Salinity Research Articles

IoT-Based Vaname Shrimp Pond Water Quality Monitoring Using the Quamonitor Tool

Pond water pollution is the main problem in vannamei shrimp cultivation, so to overcome this problem, The decline in water quality is caused by a decline in the quality of pH, salinity and temperature in pond water. Researchers created the Quamonitor tool to monitor IoT-based vaname shrimp pond water. The research was conducted using the Research and Development (R&D) method with the Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement and Evaluate (ADDIE) model, assisted by WiFi, MQTT and Node Red networks to monitor water in order to display monitoring results on Android. This study aims to monitor the condition of vaname shrimp pond water quality in the form of pH, temperature, and salinity parameters using pH E-4052C sensor, DS18B20 temperature sensor, TDS/Conductivity DFRobot V1.0 sensor and NodeMCU ESP32 as a data manager and system controller that runs in real time. The test results of PH sensors, temperature sensors and TDS/conductivity sensors obtained a sensor error percentage of 0.29% for pH parameters, 1.7% for temperature parameters and 0.41% for salinity parameters. Based on the sensor error value, Thingspeak graph display, real time monitor display on Android, it can be said that the manufacture of the Quamonitor tool for IoT-based vaname shrimp pond water quality monitoring is successful and can function well

Variability of hydrographic and biogeochemical properties in the North-western Adriatic coastal waters in relation to river discharge and climate changes

The dynamics of hydrographic and biogeochemical properties in a Northwestern coastal area of the Adriatic Sea were investigated. The time series data from continuous observation (2007–2022) allowed the investigation of annual trends and seasonal cycles along a coastal transect influenced by local river discharge. Various statistical models were used to investigate water temperature, salinity, chlorophyll a, dissolved organic, inorganic and particulate nutrients, precipitation and river discharge. It was found that the local river discharge regime played an essential role in interannual, and seasonal biogeochemical dynamics associated with global climate change in the Mediterranean region. A significant trend towards oligotrophic conditions was detected, as evidenced by the downward trend in the river mouth and on the sea of chlorophyll a (−0.2 μg L−1 in the sea), dissolved organic and inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus (i.e., −0.43 μM yr−1 of DON in the sea and −6.67 of DIN μM yr−1 in the river mouth or −0.07 μM yr−1 of DOP and −0.02 μM yr−1 of DIP in the river mouth) and silicate (−2.47 μM yr−1 in the river mouth) concentrations. Salinity showed a long-term increase in the sea (0.08 yr−1), corresponding to a significant decrease in water discharge from the local river (−0.27 m3 s−1 yr−1) and precipitation (−0.06 mm yr−1). The dissolved organic and inorganic nutrients highlighted a different seasonal accumulation under the river runoff regime. The nutrient enrichment was predominantly driven by river contribution. Data analysis showed that the coastal biogeochemical properties dynamics were mostly influenced by river discharge and precipitation regimes, which in turn are driven by climate change variability in the North-western Adriatic Sea.

Propagation of CO2 desaturation front in near wellbore region

Understanding the development and propagation of CO2 desaturated front is important for managing the potential of CO2 leakage via injection wells after cessation of CO2 injection. The CO2 desaturation front is the front at which oil becomes fully devoid, referred to as “desaturated”, of CO2. In this research, water injection into an oil reservoir containing CO2 is investigated to understand the effect of CO2 component transfer between brine and oil phases in the near wellbore region, as well as to monitor the development of the CO2 desaturation front. CMG-GEM compositional simulator is used to model the process. A 1D cartesian model, including homogenous properties, is utilised for the modelling. The volume of water needed to be injected to desaturate the oil from the CO2 in the vicinity of the wellbore is determined. Additionally, the velocity of the CO2 desaturation front propagation is calculated, and it is compared with the calculations of the Buckley-Leverett saturation front displacement. The study also examines how different parameters such as salinity, pressure, and temperature affect the velocity of the CO2 desaturation front, as CO2 solubility in water is influenced by these parameters. Results show that while varying the injection water salinity affects the velocity at which the CO2 desaturation front propagates, variation in the initial reservoir temperature and pressure, as well as the formation water salinity, has a minor impact, although they do alter the CO2 solubility and thus the mobilities at the front. The results also indicate that compared to the temperature front, which generally propagates at about one third of the saturation front velocity, the CO2 desaturation front in this specific case study travels at about one tenth of the saturation front velocity, so it takes much longer for the near wellbore region to completely desaturate from CO2. Other sensitivities, such as varying the residual oil saturation, affected the propagation of the CO2 desaturation front. The desaturation front travels at a slower speed at greater residual oil saturations due to the greater mass of immobilised CO2 to be displaced by this mechanism.

Sorption of colored vs. noncolored organic matter by tidal marsh soils

Abstract. Tidal marshes are significant sources of colored (or chromophoric) dissolved organic carbon (CDOC) to adjacent waters and, as a result, contribute substantially to their optical complexity and ultimately affect their water quality. Despite this, our mechanistic understanding of the processes that regulate the exchange and transformation of CDOC at the tidal marsh–estuarine interface remains limited. We hypothesized that tidal marsh soils regulate this exchange and transformation subject to soil mineralogy and salinity environment. To test this hypothesis, we generated initial mass sorption isotherms of CDOC and noncolored dissolved organic carbon (NCDOC) using anaerobic batch incubations of Great Dismal Swamp DOC with four tidal wetland soils, representing a range of organic carbon content (1.77 ± 0.12 % to 36.2 ± 2.2 %) and across four salinity treatments (0, 10, 20, and 35). CDOC sorption followed Langmuir isotherms that were similar in shape to those of total DOC, but with greater maximum sorption capacity and lower binding affinity. Like isotherms of total DOC, CDOC maximum sorption capacity increased and binding affinity decreased with greater salinity. Initial natively adsorbed colored organic carbon was low and increased with soil organic content. In contrast, NCDOC desorbed under all conditions with desorption increasing linearly with initial CDOC concentration. This suggests that for our test solutions CDOC displaced NCDOC on tidal marsh soils. Parallel factor analysis of 3-D excitation emission matrices and specific ultraviolet absorbance measurements suggested that CDOC sorption was driven primarily by the exchange of highly aromatic humic-like CDOC. Taken together, these results suggest that tidal marsh soils regulate export and composition of CDOC depending on the complex interplay between soil mineralogy, water salinity, and CDOC vs. NCDOC composition.

Efficiency of Nitrogen Fertilization in Millet Irrigated with Brackish Water

Nitrogen fertilization can provide greater nutritional support and mitigate salt stress in the millet crop. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological responses and agronomic performance of millet crop subjected to nitrogen fertilization and irrigation water salinity. The study was carried out in a greenhouse, using a completely randomized design in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, with four replications, with five doses of nitrogen (40; 60; 80; 100 and 120 kg ha−1 of N), and two levels of electrical conductivity for the irrigation water: 0.3 and 4.0 dS m−1. We concluded that salt stress increased leaf sodium levels and had a negative impact on stalk and panicle dry mass, leaf gas exchange, mineral element concentrations (K, P, and Ca), and water use efficiency. The use of lower-salinity water associated with increased nitrogen fertilization provides greater stalk and panicle dry mass, photosynthesis, water use efficiency, chlorophyll index, leaf potassium concentration, and biomass production. The adverse effects of salt stress were evident in decreased transpiration and stomatal conductance, alongside reductions in leaf phosphorus and calcium levels, coupled with elevated leaf sodium concentrations, particularly as nitrogen fertilization rates increased in potted millet plants. These findings offer insights for devising strategies aimed at mitigating the detrimental effects of salt stress on millet plant nutrition through targeted nitrogen fertilization approaches.

Simultaneous measurement of water temperature and salinity using Raman spectroscopy

We present a method to simultaneously determine water temperature and salinity, which uses a pulsed excitation laser and a three-channel Raman spectrometer. The method relies on the systematic dependence of the Raman OH stretching band on temperature and salinity, and is compatible with LiDAR techniques. We have measured the variation of the OH stretching band in two seawater samples and a NaCl solution, and constructed a linear mapping between signal ratios derived from the three spectral channels and the temperature and salinity of each sample. For the natural seawater this approach has been determined by cross-validation to have a predictive accuracy of ±1.6 PSU and ±0.5 °C.

Site water salinity effect on the hydro-mechanical behavior of compacted GMZ bentonite with technological void

Site water salinity effect on the hydro-mechanical behavior of compacted GMZ bentonite with technological void

Impact of Magnetic Technology on Germination, Seedling vigour, Growth, Yield, and Nutritional value of Groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea L) under Water Salinity Stress Conditions in Sandy Soil

Impact of Magnetic Technology on Germination, Seedling vigour, Growth, Yield, and Nutritional value of Groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea L) under Water Salinity Stress Conditions in Sandy Soil

Matching of Water Breakthroughs in a Low-Resistivity Oil Reservoir Using Permeability Anisotropy

In a mature middle and lower Gharif field in Oman, uncertainties surrounding initial water saturation and early water breakthroughs of unknown sources and paths suggest the presence of significant bypassed oil. In order to determine the areas with remaining oil, petrophysical and logging data of seven wells were processed using Techlog software and imported into Petrel software for modelling and simulation. Porosity was calculated using the Electric Propagation Time log and was utilized to evaluate the presence of oil, particularly in the upper tight zone of the formation. Despite the low resistivity readings in the highly porous layers, caused by good network connectivity and high formation water salinity, the resistivity contrast was sufficient to differentiate them from the oil zone. However, the calculated water saturation (Sw) in the tight top oil zone was high, consistent with the observed water production in the field. To improve the match between production data and simulation results, sensitivity analyses were conducted on various permeability anisotropy and relative permeability values within the model. The analyses showed that core-derived permeability anisotropy (vertical to horizontal ratio of 1:1) yielded a better history match for water production compared to the conventionally used value of 1:10. Water saturation maps were generated at the start and the end of production to highlight saturation distribution within the reservoirs. The maps revealed that in the lower porous part, the oil was fully depleted around the wells but remained trapped in the undrilled areas.

Performance of different modeling techniques in testing the impact of environmental variables on eel landing in Ichkeul Lake, a RAMSAR Wetland and UNESCO biosphere reserve

Advanced modeling techniques, including Random Forest (RF) and Cubist model (CB), were used to assess the relationship between environmental factors and European eels (Anguilla anguilla) abundance and to provide insights into the lake's ecological status while considering climate change and anthropogenic influences. A comprehensive dataset, attained through extensive environmental and biological monitoring for the period 2010–2020, was employed. The performance of the models is carried out using key metrics including the root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R²), and mean estimation error (MAE). In addition, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to ascertain the relative significance of the thirteen input variables in shaping the predictions of the models. The precision of the CB and RF models in predicting eel landings surpassed that of Multiple Regression. In the training dataset, the CB model achieved R2=0.55, RMSE=7.68 tons, and MSE=6.20 tons, and the RF model achieved R2=0.56, RMSE=7.20 tons, and MSE=5.56 tons. High accuracy was maintained on the testing dataset, with CB achieving R2=0.73, RMSE=5.13 tons, and MSE=5.89 tons, and RF achieving R2=0.73, RMSE=5.81 tons, and MSE=4.67 tons. The scatter plot between predicted and measured eel landings indicated that the RF model tends to overestimate lower values and underestimate higher values of eel landings, while the CB model gave better performance in this context. Further, the carried sensitivity analysis using the CB model unequivocally identified three pivotal factors – water level, salinity, and turbidity level – as the most influential determinants governing the landing of eels in this ecosystem. Thus, the CB model is considered to be more promising for interpreting the relationship between environmental parameters and eel landings, which could be used by managers for an effective lake management strategy.

Effects of Salinity Levels of Drinking Water on Water Intake and Loss, Feed Utilization, Body Weight, Thermoregulatory Traits, and Blood Constituents in Growing and Mature Blackhead Ogaden Sheep and Somali Goats.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of drinking water salinity levels on water intake and loss, feed intake and digestion, body weight (BW), thermoregulation, and blood characteristics on growing and mature (18.8 ± 0.39 and 21.8 ± 0.40 kg BW, and 0.6-1 and 1.5-2 years of age, respectively) Blackhead Ogaden sheep and Somali goats. The animals were assigned to a 4 (water salinity) × 2 (sheep and goat species) × 2 (growing and mature animals) factorial arrangement for the 60-day experimental period and 10-day digestibility determination. Water treatments were fresh water (FRW) and low (SW-L), moderate (SW-M), and high (SW-H) levels of salinity (i.e., the addition of NaCl to obtain 10, 13.5, and 17 g of total dissolved salts (TDSs)/L, respectively). The salinity of drinking water did not affect feed intake, BW, thermoregulatory traits (respiration rate, rectal temperature, and heart rate), or blood parameters (p > 0.05); however, drinking water, total water intake, urine excretion, and total water loss increased (p < 0.01) while apparent dry matter digestibility decreased quadratically (p < 0.01) with increasing water salinity. Analysis of the interaction between water treatment and species showed that PCV (p = 0.059) and hemoglobin (p = 0.070) levels tended to be higher in sheep than in goats drinking FRW, and AST activities were greater (p = 0.036) in goats consuming SW-M than in sheep consuming water with the same salinity level. In conclusion, increasing the salinity level of drinking water by adding NaCl to up to 17 g/L of TDSs had no adverse effect on the water intake, feed intake, BW, and health status of growing and mature Blackhead Ogaden sheep and Somali goats.

Different Effects of Irrigation Water Salinity and Leaching Fractions on Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Cultivation in Soilless Culture

Different Effects of Irrigation Water Salinity and Leaching Fractions on Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Cultivation in Soilless Culture

Characterization and Mapping of Soil Salinity Status at Small-Scale Irrigation Farm: The Case of Fantale Irrigation Project Sites

Agricultural production and productivity can be adversely affected by the presence of excessive salts in soils particularly in semi-arid and arid areas. Knowledge of the salinity/sodicity of the soil and the quality of the irrigation water is essential for managing agricultural fields effectively and increasing the output and productivity of the lands. This research was initiated with the objectives of characterizing and Mapping of soil salinity status at small scale irrigated areas of Fantale district and identifying the most affected irrigation scheme so as to design appropriate soil salinity management. The study was conducted at Fentale district of Galcha, Gola and Dire Sade irrigation schemes. Soil samples were collected from the surface using augur, and from pits at different depth interval and analyzed for pH, EC, Na+, ESP, SAR, Ca&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2+&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, Mg&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;2+&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, K&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;+&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, and CEC. The result was compared with the standards set by FAO system to classify soil and water salinity. Accordingly, it was identified that Galcha irrigation scheme was characterized as sodic due to very strong sodium concentration with average ESP of 53.2% and EC 3.95 mmhoms/cm and pH about 9.25. On the other hand, Gola and Dire Sade Irrigation schemes were characterized as moderately and slightly sodic respectively. Sodium was the dominant soluble cation, followed by calcium, magnesium, and potassium in all soil depths and schemes. Beside primary Salinization of natural processes such as physical or chemical weathering parent material, and discharge Basaka Lake to the downstream, was the main source of salt build-up in the upper layers of the soil at Galcha irrigation scheme. On the other hand, irrigation water analysis indicated that water used for irrigation at all irrigation schemes were slightly sodic. Therefore, the study underscores the need for a scientific reclamation of sodic soils primarily at Galcha Irrigation scheme where sodium concentration in the soil was very strong.

Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Larval Fish Assemblage in the Nakdong River Estuary, South Korea

Estuaries are crucial fish nursery habitats owing to their high productivity and the presence of various microhabitats for the early development of aquatic organisms. This study investigated the temporal and spatial patterns of the species composition and abundance of larval fish assemblages in the Nakdong River estuary, South Korea, through bi-monthly sampling in the inner and outer estuaries. Fifty-five larval taxa were collected, and the larval fish assemblages were dominated by a few species. Engraulis japonicus (28.8%) was the most abundant, followed by Gobiidae sp.1 (22.6%), Clupea pallasii (13.9%), and Omobranchus sp. (6.1%). The species richness, abundance, and diversity tended to be higher during the warm season in the inner estuary. Multivariate analyses revealed that the structures of larval fish assemblages were significantly influenced by the season and site. Spatial and seasonal changes in larval fish assemblages resulted from the different occurrence patterns of common fish larvae in relation to water temperature and salinity. Among the predominant fish larvae, E. japonicus was captured more frequently in more saline outer estuaries during the warm season, whereas Gobiidae sp.1 and C. pallasii were more abundant in less saline inner estuaries during the warm and cold seasons, respectively. The results of this study improve our understanding of larval biodiversity in estuarine habitats in relation to environmental modification and contribute to the evaluation of nursery functions in the Nakdong River estuary.

Determination of the physiological response of lettuce to different irrigation water salinities (NaCl) and leaching fractions

Determination of the physiological response of lettuce to different irrigation water salinities (NaCl) and leaching fractions

The effects of saline water consumption on sperm parameters, testicular histopathology, hormonal and antioxidants concentrations in Barki Rams

The study aimed to assess the effects of water salinity on the sperm parameters, levels of cortisol, LH, FSH, testosterone and antioxidants as well as the testes’ histopathology in Barki rams. Fifteen healthy Barki rams (1–1.5 years) were divided into three equal depending on the type of drinking water for nine months. The rams in the tap water group (TW, water that contained 350 ppm of total dissolved salts (TDS). Males in the high saline water group (HSW) were permitted to consume high saline water with 8,934 ppm TDS, whereas those in the second group were permitted to have moderately saline water (MSW, 4,557 ppm TDS). High salt concentration in drinking water had adverse effect on sperm viability, morphology and sperm cell concertation. Nitric oxide and malondialdehyde concentrations in blood were significantly higher in the MSW and HSW groups than in TW. There was a significant decrease in glutathione concentration as well as superoxide dismutase activity in TDS and HSW. Cortisol was most highly concentrated in the HSW, next in the MSW, and least in TW. The testosterone, LH, and FSH concentrations in the HSW and MSW groups were significantly lower than in TW. As the salt concentration in drinking water increases, damage to testicular tissue. The MSW group demonstrating vacuolation of lining epithelial cells with pyknotic nuclei in the epididymis and necrosis and desquamation of spermatogenic cells in seminiferous tubules while HSW group displaying desquamated necrotic cells and giant cell formation in the epididymis, as well as damage to some of the seminiferous tubules and showed congestion, vacuolation of spermatogenic epithelium of seminiferous tubules, and desquamated necrotic spermatogenic epithelium. In conclusion, the salinity of the water has detrimental impacts on the sperm morphology, viability and concentration, hormones and antioxidant levels in Barki rams.

Study on Ferritin Gene Expression to Evaluate the Health of White Leg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Postlarvae Due to Changes in Water Temperature, Salinity, and pH

The growth and survival of marine organisms are influenced by environmental factors such as water temperature, salinity, and pH. Unsuitable environmental conditions may negatively impact marine organisms. The white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), a euryhaline organism highly adapted to salinity, is a valuable species for aquaculture. This study examined the effects of water temperature, salinity, and pH on the health of postlarvae L. vannamei. Stress levels within the organisms were analyzed through the expression of a biomarker gene. Ferritin was selected as the biomarker gene for analysis. The experimental animal samples used were the hepatopancreas of L. vannamei postlarvae. The analysis was performed by qRT-PCR. The results showed that the adaptation of L. vannamei postlarvae to temperature was dependent on salinity. Under low-salinity conditions (5 psu), ferritin expression increased at 25 °C and 30 °C after 48 h of exposure; however, it decreased after 72 h of exposure. Under normal salinity conditions (27 psu), ferritin expression increased from 24 h to 72 h at water temperatures of 25 °C and 30 °C. These results indicate that low-salinity conditions may enable L. vannamei postlarvae to rapidly adapt to high temperatures. In conclusion, L. vannamei postlarvae adapt more efficiently to high temperatures under low-salinity conditions than that under high-salinity conditions. The results of this study could beneficially impact L. vannamei farming.

Observations on the Distribution and Effect of Salinity on a Little Known Plant, &lt;I&gt;Mimulus orbicularis&lt;/I&gt; Wall. Ex Benth. (Scrophulariaceae)

Mimulus orbicularis Wall, ex Benth., occasionally found in brackish water lakes, ditches, slacks and often in abandoned ricefields near estuaries and the coastal belt of Eastern India, is a rare aquatic plant. Very often the plants have been found to disappear from the habitat due to some ecological or anthropogenic factors. It is observed that the plant has very little potential for modulating its life cycle strategies in the same habitat. Though populations were recorded in three different localities in India, survival of this species in a parmanent habitat is still a question due to its 'nomadic distribution'. On account of this population behaviour, the collection of this species by many workers in the past has been inadequate. Occurrence of this plant in new localities, extent of distribution and some changes in the morphological characteristics with the change of water salinity and some chemical components of water are discussed in this paper.

Strengthening adaptation in coastal Bangladesh: community-based approaches for sustainable agriculture and water management

The coastal region of Bangladesh is significantly influenced by soil and water salinity, which is further exacerbated by the increasing frequency of tropical cyclones and rising sea levels. Understanding the extent of salinity and its challenges is crucial for promoting sustainable agriculture and ensuring access to safe drinking water. Using quantitative (soil and water parameters) and qualitative (focus group discussion and key informant interview) data, we investigated (i) soil and water salinity and soil nutrient contents; and (ii) adaptive practices in agriculture and drinking water management in three sub-districts (Assasuni, Dacope and Morrelganj) in the southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh. Results show that soil salinity levels did not significantly differ among the sub-districts, with Assasuni having slightly higher soil salinity (8.24 dS m-1) compared to Dacope (8.08 dS m-1) and Morrelganj (7.96 dS m-1). Significant differences were observed in the salinity level of pond and canal water among the sub-districts, with Assasuni having the highest levels of salinity in both pond (13.98 dS m-1) and canal water (77.85 dS m-1), compared to other sub-districts. Soil and water salinity were the major challenges reported by the respondents; however, climate-induced stresses (e.g., untimely precipitation) and outbreaks of pests during droughts have been identified as prominent issues in sustainable agriculture. Rainwater harvesting has been identified as a viable adaptive technique in drinking water management, offering a feasible solution to address water and soil salinity. The study underscores the importance of implementing adaptive practices (e.g., rainwater harvesting) to address water scarcity and salinity issues in the coastal region and promote resilient agricultural systems.

Quantifying the impact of anthropogenic emissions and aquatic environmental impacts on sedimentary mercury variations in a typical urban river

In urban and industrial regions, sedimentary mercury (Hg) serves as the crucial indicator for Hg pollution, posing potential risks to ecology and human health. The physicochemical processes of Hg in aquatic environments are influenced by various factors such as anthropogenic emissions and aquatic environmental impacts, making it challenging to quantify the drivers of total mercury (THg) variations. Here, we analyzed the spatiotemporal variations, quantified driving factors, and assessed accumulation risks of sedimentary THg from the mainstream of a typical urban river (Haihe River). THg in the urban region (37−3237 ng g−1) was significantly higher (t-test, p < 0.01) than in suburban (71−2317 ng g−1) and developing regions (156−916 ng g−1). The sedimentary THg in suburban and developing regions increased from 2003 to 2018, indicating the elevated atmospheric deposition of Hg. Together with the temperature, grain size of sediments, total organic carbon (TOC), the pH and salinity of water, 40 components of parent and substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were first introduced to quantify the driver of sedimentary THg based on generalized additive model. Results showed that anthropogenic emissions, including three PAHs components (31%) and TOC (63%), accounted for 94% of sedimentary THg variations. The aquatic environmental impacts accounted for 5% of sedimentary THg variations. The geo-accumulation index of THg indicated moderate to heavy accumulation in the urban region. This study demonstrates that homologous pollutants such as PAHs can be used to trace sources and variations of Hg pollution, supporting their co-regulation as international conventions regulate pollutants.