NO participate in the overall management of the interorgan immune responses, but at the same time each tissue also has its own ability to maintain the interorgan flow of signals. In our knowledge, this is the first large-scale study examining the interorgan immune relationship in the mosquito.
Highlights
Vector-borne diseases cause huge morbidity and mortality and have an impact on the economic growth
Our analysis suggested that An. stephensi genome predicted transcript database which includes both SDA-500 Pakistani strain and Indian strain, has a total of 11 antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) genes of which 4 belongs to cecropin and 5 to defensin family (Table S1 in Supplementary Material)
Defensin genes phylogenetic analysis suggested that AMP3 (DEF3) of the An. stephensi and An. gambiae are different from the main clade
Summary
Vector-borne diseases cause huge morbidity and mortality and have an impact on the economic growth. Ongoing genome editing laboratory experiments strongly support the idea that target-specific genetic modification could enable us to alter and/or suppress natural vector population [1]. One of the key idea includes blocking the parasite/virus development within the mosquito host, and the transmission of disease [2]. Corss Tissue Immune Communication in Mosquitoes scientific concepts in operation requires a deep knowledge of molecular interactions linked to vector’s defense mechanisms and pathogen’s ability to sustain within the hostile environment of the mosquito host. A vast majority of literature clearly demonstrates that insects are evolved with a well-defined molecular architecture of innate immune components, which control “Local” (first-line defense) and “Systemic” (second-line defense) infections and maintains tissue specificity and physiological integrity [3]. FB is one of the principal tissue sites for the production and secretion of immune molecules, especially antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) which are rapidly induced in response to any exogenous exposure [5, 6]
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