Karaya Gum Research Articles

Adulteration Detection of Edible Bird's Nests Using Rapid Spectroscopic Techniques Coupled with Multi-Class Discriminant Analysis.

Edible bird’s nests (EBNs) are vulnerable to adulteration due to their huge demand for traditional medicine and high market price. Presently, there are pressing needs to explore field-deployable rapid screening techniques to detect adulteration of EBNs. The objective of this study is to explore the feasibility of using a handheld near-infrared (VIS/SW-NIR) spectroscopic device for the determination of EBN authenticity against the benchmark performance of a benchtop mid-infrared (MIR) spectrometer. Forty-nine authentic EBNs from the different states in Malaysia and 13 different adulterants (five types) were obtained and used to simulate the adulteration of EBNs at 1, 5 and 10% adulteration by mass (a total of 15 adulterated samples). The VIS/SW-NIR and MIR spectra collated were subsequently processed, modelled and classified using multi-class discriminant analysis. The VIS/SW-NIR results showed 100% correct classification for the collagen and nutrient agar classes in authenticity classification, while for the other classes, the lowest correct classification rate was 96.3%. For MIR analysis, only the karaya gum class had 100% correct classification whilst for the other four classes, the lowest rate of correct classification was at 94.4%. In conclusion, the combination of spectroscopic analysis with chemometrics can be a powerful screening tool to detect EBN adulteration.

Tailoring and evaluating poly(vinyl sulfonic acid)-sterculia gum network hydrogel for biomedical applications

In the present work, sterculia gum has been explored to devise the network structure via grafting of poly (vinyl sulfonic acid) (VSA) for biomedical uses. The grafted network hydrogels showed 3.848 ± 1.00% haemolytic potential, 92.00 ± 17.00 mN detachment force with mucosal surface and 13.13 ± 0.49 g/g colonic simulated fluid sorption, respectively. The copolymeric networks were characterized by SEMs, AFM, FTIR, XRD, solid state 13C-NMR, and TGA- DSC. The mesh size was increased from 16.65 nm to 35.67 nm by changing pH from pH 2.2 to pH 7.4 buffer. The hydrogel showed 34.00 ± 4.68% porosity and 38.44 ± 2.88% of antioxidant activity. Non-Fickian diffusion of drug occurred in controlled manner from sterculia-cl-poly(VSA) network hydrogels which was due to supra-molecular interactions of vancomycin drug - sulfonated polymers and release profile was fitted in Higuchi kinetic model. The various interactions indicated the non-hemolytic, mucoadhesive nature of the polymers. These results signified the suitability of the biomedical polymer for colon specific drug delivery applications.

The centrifugal spinning of vitamin doped natural gum fibers for skin regeneration

The study investigates the use of fiber carriers, based on biopolymeric gums as potential candidates for cosmetic and dermatological applications, in particular for skin regeneration. Gum arabic (GA), xanthan gum (XA), and gum karaya (GK) were used as the main gum materials for the fibers, which were prepared by centrifugal spinning from an aqueous solution. These solutions of different mass gum ratios were blended with poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) for better spinnability. Finally, vitamins E and C were added to selected solutions of gums. The resulting fibers were extensively investigated. The morphology and structure of all fibers were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. Most importantly, they were characterized by the release of vitamin E loaded in the fibers using UV-VIS spectroscopy. The presentation will show that the newly prepared fibers from GA and PEO represent a very promising material for cosmetic and dermatologic applications.

Novel Karaya Gum Derivatives Produced by Alkaline Hydrolysis and Periodate Oxidation for Active Packaging with Cinnamaldehyde

This study aims to produce novel derivatives of karaya gum using chemical modification and then apply them for active packaging with cinnamaldehyde as the main active component. Native karaya gum (NKG) was hydrolyzed using sodium hydroxide to yield hydrolyzed karaya gum (HKG), which then was oxidized using sodium periodate to yield hydrolyzed-oxidized karaya gum (HOKG). For comparison, NKG was also directly oxidized using sodium periodate to produce oxidized karaya gum (OKG). FTIR spectra confirmed the removal of acetyl groups after alkaline hydrolysis and the formation of carbonyl groups with subsequent formation of hemiacetal and acetal structures after periodate oxidation. The alkaline hydrolysis and the periodate oxidation resulted in opposite effects on the hydrophilicity of the gum: hydrolysis increased solubility, moisture uptake, and viscosity, while periodate oxidation decreased these properties. We then produced films from corn starch and these gums (5% w / w gum/starch) and properties of the films were studied. Hydrolysis of KG resulted in higher tensile strength, higher transparency but lower puncture strength and antifungal activity against of the films, while periodate oxidation exerted the opposite effects. The incorporation of 5% cinnamaldehyde ( w / w of starch) exerted strong antifungal and antibacterial effects on the films against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Escherichia coli, which are useful in active packaging. The active packages based on the novel derivatives of KG can find applications in the agricultural, food, and pharmaceutical industries.

Synergistic sorption performance of karaya gum crosslink poly(acrylamide-co-acrylonitrile) @ metal nanoparticle for organic pollutants

In this work, we tailor facile hydrogels nanocomposite (HNC) based on sustainable karaya gum for water treatment. Karaya gum crosslink poly(acrylamide-co-acrylonitrile) @ silver nanoparticle (KG-cl-P(AAm-co-AN)@AgNPs) HNC were made by an aqueous free radical in situ crosslink copolymerization of acrylamide (AAm) and acrylic acid (AA) in aqueous solution of KG-stabilized AgNPs. FTIR, XRD, DTA–TGA, SEM, and TEM were used to characterize HNC. The hydrogels' swelling, diffusion, and network characteristics were investigated. The removal efficiency of HNC was found to be 99% at pH 8 for a crystal violet (CV), dose of 0.02 g after 1 h. Dye adsorption by these hydrogels was also investigated in terms of isotherms, and kinetics. The dye's exceptionally high adsorption capacity on HNC for CV removal is explained by H-bonding interactions, as well as dipole-dipole and electrostatic interactions between anionic adsorbent and cationic dye molecules (Qmax, 1000 mg/g). The HNC can be regenerated with 0.1 M HCl and reused at least 10 times maintaining over 68% dye removal. The loading of AgNPs into the polymeric matrix of KG-cl-P(AAm-co-AN) significantly increases the removal percentage of CV dye from its aqueous solution, according to this study.

Recent development in the medical and industrial applications of gum karaya: a review

Recent development in the medical and industrial applications of gum karaya: a review

Effective removal of ionic dyes from aqueous media using modified karaya gum–PVA semi-interpenetrating network system

Effective removal of ionic dyes from aqueous media using modified karaya gum–PVA semi-interpenetrating network system

DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF BOSENTAN CONTROLLED-RELEASE MICROCAPSULES

Objective: The objective of the present work is to formulate and evaluate Bosentan controlled-release microcapsules using gum karaya and polyethylene oxide as polymers, sodium alginate and calcium chloride as encapsulating material and cross-linking agent and croscarmellose sodium as superdisintegrant. Methods: Bosentan microcapsules were prepared by the ionic gelation method. The prepared microcapsules were characterized by flow properties such as angle of repose, compressibility index, particle size and encapsulation efficiency and drug release profiles. Results: The prepared microcapsules were evaluated for angle of repose, compressibility index, % drug content, encapsulation efficiency and particle size. All the flow properties were within the specified IP limits. The drug content of microcapsules prepared by ionic gelation method by varying the polymeric concentration was found in the range of 121.62±0.41 to 124.99±0.51 mg. The encapsulation efficiency of Bosentan controlled-release microcapsules was found to be in the range of 59 % to 67%. Among all the formulations prepared, formulation B14 containing equal proportions (25 mg) of gum karaya and polyethylene oxide showed about 95% of drug release over a period of 12 h and were found to be suitable for extending drug release up to 16 h. Conclusion: Bosentan controlled-release microcapsules were prepared by ionic gelation method, which is a novel formulation that is helpful in the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH).

Formulation and Evaluation of Mucoadhesive Buccal Tablets of Resperidone

The aim of present study was to formulation and evaluation of Mucoadhesive buccal tablets of Resperidone. Mucoadhesive buccal tablets of Resperidone were prepared by direct compression method using polymers such as Karaya gum, tamarind gum, carbopol, and Sodium carboxy methyl cellulose. The Buccal tablets were evaluated for various physical, drug content uniformity, in-vitro drug release and drug- excipient interactions (FT-IR). FT-IR spectroscopic studies indicated that there were no drug-excipient interactions. The formulation F9 (containing 30mg of Carbopol) were found to be best formulation, which showed maximum drug release within 8 h. These formulations have showed good bioadhesion strength (18 gm).

Dialdehyde Modified Tree Gum Karaya: A Sustainable Green Crosslinker for Gelatin‐Based Edible Films

AbstractNatural biopolymers, which are environmentally friendly materials, are an appealing resource for producing edible films. Edible packaging films may be consumed with the food or beverage that they hold since they are made from edible components derived from plants and animals. Even if they are not consumed, they disintegrate quickly, significantly reducing the waste disposal problem. In this work, karaya dialdehyde (KDA) with a variable aldehyde content is effectively produced through the periodate oxidation of gum karaya and subsequently used as an eco‐friendly crosslinking agent for edible gelatin films. Chemical crosslinking between the gelatin protein chains is generated when KDA is added, producing a water‐stable film. The mechanical properties are found to be significantly improved as a result of the covalent bonding between the two polymers. Excessive oxidation, on the other hand, has a detrimental effect on the film properties. Despite the crosslinking, the films are biodegradable, suggesting that composite films made in an environmentally benign manner in an aqueous media using polymers derived from biosources may be utilizable in the edible film‐based packaging sector.

Detection of adulteration activities in edible bird's nest using untargeted 1H-NMR metabolomics with chemometrics

Edible bird's nests (EBNs) are the nests of swiftlets, made from the saliva of the male swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus). Due to their nutritional value, EBNs are recognized as a premium food and highly in demand among the Chinese community. EBNs are commonly adulterated with cheaper ingredients and efforts are being made to combat these activities using different analytical techniques. In this study, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) metabolomic fingerprinting combined with chemometrics, particularly principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), was employed to detect adulteration in EBNs. Authentic EBN samples from different locations in Malaysia were used and adulteration was simulated using nutrient agar, collagen, gelatine, karaya gum and melamine at 1, 5 and 10% w/w, respectively. Overall, unsupervised PCA was able to distinguish authentic EBNs from those adulterated with nutrient agar, collagen and gelatine down to 5% w/w adulteration level. As for EBN adulterated with karaya gum and melamine, a distinct peak can be observed at 1.91 ppm and 6.10 ppm, respectively. The supervised OPLS-DA predictive model was able to differentiate authentic EBNs from simulated adulterated EBNs with 100% accuracy. Conclusively, 1H-NMR metabolomics combined with chemometrics could be a potential tool for the detection of adulteration in EBN.

Controlled release miglitol microspheres formulation development and evaluation

The research explain about Miglitol site in the body and also to achieve and maintain the desired ISD concentration, having 2 hour half-life and low bioavilability. The paper give information about nine formulations formulated by using HPMC K15M, Ethyl cellulose and karaya gum in different proportions. The FTIR Spectra revealed that, there was no interaction between polymers and Miglitol. As the polymer ratio was increased, the mean particle size of Miglitol microspheres was also increased. From the results it can be inferred that there was a proper distribution of Miglitol in the microspheres and the deviation was within the acceptable limits. On the basis of release data and graphical analysis formulation F6 containing HPMC K15M showed a good controlled release profile up to 12hrs with maximum entrapment efficiency because of high polymer concentration and follows zero order kinetics with super case II transport mechanism.

Development of novel formulation technology for oral delivery of Sterculia Gum

Development of novel formulation technology for oral delivery of Sterculia Gum

Formulation & Evaluation of Effervescent Tablet of Verapamil Hydrochloride

The chief aim of the present investigation is to study the Formulation & Evaluation of Effervescent Tablet of Verapamil Hydrochloride. The floating tablets of verapamil hydrochloride were prepared by direct compression technique. For each tablet formulation, drug, HPMC-K15M, karaya gum, sodium bicarbonate, and diluents were blended homogeneously for 10 min followed by addition of magnesium stearate. The total weight of each tablet was 300 mg. The amount of karaya gum used was in the range of 40–90 mg, whereas HPMC was used in the range of 20-40 mg. The powder mixture was further mixed for 5 min in a mortar. The resultant mixture was compressed into tablets using a Rimek rotary tablet machine. After preparation, the formulations were evaluated by various parameters. The friability of the tablet formulation varied between 0.3 ± 0.0063 to 0.59 ± 0.0076%. The weight variation of prepared tablet formulation complies with USP limits. The thickness was found to be in the range of 4.1 ± 0.48 to 4.2 ± 0.76 mm. The assay for drug content varied between 96.53 ± 0.36 to 102.03 ± 0.52%. The B1, B5, B6, B9, and B10 exhibited more than 75% drug release at 12 h. The B1 exhibited a maximum of 30 % drug release in the 1st hour and constant release for almost up to 12 h. B8 showed the least drug release among all other formulations; this may be due to the formation of a thick gel barrier on the tablet. Tablets were prepared by direct compression. Technological characteristics of floating tablets were within the Pharmacopoeial limit. Tablets floated for more than 8 h. Complete swelling was achieved by the end of 8 h, so percent swelling was determined at the end of 8 h for all the developed formulations.

Optimized hydration dynamics in mucoadhesive xanthan-based trilayer vaginal films for the controlled release of tenofovir

Karaya gum, pectin and xanthan gum have been tested as candidates for manufacturing mucoadhesive trilayer films containing ethylcellulose and chitosan for the vaginal administration of the antiviral Tenofovir (TFV). The swelling profile correlated with the amount of mobile dipoles determined by impedance spectroscopy allows the determination of the hydration dynamics of these films. The fast water penetration has been demonstrated to favor the formation of polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) via hydrogen or ionic bonds which would favor a controlled release. The incorporation of an inorganic drug release regulator induces the weakness of the polymeric chains thus enhancing the ionic mobility via the formation of low molecular weight PECs in films manufactured with karaya gum. Due to the different mechanical properties of the individual components, pectin-based films failed for a potential pharmaceutical formulation. However, mucoadhesive trilayer films produced with xanthan gum have demonstrated a moderate swelling, improved wettability and a controlled release of TFV.

Novelkaraya gum micro-particles loaded Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide regulate sex hormones, oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokine levels in cadmium induced testicular toxicity in experimental animals

Presented research aimed to develop a spray drying process without the use of organic solvents for the preparation of novel Karaya gum polymer microparticles (MPs) of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP). The prepared microparticles were characterized and evaluated. Prepared novel karaya gum micro-particles loaded Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP MPs) were observed an effect on cadmium (CAD) induced testicular toxicity. A total of 40 rats (male) was divided into 4 groups viz. 1. Control group, 2. GLP MPs (250 mg/kg, 60 days of b.w per day), 3. CAD (60 days of 30 mg/l/day), 4. GLP MPs + CAD. CAD was responsible for altering the sex hormones, oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, elevated levels of indicator of oxidative stress, malondialdehyde, and a reduced action of SOD, GSH, and CAT (antioxidant enzymes), were observed in the tissues of the testicles of CAD- treated group. Such harmful occurrences were followed by an up-regulation in proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) levels, protein expression of Nrf2, and HO-1 expression was decreased. GLP MPs pre-treatment significantly abrogated these toxic effects which were confirmed histologically. This study concluded that pre-treatment with GLP MPs exerts a protective effect against CAD-induced male reproductive testicular toxicity.

Formulation And Evaluation Of Floating Microspheres Of Cefdinir

Various approaches have been used to retain the dosage form in the stomach as a way ofincreasing the gastric residence time (GRT), including floatation systems; high-density systems; mucoadhesive systems; magnetic systems; unfoldable, extendible, or swellable systems; andsuperporous hydrogel systems. The aim of this study was to prepare and evaluate floatingmicrospheres of cefdinir for the prolongation of gastric residence time. Themicrospheres were prepared byCapillary Extrusion method.A full factorial design was applied to optimize the formulation. The optimum batch of microsphere exhibited smooth surfaces with good flow and packing properties, prolonged sustained drug release, remained buoyant for more than 12 hrs, high entrapment efficiency upto68%.Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the hollown structure with particle size in the order of190 μm. The studies revealed that increase in concentration of gum Karaya increased the drug release from the floating microspheres.

Design and Evaluation of Losartan Potassium Effervescent Floating Matrix Tablets: In Vivo X-ray Imaging and Pharmacokinetic Studies in Albino Rabbits.

Losartan potassium (LP) is an angiotensin receptor blocker used to treat hypertension. At higher pH, it shows poor aqueous solubility, which leads to poor bioavailability and lowers its therapeutic effectiveness. The main aim of this research was to develop a direct compressed effervescent floating matrix tablet (EFMT) of LP using hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose 90SH 15,000 (HPMC-90SH 15,000), karaya gum (KG), and an effervescent agent, such as sodium bicarbonate (SB). Therefore, an EFMT has been developed to prolong the stomach residence time (GRT) of a drug to several hours and improve its bioavailability in the stomach region. The blended powder was evaluated for pre-compression characteristics, followed by post-compression characteristics, in vitro floating, water uptake studies, and in vitro studies. The optimized formulation of EFMT was investigated for in vivo buoyancy by X-ray imaging and pharmacokinetic studies in Albino rabbits. The results revealed that the parameters of pre- and post-compression were within the USP limits. All tablets showed good floating capabilities (short floating lag time <1 min and floated for >24 h), good swelling characteristics, and controlled release for over 24 h. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) spectra showed drug–polymer compatibility. The optimized formulation F3 (HPMC-90SH 15,000-KG) exhibited non-Fickian diffusion and showed 100% drug release at the end of 24 h. In addition, with the optimized formulation F3, we observed that the EFMT floated continuously in the rabbit’s stomach area; thus, the GRT could be extended to more than 12 h. The pharmacokinetic profiling in Albino rabbits revealed that the relative bioavailability of the optimized LP-EFMT was enhanced compared to an oral solution of LP. We conclude that this a potential method for improving the oral bioavailability of LP to treat hypertension effectively.

Preparation and evaluation of polymeric beads composed of Chitosan\u2013Gellan Gum\u2013Gum Ghatti/-Gum Karaya polyelectrolyte complexes as polymeric carrier for enteric sustained delivery of Diclofenac sodium

BackgroundAn enteric coating is a multistep technique that involves deposition of a polymeric barrier over uncoated orally administered tablets to prevent them from dissolving or disintegrating in the stomach. However, as soon as the coating dissolves in the alkaline environment of intestine, the whole of the drug come in direct contact with gastric mucosa leading to irritation to distal parts of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Considering the above facts, there is clear need to develop a simple and effective enteric release formulation for gastric irritant drugs like Diclofenac sodium (DS). The goal of this study was to create enteric release polymeric polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) beads made up of cationic Chitosan (CH) and anionic Gellan Gum (GG) for sustained DS delivery to the intestine. The beads were prepared by extruding a solution of GG and Gum Ghatti (GT) or GG and Gum Karaya (GK) bearing DS into CH solution in 1% w/v acetic acid, with the help of a syringe fitted with a 18 gauge hypodermic needle.ResultsInstantly created spherical beads were dried in a hot air oven 60 °C overnight. In 0.1 M HCl and 6.8 pH phosphate buffer, the dried beads were tested for drug entrapment in the beads, in vitro swelling of beads and in vitro drug release studies from the beads. The % drug entrapment efficiencies (% DEE) of these PEC beads ranged from 59.54 ± 2.09 to 81.03 ± 4.22%. In 0.1 M HCl, the PEC beads swelled the least in vitro, but expanded significantly in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8). The in vitro release of Diclofenac sodium from different PEC beads in 0.1 M HCl was found to be less than 7.5 percent, whereas the release was sustained for 6 h in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8).ConclusionsFrom the experimental data, it may be concluded that these PEC beads can be useful as potential multiple-unit enteric release polymeric carrier systems for sustained delivery of gastric irritant drugs like Diclofenac sodium.

An overview on FDA-approved natural super disintegrants efficacy in a fast dissolving drug delivery system

FDTs are defined by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a solid dosage form containing the therapeutic substance or when applied on the tongue, the active ingredient disintegrates quickly, usually within seconds. The goal of this study is to create a fast-dissolving tablet that uses natural disintegrants. Fast dissolving tablets have grown in popularity in the pharmaceutical industry in recent years. They have a quick disintegration activity that dissolves with saliva without the use of water when placed within the mouth. Furthermore, FDT aims to provide quick medication absorption, reduced toxicity, and higher drug bioavailability, and it is especially popular among geriatric and paediatric patients. Natural disintegrants, which are obtained from natural sources, have a number of advantages, including low cost, nontoxicity, biodegradability, environmental friendliness, and less adverse effects. As a result, it has been established that natural disintegrants are often safer than synthetic disintegrants. Natural disintegrants includes Chitin and chitosan, Guar gum, Gum karaya, Agar and treated agar, Fenugreek seed mucilage, Soy polysaccharide, Gellan gum, Mango peel pectin, Lepidium sativum mucilage, Plantago seed mucilage, Agele marmelos gum, Locust bean gum, Mangifera indica gum, Hibiscus rosa sinensis mucilage, Dehydrated banana powder.