Gunung Leuser National Park Research Articles

Mapping of Degraded Soil Properties in Gunung Leuser National Park

Deforestation that occurs causes a decrease in soil fertility. Knowing soil fertility in the landscape will provide information on land management. The nature of the soil differs from one point to another, therefore it is necessary to map the properties of the soil. The purpose of this study is to map the distribution of the properties of forest land in areas that have been degraded. The land is a former privately-owned oil palm plantation in the Gunung Leuser National Park (TNGL) forest. The study uses a continuous grid interpolation method, thus forming polygons of soil properties. The soil types are Inseptisol an Ultisol. The results of the study show that most of them belong to the type of soil that is finely textured so that erosion can easily occur if surface runoff occurs in areas that have been exposed. The soil water content range that has the widest area is the range 26.98 - 29.50% with an area of 14.38 ha (42.91% of the research area). The range of land capacity has the widest area, namely the range 42.24 - 49.32% with an area of 13.32 ha (39.76% of the research area). Low organic matter content and acidic soil pH. Based on the results of these studies, the land in the research area is less fertile. However, restoration efforts are very possible because many tree species are adaptive with low soil fertility.

Land Cover Change and Deforestation Characteristics in The Management Section of National Park (MNSP) VI Besitang, Gunung Leuser National Park

Gunung Leuser National Park is one of the world heritage forest located in Indonesia where the Government of Indonesia and the International world give serious attention to the condition of the area. Unfortunately the forest area of Leuser Mountain National Park significantly decreasing by years due to deforestation.. This study aims to determine land cover changes, the rate of deforestation and spatial characteristics of deforestation in the National Park Management Section Region VI Besitang Gunung Leuser National Park. Classification method was maximum likelihood classification (MLC). The results of this study indicated land cover changes from 2008 to 2016 at SPTN Region VI Besitang TNGL that forest has increased from 104.741,15 ha to 107.336,03 ha, mixed dryland agriculture has decreased from 3.690,40 ha to 2.498,53 ha, Palm oil decreased from 526,96 ha to 88,40 ha, and open land increased from 3.116,80 ha to 3.572,93 ha. The rate of deforestation in this area during that period is 221,14 ha/year or 1.769,12 ha. Factors that have a close correlation with the area of deforestation are the number of population and the number of families farmer; distance from road, river, settlement and plantation; height class, and slope class.

Medicinal Plant inventory at the Agroforestry Land in Buffer Area of Gunung Leuser National Park

The inventory of medicinal plants in North Sumatra Province are important, especially those that are often utilized by the community. This study aimed to map the distribution of medicinal plants (herbs) under the agroforestry land in buffer area Gunung Leuser National Park. This research was conducted in Simpang Kuta Buluh Village, Sei Bingai Sub District, Langkat District, North Sumatra Province. This research was conducted on March to June 2018. The survey method was used by making plots in the field. A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to analyze the distribution of the medicinal plants and a Global Positioning System (GPS) was used to record the coordinate points of medicinal plants in the area. The results showed that there were found thirty four (34) species of herbs plant in the area with the total of 307 individuals herb,. Sampelulut (Urena lobata L.) was dominant spesies which is found (56 individuals) in this area, followed by Asar-asar (Selaginella deoderleinii) (42 individuals) and Senduduk Bulu (Clidemia hirta) (30 individuals). Constituent plants in Agroforestry land, namely: Mahoni (Swietenia mahagoni), Durian (Durio zibethinus), Karet (Hevea brasiliensis), Pisang (Musa paradisiaca), Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus), Coklat (Theobroma cacao L.), Petai (Parkia speciosa), Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum), Asam Glugur (Garcinia atroviridus, and Kelapa (Cocos nucifera). The data of medicinal plants distribution is vital to provide information for community, researchers, and government.

Benefits over Threats: Understanding Community’s Motivation to Participate in Restoration Initiatives in Gunung Leuser National Park, Sumatra

Gunung Leuser National Park (GLNP), one of Indonesia’s most important conservation sites, has been facing serious pressures due to human activities both within its boundaries and in the buffer zones, leaving a large extent of degraded land in GLNP and its vicinity. As a response, the government along with several civil society organizations have been conducting restoration projects, especially around the borders of GLNP with concessions and villages. A centerpiece of many of these restoration initiatives is community participation. However, there have been limited studies to understand the driving factors of local people participation in such initiatives. In order to better understand what drives community participation in restoration initiatives around GLNP, we conducted a random survey to 111 respondents living in Sei Serdang and Namo Sialang Villages (Langkat District, North Sumatra), where restoration initiatives have been introduced. We found that they do not have a strong dependence on natural resources, which likely explains their rather neutral perspective on forests, i.e. they do not perceive any relations between forests, their livelihood, and threats due to deforestation. The absence of forest protection-related custom among population, mainly due to the cultural heterogeneity resulted from inward migration, further enhances their view on forests. Therefore, those who participated in the restoration initiatives were primarily driven by the opportunity to get additional income and improve their welfare. Based on these findings, we recommend that future restoration-related interventions in GLNP should appropriately consider community perception towards forests to ensure project sustainability and better resources management.

Population and activities of curculionids beetle in snake fruit (Salacca zalacca)

Snake fruit (Salacca zalacca), an Indonesian native palm, has high economic value. This plant has a dioecious inflorescence. At the present time, pollination of snake fruit plants was still conducted by a human. Until now, some insect visitors as a pollinator of the plants were reported, such as stingless bees (Apidae) and curculionid beetles (Curculionidae). In this study, we study the population and activities of curculionid beetles in snake fruit plantations. Three plantations of snake fruit in Sumatera were used to observe beetle populations, i.e., Gunung Leuser National Park (Aceh), Padang Sidempuan (Medan), and Riak Siabun (Bengkulu). The sampling method was used to measure beetle populations by observed directly beetle population on the panicle (flowers). Observation of beetle activities was done by purposive sampling method in 08.00-12.00 am. Results showed that the highest beetle population (23096 individuals) occurred in Riak Siabun, Bengkulu. The highest visiting activity of beetle occurred in the morning.

Weissella, a novel lactic acid bacteria isolated from wild Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii).

Aims:This study aimed to isolate and identify lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in wild Sumatran orangutans to provide more information about LAB diversity derived from Sumatran orangutan feces.Materials and Methods:Fecal sampling from three female orangutans, around 35 years old, was carried out in the wild forest areas at the research station of Suaq Belimbing Gunung Leuser National Park located in the South Aceh district. Orangutan fecal samples were taken in the morning when the orangutans first defecated. The orangutans were above the tree, which is approximately 12-15 m from the ground where feces were found.Results:Fermentation testing using the API 50 CHL Kit showed that OUL4 isolates were identified as Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis with an identity value of 73.5%. Homology analysis demonstrated that the OUL4 isolates have 93% similarity to Weissella cibaria, and phylogenetic trees constructed using Mega 7.0 also showed that OUL4 isolates are related to W. cibaria.Conclusion:These results show that there is a difference in identification between biochemical testing with API kits and molecular analyses on LAB isolates from wild Sumatran orangutans. Based on 16S rRNA gene homology, the OUL4 LAB isolates from wild Sumatran orangutans have 93% homology to W. cibaria.

Preferences of Sumatran orangutan nesting tree at Bukit Lawang Forests of Gunung Leuser National Park

Sumatran orangutans (SOUs) are an endemic great ape and the populations are limited distributed at the northern tip of Sumatra as well as recorded as critically endangered, globally. Forest loss and degradations are major causes of the decline of SOU populations from time to time. This research was aimed to identify the preferences of nesting trees of SOU in natural habitat as a consideration in the selection of tree species to restore orangutan habitat. Vegetation analysis using combination line transects and quadrat methods were done at Bukit Lawang Forests (BLF) of Gunung Leuser National Park (GLNP). There was 4 line transects as well as 25 25m x 25m sampling plots were established in each line transects. Each tree in all sampling plots that contain orangutan nests is identified and counted. Based on inventory, there were 121 SOU nests on 58 tree species with 14 tree species classified as preferences of SOU nesting trees. Litsea firma (Lauraceae) was recorded as the most preferences of SOU nesting trees, followed by Knema latericia (Myristicaceae), Cleistanthus sp. (Euphorbiaceae) and three species of Dipterocarpaceae, such as Shorea ovalis, S. parvifolia, and S. leprosula.

The diversity of tree species as feed sources of Sumatran orangutan in Bukit Lawang of Gunung Leuser National Park

Sumatran orangutan (SOU) or Pongo abelii lives semi-solitary and arboreal as well as frugivorous which the main feeding sources are fruits. Bukit Lawang Forests (BLF) as part of Gunung Leuser National Park is a habitat of SOU as well as popular ecotourism destination in Northern Sumatra. This study aimed to assess the diversity of tree species as feed sources of SOU and to identify the part of the SOU feed trees that eaten by SOU. Vegetation analysis with combination of line and quadrat method was used. There were 181 tree species within plot samples that 81.8% of them or 148 species were recorded as feed sources of SOU. Fruits were recorded as main part of tree species (65%) that eaten by SOU. The most fruit consumed by SOU was from the family of Moraceae and Clusiaceae. This result showed that the BLF has rich tree species as SOU feed sources and the feed sources trees of SOU should be priority in restoration activities both in degraded and corridor areas.

Analysis of land use change and its relation to land potential and elephant habitat at Besitang Watershed, North Sumatra, Indonesia

Kuswanda W, Sunandar AD. 2019. Analysis of land use change and its relation to land potential and elephant habitat at Besitang Watershed, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 350-358. Land use change from forest into plantation at a watershed could be detrimental both for humans and wildlife. This study was aimed to analyze land use change and its impact on the habitat potential of Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus Temminck, 1857) in the upstream of Besitang Watershed located at Gunung Leuser National Park (GLNP), North Sumatra, Indonesia. The study was conducted from April to November 2015. Data collection was made through land cover map analysis, ground check and vegetation analysis using strip transect method. Land use change was analyzed using ArcView 3.2 software, species diversity was calculated using Shannon-Weiner formula and community evenness indices. Based on map delineation, total extent of Besitang Watershed is about 95,428 hectares. The analysis results showed that, in the past 25 years, about 15,989 hectares of land was changed from forests and farms to monoculture plantations. These changes have caused conflicts and threatened elephant population. As many as 168 species of plants were identified during vegetation analysis in the three study locations, namely Bukit Mas primary forest (88 species), Sekundur mixed secondary forest (91 species) and Halaban secondary forest (68 species). Average Importance Value Index (IVI) was below 40% which indicates that there are no dominant plant species. Tree density was between 360 and 497,5 individual/ha, sapling density was between 2,640 and 4,680 individual/ha, and density of seedling and understory plants was between 27,750 and 38,500 individual/ha. Species diversity index for each plant growth stage was relatively high (H’>3) and the similarity of plant species across locations was generally low (IS = <50%). Analysis of the correlation between land cover differences and habitat features showed statistically significant effects on species density and frequency. The highest effect of land cover change is on species density with the correlation reaching 94.5%. Forests in GLNP will be able to regenerate naturally to reach a stable state if there is no more land clearing to raise plantations.

KARAKTERISTIK SOSIAL EKONOMI DAN KEBIJAKAN MITIGASI KONFLIK MANUSIA-GAJAH DI RESORT BESITANG, TAMAN NASIONAL GUNUNG LEUSER (SOCIAL-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS AND POLICY FOR MITIGATION HUMAN-ELEPHANT CONFLICT AT BESITANG RESORT OF GUNUNG LEUSER NATIONAL P

Salah satu habitat gajah yang masih tersisa adalah Kawasan Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser (TNGL), terutama di wilayah Besitang. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi karakteristik sosial ekonomi, kepemilikan lahan, pemetaan wilayah dan mitigasi konflik manusia dengan gajah di Resort Besitang, TNGL. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan penyebaran kuesioner, wawancara dan Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Analisis data menggunakan tabel frekuensi dan analisa deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa wilayah yang memiliki potensi konflik gajah di Resort Besitang adalah Daerah Halaban, Aras Senapal, Sekundur, Bukit Selamat dan Bukit Mas dengan intensitas konflik rendah sampai tinggi. Penyebab utama konflik manusia dengan gajah adalah fragmentasi kawasan hutan, ketidakpastian status lahan di daerah penyangga, pertumbuhan penduduk yang tinggi dan meningkatnya pendatang di wilayah Besitang, perambahan dan ilegal logging yang terus terjadi, minimnya kesadaran masyarakat dan peranan lembaga desa dalam mendukung konservasi gajah. Rekomendasi resolusi mitigasi konflik gajah diantaranya: 1) memperbaiki habitat gajah yang sudah terfragmentasi di dalam kawasan TNGL; 2) meningkatkan peran Tim CRU (Conservation Response Unit); 3) membentuk unit reaksi cepat penanganan konflik gajah dengan melibatkan para pihak; 4) menanam jenis tanaman yang tidak disukai dan dijauhi oleh gajah; 5) mereduksi ketergantungan masyarakat akan sistem pertanian yang membutuhkan lahan yang luas; 6) mengembangkan program untuk membantu peningkatan hasil panen; dan, 7) penyuluhan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman bahwa gajah merupakan bagian dari ekosistem yang harus lestari.
 
 Kata kunci: gajah, konflik, habitat, Besitang, Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser

MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION OF SHOREA JOHORENSIS IN KETAMBE RESEARCH STATION, GUNUNG LEUSER NATIONAL PARK

Shorea johorensis is one of the red meranti plants in Ketambe Research Station, Gunung Leuser National Park, Aceh Tenggara. Currently, Shorea johorensis also is well known as a major source of valuable commercial timber. This research aimed to analyze the phylogenetic of Shorea johorensis based on chloroplast and nuclear DNA in Ketambe Research Station so that it can be known the relationship of Shorea johorensis with other species Dipterocarpaceae in GenBank database. The research was conducted from July 2015 to August 2016 in Ketambe Research Station and Forestry and Forest Genetics Laboratory of Molecular, Bogor Agricultural University. The method used quadrat sampling technique with purposive sampling and experimental laboratory that consisted of DNA extraction, PCR, electrophoresis, and sequencing. The data analysis was done using BioEdit, MEGA6, and BLAST. The results showed that the phylogenetic tree of Shorea johorensis based on the rbcL and matK showed that Shorea johorensis was closely related with some species Hopea; but the phylogenetic tree based on psbA-trnH, 5.8S rRNA, ITS2, and 28S rRNA showed that Shorea johorensis was closely related with Shorea robusta.Keywords: Chloroplast dna, Ketambe Research Station,Nuclear DNA, Shorea johorensis

Phylogenetic analysis of Dipterocarpaceae in Ketambe Research Station, Gunung Leuser National Park (Sumatra, Indonesia) based on rbcL and matK genes

Harnelly E, Thomy Z, Fathiya N. 2018. Phylogenetic analysis of Dipterocarpaceae in Ketambe Research Station, Gunung Leuser National Park (Sumatra, Indonesia) based on rbcL and matK genes. Biodiversitas 19: 1074-1080. Gunung Leuser National Park has several Research Stations. Ketambe is one of the Research Stations which is located in Aceh Tenggara district, Aceh province. One of the timber plants family which is abundant in Leuser Mountain is Dipterocarpaceae. However, the data of species and relationship of Dipterocarpaceae in Ketambe Research Station is lack and not available. The aim of the study is to analyze the phylogenetic of Dipterocarpaceae based on rbcL and matK gene in Ketambe Research Station. This research was carried out from July 2015 to August 2016 in Ketambe Research Station and Forestry and Forest Genetics Laboratory of Molecular, Bogor Agricultural University. The method used quadrat sampling technique with purposive sampling and experimental laboratory consisting of DNA extraction, PCR, electrophoresis, and sequencing. The data analysis was done using BioEdit and MEGA6. The results showed that based on morphological identification, there were five Dipterocarpaceae species found namely; Parashorea lucida, Shorea parvifolia, Shorea lepidota, Shorea johorensis, and Hopea dryobalanoides. The phylogenetic tree based on rbcL gene showed that there were two monophyletic groups, the first group was S. johorensis, S. lepidota, and H. dryobalanoides; and the second group consisted of S. parvifolia and P. lucida. The phylogenetic tree reconstruction based on matK gene showed that Shorea parvifolia and S. johorensis were separated in two different monophyletic groups.

INVENTARISASI JENIS-JENIS ZINGIBERACEAE DI HUTAN TELAGAH TAMAN NASIONAL GUNUNG LEUSER KABUPATEN LANGKAT SUMATERA UTARA

<p>Zingiberaceae is one of perennial herbaceous plant that was unique to its rhizomes. This is because the Zingiberaceae contains evaporated oil or had an aromatic odor. This research was conducted in February to March 2018 in the Telagah Forest of Gunung Leuser National Park, Langkat Regency. This research used descriptive procedures with observation techniques. The result based on observations obtained 11 species of Zingiberaceae, with 7 Genus of Zingiberaceae. The <em>Globba</em> Genus has the most number of species, 4 species (<em>Globba nawawii</em> Ibrahim & K. Larsen; <em>Globba paniculata</em> Valeton; <em>Globba patens</em> Miq; and <em>Globba pendula</em> Roxb.), <em>Etlingera</em> Genus <em>(Etlingera alatior</em> (Jack) R.M. Sm.; and <em>Etlingera littoralis</em> (J. Konig) Giseke), <em>Amomum</em> Genus <em>(Amomum ochreum</em> Ridl.), <em>Curcuma</em> Genus (Curcuma sp.), <em>Hedychium</em> Genus <em>(Hedychium coronarium</em> Koenig.), <em>Hornstedtia</em> Genus <em>(Hornstedtia tomentosa</em> (Blume) bakh.f.) and <em>Zingiber</em> Genus <em>(Zingiber multibracteata</em> Holtt).</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Zingiberaceae. Rhizomes, Gunung Leuser National Park.</p>

Kajian Pengembangan Ekowisata Salang Pangeran Di Kawasan Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser

Development of ecotourism is one way to preserve the forest and also for the welfare of the surrounding community. Salang Pangeran ecotourism in Timbang Lawan village is part of the buffer of Gunung Leuser National Park. Since 2014, people of Timbang Lawan village have opened the Salang Pangeran ecotourism for public. Tourists who visit the ecotourism increase significantly. The purpose of this study is to determine the value of potential objects and natural attractions, internal and external factors that affect the development of Salang Pangeran ecotourism and its development strategies. Methods of data collection by conducting literature studies, field observations, interviews with communities and stakeholders and conducting Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Data analysis on the potential of Objects and Natural Tourist Attraction (ODTWA) described descriptively and it processed by using Guidance Analysis of the Operational Area-Objects and Natural Tourist Attraction (ADO-ODTWA) and SWOT analysis to formulate strategic alternatives. The results of ODTWA analysis in the Salang Pangeran ecotourism area for each criterias are known for attractiveness value is 1260 points (high), accessibility, 725 points (medium), condition of socio-economic environment, 425 points (medium), accommodation, 180 points (high), insfrastructure and supporting facilities, 300 points (high) and availability of clean water, 900 points (high). There are 9 alternative strategies for the Salang Pangeran ecotourism development plan

Pengaruh Kerapatan Vegetasi Terhadap Produktivitas Serasah Hutan Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser

The research was conducted in January-September 2017 and will continue until December 2017 at Gunung Leuser National Park Resort Tenggulun, Aceh Tamiang District, Aceh Province. The method used to determine the vegetation density is purposive sampling by using a combination of line method and the method of with 20 m x 20 m. For determination of litter productivity by using Litter Trap method, and to analyze physical and chemical content of soil by laboratory test and calculate soil fauna density (biological factor) location determination by using line transect along 100 m, then on every line taken 10 point by method Systematic Sampling is systematically on the 3 (three) research sites that have been determined. Based on the research results for the highest density of tree vegetation found in plot 4 with the absolute density of 175 Ind/ ha this is in line with the highest litter productivity value also found at high density (plot 4) which is 14,5 gr/m2/week. Physical chemical factors are found in high density of air temperature 26 0C, humidity 80 %, soil temperature 25 0C, light intensity 118 Candella, soil pH 5.6, C-Organic 4.80 %, N-Total 0.55%, C/N of 4,24 %, P-Bray 23,03 ppm and K-tukar 0,41 Me/100.

Diversity and determination of wildlife ‘umbrella species’ in the Gunung Leuser National Park

The determination of ‘umbrella species’ in the wildlife conservation implementation is very important to be effective and directed. This study was aimed to obtain information wildlife diversity (primates and terrestrial mammals) and ‘umbrella species’ on various type of habitats to support conservation programs in the Gunung Leuser National Park (GLNP), of Besitang Watershed, North Sumatera. The research was carried for six months, from May to October 2015. The observation was made using combination of variable circular plot and strip transect methods. Determination of 'umbrella species' is done through valuating by referring to the Department of Forestry criterias (2008). Primate were identified about 6 species and terrestrial mammal of 16 species. Primate and mammal diversity index are with the category of low to moderate with abudance index between 5.60-15.32. Based onassessment criteria and consideration to high conflict potential show that ‘umbrella species’ are elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus Temminck, 1847). The wildlife conservation implications are recommended, such as to the elephants around GLNP, i.e to increase research wildlife distribution and population, habitat protection and population pockets, to develop a database and monitoring with geographic information systems (GIS), the minimization a hunting and law enforcement as well as mitigation wildlife conflicts, such as elephants and orangutans.

Analysis of Changes in Land Cover to Support The Management of Gunung Leuser National Park

Abstract. Gunung Leuser National Park (GLNP) in Aceh and North Sumatra, Indonesia was allocated to protect and preserve its local biodiversity. GLNP implements a national park management policy that adopts a zoning system which includes core, wilderness, rehabilitation, traditional use, utilization and other zones. Population growth causes land cover changes in GLNP and in its buffer zone. One of the approaches to assessing rapid land cover changes is by employing a remote sensing approach. The purposes of this study are: (1) to analyze land cover change between the periods of 1996, 2005 and 2014; (2) to analyze the relationship between the population pressure index and land cover changes; and (3) to propose a guidance and recommendations for a better management of land cover changes in GLNP. The results showed that the main land cover classes at GLNP and its buffer zone in the period between 1996 and 2014 were forests, grass/shrubs, and cropland. Compared with the proposed zoning and the provincial master plan, there were land cover mismatches in 2014, especially in Southeast Aceh Regency. The land cover changes analysis indicated a significant decrease of forest land cover from 1996 to 2014. In the period between 1996 and 2005, the analysis showed the highest increase for cropland whilst in the period between 2005 and 2014, the highest increase was observed for plantations. Keywords. Gunung Leuser National Park, land use/land cover change, population pressure index. Abstrak. Fungsi utama dari Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser (GLNP), sebagai salah satu dari kawasan konservasi yang ada di Provinsi Aceh dan Provinsi Sumatera Utara, adalah untuk melindungi dan melestarikan sumberdaya keanekaragaman hayati yang terdapat di dalamnya. Sebagai Taman Nasional, GLNP memiliki kebijakan pengelolaan yang harus didasarkan pada sistem zonasi yang terdiri dari zona inti, rimba, rehabilitasi, penggunaan tradisional, pemanfaatan dan zona- zona lainnya. Peningkatan jumlah penduduk menyebabkan perubahan penutupan lahan di kawasan GLNP dan zona penyangganya. Salah satu pendekatan yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengetahui perubahan penggunaan lahan secara cepat adalah menggunakan teknik penginderaan jauh. Untuk itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: (1) Untuk menganalisis perubahan penutupan lahan pada tahun 1996, 2005 dan 2014; (2) Untuk menganalisis hubungan antara indeks tekanan penduduk dengan perubahan penutupan lahan; dan (3) Untuk menyusun arahan dan rekomendasi pengendalian perubahan penutupan lahan yang mendukung pengelolaan GLNP. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bentuk penutupan lahan paling besar di GLNP dan zona penyangga pada periode 1996-2014 adalah hutan, rumput/semak belukar dan pertanian lahan kering. Terdapat ketidaksesuaian penutupan lahan tahun 2014 dengan peta zonasi yang telah dibuat dan juga ketidaksesuaian penutupan lahan tahun 2014 dengan Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) Provinsi Aceh dan Sumatera Utara terutama di Kabupaten Aceh Tenggara. Hasil analisis perubahan penutupan lahan menunjukkan penyusutan penutupan lahan paling tinggi terjadi pada hutan pada periode tahun 1996-2005 dan periode 2005-2014. Pada periode tahun 1996-2005 peningkatan penutupan lahan paling tinggi terjadi pada pertanian lahan kering sedangkan untuk periode tahun 2005-2014 peningkatan penutupan lahan paling tinggi terjadi pada perkebunan. Kata kunci. indeks tekanan penduduk, perubahan penutupan lahan, Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser.

Implementation of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and Law No. 5 of 1990 in Law Enforcement Efforts and Guarantees of Environmental Rights in Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia

Indonesia is renowned for its abundant natural resources and vast biodiversity. However, Indonesia also has wildlife species that are most vulnerable to the threat of extinction. Illegal wildlife trade poses a serious threat to the preservation of wildlife in Indonesia. Wildlife illegally traded based on facts found in the field is mostly a catch from nature, not from captive breeding. Gunung Leuser National Park (Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser, TNGL) as one of the national parks in Indonesia faces problems in the protection of this wildlife. This is triggered by the process of industrialization, illegal logging activities and crimes against protected wildlife. Wildlife protection in Indonesia and internationally is regulated legally through Law No.5 of 1990 and internationally through the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The role of local government, BKSDA TNGL, and related agencies in suppressing the extinction rate provides an understanding to the community of TNGL conservation areas, in particular, to reduce conflicts and clearance of plantation land by utilizing the concept of environmentally sustainable development as well as providing the mitigation measures.

The Correlation of Tree Phenology with nest number of Orang Utan Sumatera (Pongo abelii) on Primary Forest, Resort Sei Betung, Gunung Leuser National Park

Food availability affect the orangutan activities, including activities to make nests. This study was conducted to determine the correlation between the phenology of trees with the number of nests made by orangutans in primary forest Resort Sei Betung, Gunung Leuser National Park. Multi linear regression was used in this study to determine the relation and correlation between phenology and the presence of orangutan nests on a track that has been created. It took over 6 months (March - August 2015). There were 15 orangutan nests found on the track during the study. The equation model was : = 27,649 -0,011X1-0,104X2-0,056X3, and there was no significant differences (sig >0,05). The value of R2 was 70,3%. It means that all predictors simultaneously explain 70,3% of the presence of orangutan’s nest, and there is an expected predictors that may be the most affect on nest presence. The season or the intensity of rain may consider as an expected predictor.

Pola Aktivitas Orangutan (Pongo abelii) di Kawasan Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser Ketambe Aceh Tenggara

The study was conducted in the area of Gunung Leuser National Park Ketambe, Southeast Aceh, in January 2016. This study aimed (1) to find out the activity patterns of orangutan (Pongo abelii), and (2) to determine the dominant activities of orangutan (Pongo abelii) in Gunung Leuser National Parks Ketambe Southeast Aceh district. The data were collected by using Focal Animal Sampling Method and recording of data using One Zero Sampling Method. The research found that there were three orangutans (Pongo abelii), and the activities of orangutan (Pongo abelii) were eating 13 % , moving 4 % , sitting 21 % , standing 5 % , sleeping 0 % , looking for lice 4 % , swinging 7 %, hanging in tree 21 % , playing 0 % , feeding 25 %, breast-feeding and rolling 0 % 0 %. Based on these activities, the most dominant activity carried out by Pongo abelii in the Gunung Leuser National Park Ketambe Southeast Aceh Regency was foraging.