Habituation Process Research Articles

PENERAPAN NILAI-NILAI RELIGIUS MELALUI KEGIATAN KULTUM DI SDN SERANG 03

The purpose of this research is to find out and describe the “Kultum” activities carried out at SDN Serang 03. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research method which emphasizes on describing what is in accordance with the reality of integrated learning in elementary schools. Qualitative data collection is done by means of interviews, documentation, field observations, and discussions. This research was conducted at SD Negeri Serang 03. The results of this study include 3 things, namely in the preparation process, one of the student representatives is given direction in the form of responsibility to give a lecture on religious values in “Kultum” activities. “Kultum” activities at SDN Serang 03 are carried out once a week on Friday morning before starting the learning process of habituation of cultum activities aims to form a religious character in students at SD Negeri Serang 03. Students are not only taught about religion, but also about the importance of helping, empathy, and their role as individuals who can have a positive impact in society. “Kultum” activities provide a strong moral foundation and religious values to students, which will be embedded in the lives of students.

Madrasah Tsanawiyah Strategy Based on Islamic Boarding Schools Implementing Religious Moderation Values in Blora Regency

This research describes and analyzes the habituation of religious moderation values in the learning of Islamic Religious Education during the pandemic study of madrasah tsanawiyah based on Islamic boarding schools in Blora district with a research focus on how the forms, processes, and strategies of habituation of religious moderation values in PAI learning, and what are the implications for student. This research is a qualitative research using postpositivism paradigm. This type of research uses case studies, data collection uses three methods, namely: interviews, observation, and documentation. The data analysis techniques in this study used the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of this study indicate that: (1) the form of habituation of the moderation value of religion in PAI learning during the pandemic during the pesantren-based madrasah studies in Blora district was carried out in the form of: through Islamic learning activities in the classroom and through religious activities. The values of religious moderation that are habituated in PAI learning are the values of justice (a'dalah), balance (tawazun), and tolerance (tasamuh). (2) The habituation process of religious moderation values in PAI learning during the pandemic during the pesantren-based madrasah tsanawiyah study in Bloradi district was carried out through: the stages of value transformation, the stages of value transactions, and the stages of value transhabituation. (3) The strategy used to habituate the value of religious moderation in Islamic Religious Education learning during the pandemic during the pesantren-based madrasah tsanawiyah study in Blora district, namely: introduction, habituation, example, and practice. (4) The implications of habituation of the value of religious moderation on the social attitudes of students during the pandemic during the Islamic boarding school-based madrasah studies in Blora district, namely being accustomed to worship, respecting teachers and friends, social care, tolerance, discipline, responsiveness to the environment, and obedience to regulations

Can tourists get used to the threat? A comparative study of tourists' behavioral intention during the COVID-19 pandemic

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a model depicting the relationship between the behavioral intention of tourists in the conditions prevailing during a pandemic and other variables.Design/methodology/approachIn constructing the research procedure, two measurements of tourist behavioral intention were taken into account, which were taken far apart in time. In verifying the developed model, the results of surveys of 1,615 people carried out in June 2021 and 917 people carried out in December 2021 were considered.FindingsAs a result of the habituation process, tourists show greater acceptance of the restrictions.Practical implicationsInformation on the basis of which companies make management decisions plays a significant role in the creation of company value. In the tourism sector, the information concerns primarily consumer behavior.Originality/valueChanges over time in risk perception, health protection motivation, and reactance due to perceived pandemic-related restrictions were taken into account in the context of behavioral intention towards tourism.

The temporal structure of goal-directed and habitual operant behavior.

Operant behavior can reflect the influence of goal-directed and habitual processes. These can be distinguished by changes to response rate following devaluation of the reinforcing outcome. Whether a response is goal directed or habitual depends on whether devaluation affects response rate. Response rate can be decomposed into frequencies of bouts and pauses by analyzing the distribution of interresponse times. This study sought to characterize goal-directed and habitual behaviors in terms of bout-initiation rate, within-bout response rate, bout length, and bout duration. Data were taken from three published studies that compared sensitivity to devaluation following brief and extended training with variable-interval schedules. Analyses focused on goal-directed and habitual responding, a comparison of a habitual response to a similarly trained response that had been converted back to goal-directed status after a surprising event, and a demonstration of contextual control of habit and goal direction in the same subjects. Across experiments and despite responses being clearly distinguished as goal directed and habitual by total response rate, analyses of bout-initiation rate, within-bout rate, bout length, and bout duration did not reveal a pattern that distinguished goal-directed from habitual responding.

Why Do Farmers Over-Extract Groundwater Resources? Assessing (Un)sustainable Behaviors Using an Integrated Agent-Centered Framework

This study uses an Integrated Agent-Centered (IAC) framework to investigate the socio-psychological drivers of Iranian farmers’ unsustainable groundwater management practices. Empirical land use change analysis of US Geological Survey Landsat satellite images of the Jaz-Murian wetland region for 1990, 2010, and 2022, is combined with community surveys conducted with randomly selected farmers in five townships within the region (n = 356). Visual analysis reveals dramatic increases in agricultural land coverage, diminished water bodies, and increased salt lands over the 32-year sampled period. We use survey data to explain the socio-psychological drivers of unsustainable groundwater use that lead to these adverse environmental changes. In the IAC survey analysis, we find that variables for “expectation” and “subjective culture” have a negative influence on pro-environmental “intention”. “Intention” and “habit” have a positive influence and “contextual factors” have a negative influence on the drivers of “unsustainable water use behavior”. We conclude that situational influences, habitual process, intentional process, and normative processes must be considered together to alleviate pressure on wetland ecosystems. Policy makers must provide effective agricultural extension training, deliberative dialogue amongst farmer networks, well-governed local water markets and financial support to shift farmer short-termist economic gain-thinking towards socially-supported pro-environmental habits over the longer term.

Strengthening the Pancasila Student Profile Through Hizbul Wathan Extracurricular Activities

The background of the study is the need for better character in primary school students. Accordingly, this study aims to describe how to strengthen the Pancasila student profiles through Hizbul Wathan’s extracurricular activities at SD Muhammadiyah Condongcatur. This is a qualitative descriptive study. The subjects were the vice principals, Hizbul Wathan coaches, and students. The data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The data were validated using source and technique triangulation and analyzed through data collection, reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The study results indicate that strengthening the Pancasila student profiles through Hizbul Wathan’s extracurricular activities at SD Muhammadiyah Condongcatur has been conducted through six main dimensions. The supporting factors are the sufficient and certified Hizbul Wathan coaches, proper facilities and infrastructure, Hizbul Wathan team, curriculum, school policies, presentation of materials, examples from Hizbul Wathan coaches, and parents. Meanwhile, the inhibiting factors are the number of students, slow absorption of materials, character-long habituation process, parents, religion, students’ environment, facilities and infrastructure, and the quality of Hizbul Wathan coaches.

Enhanced distractor filtering in habituation contexts: Learning to ignore is easier in familiar environments

Summary Habituation mechanisms play a pivotal role in enabling organisms to filter out irrelevant stimuli and concentrate on essential ones. Through repeated exposure, the brain learns to disregard stimuli that are irrelevant, effectively ceasing to respond to potentially distracting input. Previous studies have demonstrated that the orienting response to visual distractors disrupting visual detection tasks habituates as tasks progress and distractors are encountered repeatedly, as their initial interference diminishes. Theoretical models posit that this reduction is contingent upon the establishment of an internal representation of external stimuli. Moreover, further studies have indicated that habituation can be context- specific, suggesting that the mechanisms involved incorporate information about features of irrelevant stimuli that extend beyond their discrete characteristics. In this contribution, we further delved into the question of whether the context in which habituation occurs retains a general habituative capacity when a new, to-be-ignored stimulus is introduced. We discuss evidence indicating that the context in which habituation has already taken place facilitates the habituation process for a new stimulus. This suggests that it becomes easier to ignore new stimuli in contexts where we have already learned to disregard other stimuli, underscoring the intricate interplay between habituation, context, and attentional processes.

Precise tactile stimulation of worker ants by a robotic manipulator reveals that individual responses are density‐ and context‐dependent

Abstract Ant workers are often specialized in specific tasks, and it is well‐established that the main task an ant performs in the colony can be used to predict its sensitivity and responses to task‐associated stimuli. An often‐overlooked aspect of ants' task specialization is that individuals often switch tasks throughout the day and are not always engaged in functional tasks. Furthermore, the tasks individuals engage in are often correlated with other context‐specific factors, such as worker density, which can independently influence individuals' behaviour. Given this intra‐individual variation in task engagement and its correlation with density, it is currently unknown how these two factors interact to modulate ants' sensitivity and responses to stimuli. To address this question, we built a robotic manipulation system that allowed us to teleoperate a dummy inside ant colonies and to provide simulated antennations to ants when performing different tasks in areas with different worker densities. We coupled this manipulation system with a custom‐built automated tracking system (FORT) that allowed us to track individual identities and locations as well as to record the ants' responses to the dummy stimulation. We found independent effects of task and worker density on ants' responsiveness and alarm towards the dummy. Ants were less likely to respond and be alarmed by the dummy when stimulated in areas with high worker density. Responsiveness but not alarm was further influenced by the task being performed, with ants doing broodcare being the least responsive. Our results suggest that ants' behaviour is density‐dependent and that ants experience a process of habituation to tactile stimulation. Additionally, ants' responsiveness is modulated by the task they are performing at a given time, showing that sensitivity to stimuli is context‐dependent. Our robotic set‐up constitutes a valuable tool to systematically investigate social insect behaviour under unprecedented experimental control to unravel the individual‐level behavioural rules that underpin the organization of social insect colonies. The integrated system presented here opens new research avenues to empirically investigate the effects of more complex stimuli on social insect behaviour and has the potential to significantly further our understanding of decentralized collective systems.

Seasickness susceptibility and the vestibular time constant: a prospective study.

Human passive motion during boat, car or airplane travel may trigger motion sickness. Seasickness is the most provoking manifestation of motion sickness. It imposes major constraints on quality of life and human performance. Based on seasickness susceptibility the population is usually categorized into susceptible (S) and non-susceptible (NS). During repeated exposure some susceptible individuals undergo habituation and obtain symptoms relief, reflecting a third group of habituating (H) individuals. Recently, accumulative evidence suggests that the vestibular time constant (Tc) is associated with motion sickness susceptibility and attenuation of symptoms. These studies demonstrated that repeated passive motion stimuli lead to temporary short-term (days) changes in Tc, whereas sea sickness habituation process lasts 3 to 6months. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to examine the behavior of Tc during the entire span of the seasickness habituation process between the H, S and NS groups to find an objective test for seasickness severity prediction. Tc of 30 subjects was prospectively evaluated pre, 3 and 6months post exposure to sea environment using a computerized rotatory chair system protocol. Seasickness severity was evaluated by Wiker questionnaire. Significantly shorter Tc was found in the S group compared with the NS and H groups. Further analysis revealed lower maximal Slow Phase Velocity (mSPV) and nystagmus frequency (total number of beats/second) in the S group. Our results suggest that Tc, mSPV and nystagmus frequency might serve as a prediction for seasickness severity. This study was retrospectively registered on December 7th 2022 and assigned the identifier number NCT05640258.

Relation between learning process and morphology of transport tube network in plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum.

The question of whether a single-celled organism without a brain could have functions such as learning and memory has been the subject of much debate in recent years. The plasmodium of the true slime mold, Physarum polycephalum, is an ideal model organism for such a question. The plasmodium exhibits behaviors that resemble intelligence, including solving mazes, mimicking optimal rail transportation networks, predicting the weather, and solving traveling salesman problems. In addition, the plasmodium has recently been shown to have the simplest form of learning: habituation. In the experiments in which plasmodia were repeatedly allowed to cross bridges containing aversive chemicals, the habituation behavior has been confirmed. It has been shown that the habituation process involves chemicals that are stored internally. However, it is not clear how these chemicals result in change in the behavior of plasmodium during habituation learning. This study focused on the transport tube network formed in plasmodium during the above experiments. Then, the role of the network morphology in the habituation learning process was investigated. The results showed that the network morphology changes from tree to mesh type during habituation learning, and disrupting the learned network reduces habituation behavior. In addition, it was shown that the thickness oscillation frequency depends on the network morphology. The study found that in the plasmodium of P. polycephalum, a primitive organism without a brain, transport tube networks, instead of neuronal networks, play an important role in habituation learning and the resulting decision making.

A review of factors influencing drinking behaviours in young Australian adults using a behavioural framework approach.

Young adults (aged 18-24 years) are more likely to binge drink than any other age group in Australia. These behaviours expose young adults to possible adverse events, with potential for acute harms. A behavioural framework (capability, opportunity, motivation-behaviour [COM-B model]) was used to explore factors that influence the drinking behaviours of young Australian adults. Potential studies were identified by searching four online data bases. Content pertaining to factors moderating young adults' alcohol consumption behaviours (either increasing or decreasing alcohol consumption) in an Australian population was extracted. Factors were then categorised/mapped into the six sub-components of the COM-B model. A narrative synthesis/discussion was subsequently undertaken. Factors increasing or reducing alcohol consumption behaviours were identified across all components of the COM-B model. Overall, alcohol consumption behaviours appear strongly influenced by physical and social opportunities, and young adults have reflective and automatic motivations (i.e., habitual processes, emotional responding and analytical decisional making that directs behaviour) to consume alcohol with purpose and/or reason. The use of a behavioural framework (e.g., the COM-B model) facilitates an integrated understanding of factors influencing alcohol consumption behaviours. Future harm minimisation strategies need to consider the interrelated, contemporary factors underpinning a young adult's decision to consume alcohol within the context of modern Australian society.

Kepemimpinan Kepala Madrasah dalam Pelaksanaan Manajemen Berbasis Madrasah di MTsN 1 Kota Bima Tahun Ajaran 2020-2021

The role of principle or leadership in madrasah is a very important element in the implementation of Madrasah-Based Management in the form of stages that must be taken in achieving the goals of Lil Alamin Rahmatan Islamic Education, so that it can be said that the curriculum is a major component of Islamic education, which is organized and presented scientifically and psychologically for educational goals at the level of Madrasah Tsanawiyah or Junior High School to foster a sense of tolerance, mutual respect, mutual trust, and mutual need. This study aims to obtain data on Madrasah Based Management, the principle of Madrasah Leadership, the relevance of the curriculum of the MTsN 1 Kota Bima academic year 2020-2021. This research was conducted using field studies. Data collection is done by observation, interviews, and documentation to get information about the problem under study. While the data analysis is conducted to provide a description and draw conclusions from it. Based on the above analysis, it can be concluded that the results of the study show that the role of Madrasah principle Leadership in implementating Madrasah-Based Management at MTsN 1 Kota Bima Cirebon is through process of discussion, modeling, and habituation.

Factors associated with eating rate: a systematic review and narrative synthesis informed by socio-ecological model.

Accumulating evidence shows associations between rapid eating and overweight. Modifying eating rate might be a potential weight management strategy without imposing additional dietary restrictions. A comprehensive understanding of factors associated with eating speed will help with designing effective interventions. The aim of this review was to synthesise the current state of knowledge on the factors associated with eating rate. The socio-ecological model (SEM) was utilised to scaffold the identified factors. A comprehensive literature search of eleven databases was conducted to identify factors associated with eating rate. The 104 studies that met the inclusion criteria were heterogeneous in design and methods of eating rate measurement. We identified thirty-nine factors that were independently linked to eating speed and mapped them onto the individual, social and environmental levels of the SEM. The majority of the reported factors pertained to the individual characteristics (n = 20) including demographics, cognitive/psychological factors and habitual food oral processing behaviours. Social factors (n = 11) included eating companions, social and cultural norms, and family structure. Environmental factors (n = 8) included food texture and presentation, methods of consumption or background sounds. Measures of body weight, food form and characteristics, food oral processing behaviours and gender, age and ethnicity were the most researched and consistent factors associated with eating rate. A number of other novel and underresearched factors emerged, but these require replication and further research. We highlight directions for further research in this space and potential evidence-based candidates for interventions targeting eating rate.

Recycling date palm waste for compost production: A study of sustainability behavior of date palm growers

Human communities need agriculture for food supply, waste cycles, water supply, and so on. Wise management of waste recycling and composting will help the agrarian economy in addition to environmental conservation. This issue is of high importance for the date as it is the second most strategic horticultural crop in Iran. In this regard, this research aimed to study the behavior of date palm growers in Sistan-va-Baluchistan province regarding waste recycling for compost production. The research population for the survey was composed of all date palm growers in this province in Iran. The sample size was determined at 379 people based on Krejcie and Morgan's table. They were taken by simple randomization with proportional allocation. The data collection instrument was a questionnaire. The results of structural equation modeling revealed that social norms, farmers' attitudes, and subjective constraints had positive and significant effects on date palm growers' intention to recycle date palm wastes by composting. Also, habitual processes were influenced by objective constraints, subjective constraints, and personal norms of date palm growers.

Internalisasi Pendidikan Karakter Dalam Mewujudkan Profil Pelajar Pancasila Di SMAN 11 Semarang

Character education is an important aspect of Indonesian education that is being pursued by the Ministry of Education and Culture. Through the policy of strengthening the dimension of the Pancasila student profile that must be proclaimed in Indonesian educational institutions, it is considered to have an urgency towards the formation of the character of the next generation in accordance with national values and ready to face globalization in the 21st century era. This study aims to find out how the internalization of character education affects the profile of Pancasila students through the habituation process in SMA Negeri 11 Semarang. This study was conducted using a qualitative approach using the case study method. Research Data were collected through observation techniques, interviews, and documentation studies supported by relevant literature reviews. The results showed that SMA Negeri 11 Semarang has succeeded in internalizing character education to students through the practice of intracurricular, cocurricular, and extracurricular activities in which efforts are made to inhabit the sub-elements.
 Keyword: internalization, character education, habituation, Pancasila student profile.

Path To Acceptance and Refined Practices for Habituating Western Lowland Gorillas.

Although western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are the most numerous and widespread gorilla subspecies, they have remained relatively unstudied. International tourism has been initiated at several sites in the Congo Basin, which necessitates habituation of gorillas to human presence. However, habituation has proven difficult due to several obstacles, including relatively low population densities, small group sizes, and thick understory vegetation. In this article, we propose refinements to current approaches to habituating western lowland gorillas that maximize safety and emphasize adaptive responses based on empirical evidence. In addition to reviewing published reports, our approach is informed by the recent habituation of the Mététélé group in the Djéké Triangle, an area that was recently included in the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park in Republic of Congo. We evaluate progress in habituation according to time spent in the presence of the gorillas and their reactions to humans. The Mététélé group is composed of 14 individuals and has a home range that overlaps with two habituated gorilla groups. Early in the habituation process, we discovered that three of Mététélé's group members were individuals who had previously been habituated as members of other groups. The presence of these individuals expedited the habituation process. Familiarity with humans may have also reduced aggressive responses during the habituation process. The overall result is a refined step-by-step approach to the habituation of western lowland gorillas that includes procedures and assessments to meet best-practice guidelines and ensure the wellbeing of both gorillas and humans.

Performing meat reduction across scripted social sites: exploring the experiences and challenges of meat reducers in Norway

Current meat consumption trends are associated with extensive resource use, environmental degradation, and detrimental effects on animal and human health, making meat reduction a core sustainability target. The experiences of meat reducers, often conceptualised as flexitarians, have gradually attracted more academic attention. This literature has shown that in many cases meat reducers do not radically reduce their meat intake and have untangled a complex web of factors contributing to meat consumption, reduction and avoidance. This article contributes to a nuanced understanding of the experiences, approaches and challenges faced by meat reducers. The data was collected through in-depth interviews with 26 self-declared meat reducers in Norway. By framing consumption as embedded in social practices, this article highlights how broader cultural, social and material conditions structure eating and hence meat consumption. A central finding is that through processes of socialisation and habituation, performances of eating often conform to the prevailing conventions inscribed in the socio-material environment in which they are embedded. We thus question the popular depictions of individuals as efficient drivers of dietary changes and highlight the many factors involved in reproducing the ‘normalness’ of meat-intense diets, demonstrating how individual intentions, choices and habits are themselves rooted in, and circumscribed by, prevailing conventions, that is, practices.

Phronesis in teacher education: a critical reexamination

ABSTRACT A growing number of researchers have maintained that the Aristotelian-inspired idea of phronesis or ‘practical wisdom’ is indispensable for understanding and cultivating teacher expertise. Phronesis denotes a synthetic and dynamic intellectual disposition that allows practitioners to perceive the ethical complexities of challenging practical situations and consistently act in a way that realises the goods inherent in the practical environment. Although this is an attractive conceptual ideal, we argue in this article that advocates of phronesis have generally overlooked a necessary prerequisite for developing phronesis: a comprehensive and extended habituation in the ethical virtues (ethismos). Because most pre-service teachers will lack the ethical habituation required for phronesis, we show that phronesis-inspired models of teacher education need to be extended to include experiences we call ‘epiphanies’. Epiphanies refer to moments of insight that can jumpstart the ethical habituation process necessary to usher pre-service teachers towards phronetic expertise.

Character and Competence in The Implementation of Living Curriculum in Indonesian Schools Kuala Lumpur

This article explains the concept of Living curriculum in the world of education which has implications for character and skills through the process of coaching and habituation of students about the values, goals and meaning of life. Through this curriculum students can realize how important it is to behave based on good rules and values. The Life Curriculum is also an activity to develop or strengthen the character and good values possessed by students, this makes students have complex principles for harmonious relationships between humans and their environment. The method used in this study is descriptive analysis, which collects data from several national and international articles related to the living curriculum.

Gurindam 12: Analysis Implementation Value of Character Education in Tanjung Pinang Senior High School

This research aimed to describe various strategies used by schools in implementing character ed ucation using Gurindam 12 values and becoming a culture at SMA N 1 Tanjungpinang. This qualitative descriptive research was conducted at SMA N 1 Tanjungpinang with the subjects being teachers and students. Data collection through observation, interviews, documentation, and data triangulation techniques for data validation. The research results show that the process of implementing character education must be considered in the process of internalization and habituation in schools. There are several strategi es in the process of implementing Gurindam 12 values through character education such as routine activities, spontaneous activities, teaching, modeling, and strengthening the school environment. implementing this is certainly inseparable from the exemplary principals, teachers, students, and other school members who work together in the habituation process which will later create a positive and beneficial school culture.