Salinity Research Articles

Ion types effect on oil sweep efficiency during engineered waterflooding; an experimental micro-scale study

This study bridges a knowledge gap in oil recovery mechanisms by investigating the influence of water salinity and ion type on oil displacement within porous media, under dynamic flow conditions. Micromodel waterflooding experiments with MgCl2 and Na2SO4 brines at varying ionic strengths (i.e., 0.00832 and 0.832 M), revealed that the high salinity brines considerably boost oil recovery, compared to the low salinity ones. As an instance for MgCl2, the low salinity brine (0.00832 M) resulted in 23% final recovery (one third of which occurred after breakthrough time), while the high salinity one (0.832 M) resulted in 38.5% final recovery (half of which occurred after breakthrough time). High-salinity solutions not only suppressed fingering, observed with low-salinity brines; but also facilitated the formation of stable water-in-oil emulsions, as observed by microscopic images. These emulsions exhibited increased rigidity and elasticity of the interfacial layer, promoting broader fluid distribution within the porous media. Lowering interfacial tension (IFT) – as evidenced by 10–20 % reduction in IFT by increasing brine's salinity - as well as enhancing interfacial viscoelasticity and water-oil emulsion stability were also recognized as the main mechanisms which ultimately led to improved oil displacements at higher salinities.

Experimental Study on the Relationship Among Complex Resistivity, Water Saturation, and Salinity in the Jiaozuo Anthracite Reservoir.

In order to investigate the electrical response characteristics of anthracite coal reservoirs and their correlation with water saturation, salinity, and porosity, the complex resistivity of Zhaogu No. 2 mine anthracite coal was measured across a frequency range of 1 Hz to 100 kHz. The experimental findings indicate that as water saturation, salinity, and porosity increase, the amplitude of both the real and imaginary components of the complex resistance of the coal sample gradually decreases, leading to a decrease in the dispersion degree and an increase in the interface polarization frequency. By analyzing the experimental data and studying the polarization mechanism of coal in a sodium chloride solution, this study proposed an enhanced model that integrates the aspects of the Cole-Cole model and the Warburg model to overcome the limitations of the traditional first-order model, which can fit only single-peak curves. The second-order series Cole-Cole model not only delves into microscopic mechanisms underlying the low-frequency polarization effect of coal samples but also provides a highly accurate fit for complex resistivity dispersion curves under varying conditions. This research offers both an experimental foundation and a theoretical framework for leveraging the electrical properties of anthracite coal reservoirs in assessing the pore structure and permeability of coal seams.

Remote Water Quality Monitoring System In Shrimp Ponds With Photovoltaic (PV)-Based Energy Source

Introduction: Shrimp has great potential to be used as a business field in Indonesia. Especially in Parigi Regency itself, there are now many shrimp ponds that can be found because of the benefits obtained, so people are interested in making shrimp farming a livelihood. One of the main problems of shrimp ponds is pond water quality. There are several factors that affect pond water quality, namely water temperature, water pH, and water salinity, good pond water quality management can maintain quality standards and can increase shrimp yield and productivity Method: To facilitate the shrimp farmers, innovations need to be made in order to help the shrimp farmers manage their shrimp ponds, therefore using a remote water quality monitoring was system in shrimp ponds with photovoltaic (PV) based energy sources is expected to be an innovation in managing shrimp ponds, especially in monitoring water quality in shrimp ponds. The monitoring system designed using the NRF24L01 module as a remote communication module, at the research location the distance from the shrimp pond to the house is approximately 100 meters, so the tools that have been designed can facilitate shrimp farmers to monitor the shrimp pond Results and Disscussion: The results of testing the DS18B20 temperature sensor compared with a digital thermometer measuring instrument get an average error of 0.014%. The test results of the pH sensor compared to the pH meter get an average error of 0.026%. TDS sensor test results compared with the TDS meter get an average error of 0.04%. Conclusion: The temperature, pH, and salinity monitoring system uses transmitter and receiver modules, where the transmitter module reads and sends data to the receiver module wirelessly with NRF24L01. Using DS18B20 temperature, pH, and TDS sensors, as well as energy from photovoltaics, this system helps shrimp farmers monitor pond water quality remotely.

Comparison of the Water Quality and Salinity Modeling for AL-Rumaitha and AL-Atshan Rivers

Comparison of the Water Quality and Salinity Modeling for AL-Rumaitha and AL-Atshan Rivers

Effects of Various Salinity and Water Stress Levels on Physiological and Biochemical Traits of Pepper

ABSTRACT Salinity and drought are among the most important abiotic stress factors with vital impacts on plant growth and development. Effects of different salinity and water stress levels on physiological and biochemical traits of pepper were investigated in this study. Five different salinity (S1: 0.3 dS/m; S2: 2.5 dS/m; S3: 5dS/m; S4: 7.5 dS/m; S5: 10 dS/m) and three different irrigation levels (I100: full irrigation; I75: 25% deficit; I50: 50% deficit) were used. Plant water consumption (ET) values decreased in increasing salinity levels. Pepper yield was significantly affected by both salinity and water stress. There was a 62.8% yield loss under salt stress as compared to the control treatment and a 70.1% yield loss under 50% water deficit (I50) as compared to full irrigation (I100). Irrigation water salinity and water deficits caused significant differences in physiological and photosynthetic parameters (plant height, plant fresh and dry weight, leaf area, chlorophyll, and carotenoid content). Salinity and water stress had significant impacts on enzymatic and non-enzymatic contents such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxide (POD), catalase (CAT), proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). It was concluded based on present findings that irrigation waters with a salinity level up to 5 dS/m could be used in pepper cultivation, but water deficits should be avoided.

Protected cultivation and water salinity in the formation of Erythrina velutina Willd seedlings

Protected cultivation can reduce the harmful effects of salt stress on the development of plant species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and morphophysiological responses of E. velutina seedlings grown under saline stress in two growing environments. The experiment was conducted in an experimental area belonging to the Federal University of Ceará, in Fortaleza, Ceará. The experimental design was entirely randomized in subdivided plots, where the plots were represented by the growing environments (closed-screen greenhouse - CSG and open-sided greenhouse chapel - OSG), the subplots by the irrigation waters (0.8 and 5.0 dS m-1) and in the subplots the collection seasons (20, 40, 60 and 80 DAS), with four replications. Saline stress inhibited the growth of E. velutina seedlings in terms of height, leaf area, number of leaves and dry mass of the aerial part, but provided greater root dry mass throughout the growing season. It also affected gas exchange after 50 days of cultivation. The seedlings grown in the open shade environment on the sides and with lower salinity water had a higher Dickson quality index.

Hourly to weekly variations in halite precipitation from the hypersaline Dead Sea: The role of evaporation, water cooling and freshwater plume stability

ABSTRACTThick‐bedded halite sequences in the geological record are characterized by lateral variations, reflecting spatiotemporal variations in environmental forcing. Although temporal variations have been examined over seasonal scales or longer durations, there is a paucity of information regarding the dynamics of halite deposition at shorter durations of days and hours. Additionally, the influence of water discharges and surface salinity gradients remains poorly understood. Here, for the first time, in situ, hourly to weekly halite accumulation rates were measured on the Dead Sea floor (ca 20 m water depth), the only modern deep and hypersaline water body. Novel underwater photography methods were developed to directly observe halite precipitation at the lake floor, coeval with monitoring of the environmental drives, i.e. evaporation, meteorological and limnological conditions. Two fundamental environments were explored: a diluted plume environment arising from spring discharge; and a mixed hypersaline environment. The focus was on deposition during winter when the halite accumulation rate is highest, and the relationship between evaporation and halite accumulation is most straightforward since the water column is vertically uniform. Significant spatial variations in halite accumulation were found between the two environments, along with hourly variations in each environment. In the mixed hypersaline environment, over intra‐diurnal timescales, evaporation plays a more significant role in halite precipitation, whereas temperature has a greater impact on seasonal changes. In the diluted plume environment, the stability of the buoyant plume controls the rate of halite deposition; during windstorms, the plume is stirred, with higher surface water salinity and higher rate of halite accumulation. However, under calm winds, the plume is stable, with diluted surface water, and the rate of halite accumulation is a few times lower. Following these new findings, the implications for the interpretation of halite deposits are discussed.

Hybrid EOR Performance Optimization through Flue Gas–Water Alternating Gas (WAG) Injection: Investigating the Synergistic Effects of Water Salinity and Flue Gas Incorporation

Hybrid EOR Performance Optimization through Flue Gas–Water Alternating Gas (WAG) Injection: Investigating the Synergistic Effects of Water Salinity and Flue Gas Incorporation

Compilation of Consolidation Properties Data of Champlain Sea Clay from Ottawa Region

Estimation of consolidation settlements in fine-grained soils due to various civil infrastructure loads is traditionally based on results derived from consolidation tests performed on undisturbed soil samples, combined with the data of other soil properties. In many geotechnical engineering applications, consolidation settlements are also estimated using empirical consolidation parameters derived from basic soil properties. This approach relies on correlations from the literature to bypass the time-consuming and expensive sampling techniques, laboratory testing, and other associated expenses. However, these correlations may not provide reasonable consolidation settlement estimations as these correlations are typically developed without considering the influence of stress history, geology, salinity of pore water, gradation, soil fabric, and chemical properties of the soils. This is especially true for Champlain Sea clay deposits from Eastern Ontario region of Canada that are typically with heterogeneous site conditions and exhibit spatial variability of soil properties. In this paper, data from the published literature and industrial and government reports on sensitive Champlain Sea clays were gathered for the Ottawa region. The data collection and clean-up methodology towards enhancing the reliability of the gathered data is comprehensively discussed. The summarized data from this study can be used with a greater degree of confidence towards developing reliable correlations in the estimation of consolidation settlements in geotechnical engineering practice.

Mapping the Future: Revealing Habitat Preferences and Patterns of the Endangered Chilean Dolphin in Seno Skyring, Patagonia.

Species distribution modeling helps understand how environmental factors influence species distribution, creating profiles to predict presence in unexplored areas and assess ecological impacts. This study examined the habitat use and population ecology of the Chilean dolphin in Seno Skyring, Chilean Patagonia. We used three models-random forest (RF), generalized linear model (GLM), and artificial neural network (ANN)-to predict dolphin distribution based on environmental and biotic data like water temperature, salinity, and fish farm density. Our research has determined that the RF model is the most precise tool for predicting the habitat preferences of Chilean dolphins. The results indicate that these dolphins are primarily located within six kilometers of the coast, strongly correlating with areas featuring numerous fish farms, sheltered waters close to the shore with river inputs, and shallow productive zones. This suggests a potential association between dolphin presence and fish-farming activities. These findings can guide targeted conservation measures, such as regulating fish-farming practices and protecting vital coastal areas to improve the survival prospects of the Chilean dolphin. Given the extensive fish-farming industry in Chile, this research highlights the need for greater knowledge and comprehensive conservation efforts to ensure the species' long-term survival. By understanding and mitigating the impacts of fish farming and other human activities, we can better protect the habitat and well-being of Chilean dolphins.

The sedimentary environment and main controlling factors of organic matter enrichment of Carboniferous-Permian marine-continental transitional shale in Kaiping syncline

The shale from the Carboniferous and Permian Taiyuan–Shanxi Formation in Kaiping syncline has good prospects for shale gas exploration and development. To understand the evolutionary characteristics of the sedimentary environment in this area and their relationships with organic matter enrichment. Shale samples from the Taiyuan-Shanxi in Well KP1 were selected as research objects, followed by organic geochemical research, elemental geochemical analysis, and numerical analysis. The results show that the sedimentary period of the Shanxi Formation was marked by a medium productivity level. The sedimentary water column was composed of brackish water and seawater deposits in an anoxic reduction environment. The Taiyuan Formation shale was characterized by a medium level of paleoproductivity. The sedimentary water column was composed of brackish water deposits in an anoxic reduction environment. According to the linear correlation analysis of paleoenvironmental conditions and TOC content. This study suggests that ancient water salinity is the main factor controlling the enrichment of organic matter in the sedimentary stage of the Taiyuan-Shanxi Formation.

Effect of pH, Temperature, and Salinity Levels on Heavy Metal Fraction in Lake Sediments.

Heavy metals (HMs) in aquatic environments are characterized by high toxicity, a propensity for bioaccumulation, and non-degradability, and pose significant risks to biological communities. Previous studies of HMs in lakes have shown that the physical and chemical characteristics of the lake water may control both the migration of HMs in the sediments and the concentration of heavy metals in the lake water. In fact, the change in aquatic environments changes the heavy metal fraction in the sediment, which controls the release of HMs. In this paper, we investigated the effects of the pH, temperature, and salinity levels of overlying water on the chemical fraction of Cu and Zn in Wuliangsuhai Lake surface sediments. The results show that lower water pH and higher water salinity and temperature could increase Cu and Zn release from the sediment. An increase in pH led to changes in the speciation of solid fractions of Zn, namely increases in the residual fraction and decreases in the organic matter and sulfide, whereas acid-extractable and Fe-Mn oxide fractions remained largely the same. Increases in temperature and salinity led to opposite changes in the speciation of solid fractions, namely decreases in the residual fraction and increases in the organic matter and sulfide and Fe-Mn oxide fractions, whereas acid-extractable fractions remained largely the same. The effect of pH, temperature, and salinity on Cu fractions in the solids was much smaller. According to the ratio of the secondary phase to the primary phase (RSP), acidic, high-temperature, and high-salt conditions increase the release risks of Zn. Changes in water temperature have the greatest influence on the risk of Zn and Cu release from sediments, followed by the influence of salinity changes.

Effects of sodium nitroprusside foliar application on the growth characteristics and nutrient elements in some grapevine cultivars and rootstocks under salt stress conditions

Grape is a staple crop in many parts of Iran which has shown moderate sensitivity to salinity stress. Water and soil salinity is one of the major environmental stresses that strongly affect the production of agricultural products, including grapes. To overcome the harmful effects of salinity, different methods and materials are used, one of which is the use of nitric oxide. In order to explore the impact of nitric oxide on the mitigation of the negative effects of salinity stress on four grape cultivars and rootstocks (‘Bidaneh Sefid’ (Sultana) and ‘Yaghouti’ cultivars, and 140Ru and 1103 P rootstocks), a pot experiment was performed in a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Plants were subjected to three sodium chloride (NaCl) levels of 0 (control), 25, and 50 mM and three levels of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) of 0 (control), 0.5, and 1 mM. Results indicated that increasing SNP concentration caused an increase in growth indices such as leaf area, shoot and root length, fresh and dry weights of leaves, shoots, and roots, and leaf relative water content (RWC). Furthermore, salinity decreased the concentrations of potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), and iron (Fe2+) in leaves, while increased the amount of sodium (Na+) and chlorine (Clˉ) as well as the electrolyte leakage (EL). In addition, SNP at 0.5 and 1 mM could increase the growth efficiency and RWC as well as the elements such as K+ and Mg2+ while decreased the absorption of Na+ and Clˉ as well as the EL in plants under salinity. According to the obtained results, SNP at both concentrations (0.5 and 1 mM) had a pronounced effect on reducing the negative effect of salinity in the evaluated grape rootstocks and cultivars. In general, the positive effects of SNP on ‘Yaghouti’ and ‘Bidaneh Sefid’ cultivars were higher than those on 140Ru and 1103 P rootstocks.

Impact of Water and Soil Salinity on Coastal Agriculture in Bangladesh: Insights and Mitigation Strategies

Salinity intrusion is one of the major problems in coastal regions in Bangladesh which affects crop production and livelihood. This study examines the impact of salinity intrusion from the Pasur River on soil quality and agricultural productivity in the coastal region of Bangladesh. For this study, both water and soil collections and field surveys were carried out in seven unions that are directly impacted by the river in Dacope and Mongla Upazilas. Physicochemical analyses of water and soil samples revealed significant variations in salinity levels, with higher concentrations observed in southern regions’ spatial distribution. A strong positive relationship between water and soil salinity indicates a direct influence of river salinity on soil quality from the Pearson correlation analysis. Survey data from 240 respondents, predominantly farmers, corroborated these results, with widespread recognition of salinity’s detrimental effects on crop yields, especially rice. So, smaller farms focus on vegetables, medium on rice, and larger ones on high-value crops like watermelon. Mitigation strategies such as freshwater irrigation, drainage systems, and salt-tolerant crop cultivation were identified as potential remedies. Additionally, experts suggested implementing sluice gates to control saltwater intrusion from tributary rivers like Chila Khal. These results emphasize the immediate requirement for proactive actions to reduce the negative effects of salt-induced soil degradation and ensure sustainable agricultural practices in the vulnerable region.

The local phytoplankton community in Shizugawa Bay, Japan, from 2021 to 2022: analysis by DNA metabarcoding

ABSTRACT This study was conducted in Shizugawa Bay, located on the north-eastern coast of Japan, to determine phytoplankton assemblages. Metabarcoding with the PsbA gene and environmental surveys were conducted from May 2021 to January 2022. PCA results showed that phytoplankton assemblages changed with the environmental parameters, such as water temperature and salinity, indicating a clear seasonal pattern. The relative abundance was dominated by Chlorophyta (annual mean 34.9%) > Bacillariophyta (29.1%) > Haptophyta (17.8%) > Dinophyceae (11.7%). It is suggested that many species of Chlorophyta remain without being filtered by shellfish because the dominant representatives were pico-prasinophytes, which are of small size and are difficult for shellfish to capture. Bacillariophytes are thought to have been consumed preferentially since they are known to be a good food source for adult shellfish. Among Dinophyceae, Dinophysis spp. (causing diarrheal poisoning) were dominant throughout the period, while Alexandrium spp. (causing paralytic poisoning) showed relatively low abundance. Phaeocystis spp. (including some toxic species) were the dominant haptophytes. Cyanobacteria tended to appear particularly in summer although their mean relative abundance was less than 3%. Although the data are limited, they provide a useful snapshot of phytoplankton assemblages in Shizugawa Bay and the environmental factors that affect them.

Okra cultivation under irrigation with saline water and foliar application of hydrogen peroxide

Foliar application of hydrogen peroxide can induce plant defense mechanisms against salt stress, favoring plant acclimation in regions with qualitative and quantitative scarcity of water resources, such as the Brazilian semi-arid region. From this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of foliar hydrogen peroxide application on chlorophyll a fluorescence, growth, and production of okra under irrigation with saline water. The experiment was conducted under field conditions in Pombal, PB, using a randomized block design with a 5 × 3 factorial arrangement corresponding to five electrical conductivity levels of water – ECw (0.3, 1.3, 2.3, 3.3, and 4.3 dS m-1) and three hydrogen peroxide concentrations – H2O2 (0, 25, and 50 μM), with five replications. Irrigation water salinity levels up to 2.2 dS m-1 increase the maximum fluorescence of okra plants 75 days after transplanting. Foliar application of 50 µM hydrogen peroxide proved to be beneficial for plant height, stem diameter, stem dry matter, root dry matter, and total dry matter of okra when plants were grown in low-salinity water. The hydrogen peroxide concentrations of 25 and 50 µM increased the number of leaves. However, these concentrations reduced the average weight of the okra dry fruits. Foliar application with 50 µM hydrogen peroxide had a significant effect on the dry leaf phytomass of the okra cv. Clemson American 80 regardless of the electrical conductivity of irrigation water. Foliar hydrogen peroxide application at concentrations up to 50 µM intensifies the deleterious effects of salt stress on the total weight of dried okra fruits. Keywords: Abelmoschus esculentus L., acclimation, salt stress.

Crop Factor of Maize (Zea mays L.) and Its Relationship to the Salinity of Irrigation Water

Crop Factor of Maize (Zea mays L.) and Its Relationship to the Salinity of Irrigation Water

Effect of Seed Priming with Methyl Jasmonate and Salinity of Irrigation Water on the Emergence and Activity of Sunflower Seedlings

Effect of Seed Priming with Methyl Jasmonate and Salinity of Irrigation Water on the Emergence and Activity of Sunflower Seedlings

Effect of Irrigation Water Salinity Concentrations and Methyl jasmonate on Vegetative and Laboratory Growth Characteristics of Sunflower Crop

Effect of Irrigation Water Salinity Concentrations and Methyl jasmonate on Vegetative and Laboratory Growth Characteristics of Sunflower Crop

The Ability of the Red Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) to Tolerate Different Concentrations of Unionized Ammonia and Water Salinity Levels

The Ability of the Red Tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) to Tolerate Different Concentrations of Unionized Ammonia and Water Salinity Levels