Growth-regulating Substances Research Articles

Thiourea and arginine synergistically preserve redox homeostasis and ionic balance for alleviating salinity stress in wheat

Plant growth regulators are cost-effective and efficient methods for enhancing plant defenses under stress conditions. This study investigates the ability of two plant growth-regulating substances, thiourea (TU) and arginine (Arg), to mitigate salinity stress in wheat. The results show that both TU and Arg, particularly when used together, modify plant growth under salinity stress. Their application significantly increases the activities of antioxidant enzymes while decreasing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and relative electrolyte leakage (REL) in wheat seedlings. Additionally, these treatments significantly reduce the concentrations of Na+ and Ca2+ and the Na+/K+ ratio, while significantly increasing K+ levels, thereby preserving ionic osmotic balance. Importantly, TU and Arg markedly enhance the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, and gas exchange rate in wheat seedlings under salinity stress. The use of TU and Arg, either individually or in combination, results in a 9.03–47.45% increase in dry matter accumulation, with the maximum increase observed when both are used together. Overall, this study highlights that maintaining redox homeostasis and ionic balance are crucial for enhancing plant tolerance to salinity stress. Furthermore, TU and Arg are recommended as potential plant growth regulators to boost wheat productivity under such conditions, especially when applied together.

Synergistic enhancement of plant growth and cadmium stress defense by Azospirillum brasilense and plant heme: Modulating the growth–defense relationship

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) play important roles in plant growth and defense under heavy metal (HM) stress. The direct integration of microbial and plant signals is key to the regulation of plant growth and HM stress defense, but the underlying mechanisms are still limited. Herein, we reveal a novel mechanism by which PGPR regulates plant growth-regulating substances in plant tissues and coordinates plant growth and defense in pak choi under cadmium (Cd) stress. This might be an efficient strategy and an extension of the mechanism by which plant-microbe interactions improve plant stress resistance. Azospirillum brasilense and heme synergistically reduced the shoot Cd content and promoted the growth of pak choi. The interaction between abscisic acid of microbial origin and heme improved Cd stress tolerance through enhancing Cd accumulation in the root cell wall. The interaction between A. brasilense and heme induced the growth–defense shift in plants under Cd stress. Plants sacrifice growth to enhance Cd stress defense, which then transforms into a dual promotion of both growth and defense. This study deepens our understanding of plant-microbe interactions and provides a novel strategy to improve plant growth and defense under HM stress, ensuring future food production and security.

The Effect of Foliar Application with Naphthalene Acetic Acid and Potassium Nitrate on the Growth, Sex Ratio, and Productivity of Cucumbers (Cucumis sativas L.) under High Temperatures in Semi-Arid Areas

High temperatures in late spring, summer, and autumn are one of the main elements limiting cucumber production. Heat stress in cucumber plants leads to significant changes in sex expression and negative effects at the physiological stage, including decreased absorption of water and nutrients, decreased photosynthetic functions, and increased respiration, which in turn affects growth and production. Therefore, it is very difficult for cucumber plants exposed to heat stress to improve their productivity, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Cucumber plants bear a variety of flower forms, including staminate, pistillate, and hermaphrodites that occur in different arrangements. In addition, maleness is considered the main problem in cucumber production, as it significantly reduces fruit yield. Recently, the growth, flowering, and productivity of plants have been controlled with the help of growth-regulating substances, and one of these substances is naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), which is of great importance in modifying sex in cucumber and various cucurbit crops. Two experiments were conducted during 2022 and 2023 during the summer season to study the effect of foliar spraying of two levels of potassium nitrate, 500 mg/L and 1000 mg/L, and two levels of NAA, 50 mg/L and 100 mg/L, individually and together, and the comparison treatment in nine treatments on growth traits, sex ratio, fruit traits and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativas L.) plants in three replicates in a completely randomized block design. The results indicated that applying the treatment containing 1000 mg/L KNO3 + 100 mg/L NAA led to obtaining the highest value in most vegetable growth, flowering, and production parameters, with a significant increase compared to the control and all other treatments. Followed by treatments consisting of potassium nitrate and NAA, which gave high values in the traits of sex ratio %, fruit setting %, fruit yield, and most other traits. This study showed the importance of spraying with both NAA and potassium nitrate, individually or in combination, and the high combined effect of both in the treatments that contained each of them in the vegetative growth traits and floral traits such as the number of female flowers, the sexual ratio, fruit set percentage, weight fruit, length fruit, and the fruit yield in cucumber plants grown in the summer season with high temperatures

EFEKTIVITAS AUKSIN DAN GIBERELIN TERHADAP UMUR BERBUNGA DAN PANEN TANAMAN KORO PEDANG (Cannavalia ensiformis)

The aim of this research was to determine the effect of the growth regulator substances auxin and gibberellin as chemical mutagens on flowering time and harvest time of jack bean. This research was carried out in the Greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Bachelorwiyata Tamansiswa University, Yogyakarta City. This research was carried out from August to December 2023. The research was carried out using the Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method. Consisting of 4 replications, each replication contained 3 treatments. So 12 experimental units were obtained, namely: P1 = IAA 2 ppm + GA 10 ppm, P2 = IAA 4 ppm + GA 10 ppm, P3 = IAA 6 ppm + GA 10 ppm. The collected data was analyzed using 5% ANOVA and further tested using 5% Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The influence of the growth regulators auxin and gibberellin as chemical mutagens showed varying results at concentrations of IAA 4 ppm and GA 10 ppm which affected the day of harvest. However, there was no difference in flowering age between all treatments.

Grain quality of <i>Hordeum vulgare</i> L. depending on the growth regulators

Relevance. In recent years, there has been a tendency to reduce the acreage of Hordeum vulgare L. In view of this, it is necessary to look for techniques to ensure the stability of gross grain collections. Especially considering its versatile use in the food industry and feed industry.Methods. The experiments were conducted in 2022 in the conditions of the Azov sea zone of the Rostov region. The objects of research are varieties of spring barley (factor A) Leon, Yarunchik, Prairie and growth regulators (factor B) “Artafit” (0.3 l/ha), “Biodux” (3 ml/ha), “Obereg” (60 ml/ha), “Trainer” (3 l/ha), “Fulvohumate” (0.4 l/ha), used in the “tillering” and “earing” phases.Results. The highest yield was formed by barley plants under the action of the drug «Biodux» in Leon and Prairie varieties. Under the influence of Biodux, the grain had a large natural mass in all the studied varieties — from 622 to 630 g/l. The weight of 1000 grains in the variants with the use of growth-regulating substances exceeded the control, especially with the use of Biodux: 3.5 g more control in the Leon variety, 5 g more in the Yarunchik variety, 3.1 g more in the Prairie variety. The largest number of feed units has been received: in the Leon variety — when using the preparations «Biodux» and «Obereg», in the Prairie variety — the preparation «Biodux» (4.49 t /ha). More than 3 t/ha of digestible protein was obtained from Leon and Prairie varieties with “Biodux” preparation — 3.15 t/ha and 3.14 t/ha, respectively.

Exogenous Spermidine Regulates Ryegrass Root System Response to Cd Stress and Its Transcriptome Analysis

The application of exogenous growth-regulating substances is an effective technique to enhance plant stress tolerance. Here, a hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of exogenous basal application of 0.1 mmol·L-1 spermidine (Spd) on both the physiology and molecular biology of ryegrass root systems under varying degrees (0, 5, and 10 mg·L-1) of cadmium (Cd) stress using ryegrass as the test plants. The results of physiological studies revealed that Cd stress significantly reduced the physiological functions of the ryegrass root system, whereas the addition of Spd effectively alleviated the negative effects caused by Cd. The most significant effect was on the root soluble protein content, which increased by 90.91% and 158.35% compared with 5 mg·L-1and 10 mg·L-1 Cd alone. Spd also inhibited the accumulation of oxidative stress products malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by increasing the ascorbic acid (ASA) and glutathione (GSH) content and peroxidase (POD) activity, whereas the effects on root activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were not significant. The results of molecular biology studies demonstrated that 10 mg·L-1 Cd stress caused differential expression of a large number of genes in ryegrass roots, and the number of differentially expressed genes, differential significance, and differential multiplicity were significantly reduced after the application of exogenous Spd. The most significant part of the GO enrichment analysis shifted from responding to organic cyclic compounds and aldehyde/ketone group transferase activity to responding to trivalent iron ions and 2'-deoxymugineic-acid 2'-dioxygenase activity. Single gene expression heat map analysis revealed that exogenous Spd upregulated the expression of genes encoding zinc-iron transporter protein and 2'-deoxymugineic-acid 2'-dioxygenase, which improved the uptake and utilization of iron by the root system. In conclusion, the application of certain concentrations of Spd could effectively regulate the response of ryegrass roots to Cd stress, enhance its tolerance physiology, and mitigate the toxic effects of Cd.

The Implications of Growth-Regulating Substances on Growth and Yield Traits of Cauliflower

Background: Present investigation was carried out to evaluate the performance of the different levels of GA3 and NAA as foliar spray on growth and yield attributes of cauliflower cv. Pusa Snowball KT-25 at Vegetable Research Farm, Regional Horticultural Research Station, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat.
 Methods: The experiment was framed in Randomized Block Design with three replications, which included nine treatments.
 Results: The results revealed that the application of GA3 @ 150 mg l-1 (T5) recorded higher values for growth character viz., plant height (69.26 cm), number of leaves plant-1 (29.67), length of stalk (6.54 cm) as well as plant spread in N-S (69.48 cm) and E-W (71.70 cm). In case of yield attributes, the same treatment GA3 @ 150 mg l-1 (T5) at 40 and 60 DATP exhibited maximum curd diameter (17.80 cm), gross weight of curd (2.88 kg plant-1), net weight of curd (789.59 g plant-1), yield plot-1 (20.23 kg) and yield hectare-1 (31.22 t) followed by NAA @ 80 mg l-1 (T7). Whereas, days to 50 % curd initiation and days to first marketable curd did not show any significant differences.

Effect of Exogenous Plant Growth Regulators and Rejuvenation Measures on the Endogenous Hormone and Enzyme Activity Responses of Acer mono Maxim in Cuttage Rooting.

The cuttage rooting method for Acer species is difficult to achieve a good efficacy as trees maintain good characteristics at the rejuvenation stage, thus improving the rooting of Acer species. The addition of exogenous hormones and rejuvenation can improve the rooting effect of cuttings; however, the specific regulatory mechanism is still unclear. Here, Acer mono Maxim rejuvenation and non-rejuvenation cuttings were used as test subjects, to investigate the effects of exogenous hormones on the activities of endogenous hormones and antioxidant enzymes in the rooting process of young cuttings. The results showed that exogenous growth-regulating substances significantly improved the rooting rate of A. mono. Exogenous hormones naphthylacetic acid (NAA) + indolebutyric acid (IBA) increased the initial levels of the endogenous hormones, indoleacetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA), and the enzyme activities of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Rejuvenation treatment prolonged the time of increase in ABA content and indoleacetic acid oxidase (IAAO) activity at the root primordium induction stage, while increasing trans-zeatin riboside (ZR) content and decreasing POD enzyme activity in cuttings. These results demonstrate that A. mono cuttings can achieve the purpose of improving the rooting rate by adding the exogenous hormone (NAA + IBA), which is closely related to the changes of endogenous hormone content and enzyme activity, and these changes of A. mono rejuvenation cuttings are different from non-rejuvenation cuttings.

Spatiotemporal patterns and vegetation forecasting of sunflower hybrids in soil and climatic conditions of the Ukrainian Steppe zone

Long-term studies of tillage and crop management are essential in finding out which crop production practices would contribute to sustainable yields and profits. In the conditions of climate change, such issues as selection, forecasting and adjustment of crop cultivation systems in the zone of moisture deficit and agricultural risk management are especially relevant. Therefore, the aim of the study was to establish spatiotemporal patterns of vegetative development of sunflower hybrids and predict their productivity in the soil and climatic conditions of the Ukrainian Steppe. A detailed analysis of seasonal changes in the values of the normalized difference vegetation index in sunflower hybrid crops during the 2019-2021 time period was carried out with the help of space images from the Sentinel 2 satellite device, and then processed with the ArcGis 10.6 licensed software product. The credibility of the achieved results of the condition of crops in different phases of plant vegetation on the basis of NDVI and the possibility of their use for forecasting the yield of agricultural crops have been proven. The adjustment capabilities of various sunflower hybrids to the STeppe soil and climate conditions were determined, particularly in regards of such hybrids as Oplot, Hektor, DSL403, P64GE133, 8X477KL. A model of the yield forecasting function for each sunflower hybrid was developed according to the annual level of moisture supply. The level of data approximation of the forecasting models was 97.2-99.9%. It is suggested to use system functional models developed specifically for different moisture supply and plant nutrition conditions in order to forecast of the yield of sunflower hybrids according to a particular situation. The results can be used to improve the methodology of researching the vegetation of agricultural crops, to validate crop rotation, to choose the best practical ways for the use of multifunctional growth-regulating substances, to define the climatic adjustment of cultivars and hybrids, to manage resources, to develop adaptive climate technologies in agriculture and crop production, to calculate their efficiency, to forecast the yield and to ensure the profitability of agricultural production in the moisture deficit zone and managing a high-risk farming

Особенности клонального микроразмножения триплоидной осины с применением ростостимулирующих препаратов

The creation of fast-growing triploid aspen plantations in the area of wood processing enterprises has high importance in terms of increasing demand for deciduous wood associated with the development of board production and the prospects for the introduction of innovative technologies for deep processing of wood. The article presents the results of studies of triploid aspen clones of Kostroma origin at the stages of “introduction to in vitro culture”, “proper micropropagation”, and “rooting of microshoots” with the use of growth-regulating substances. At the “introduction culture to in vitro” stage, the most effective sterilizing agents were silver nitrate with the concentration of 0.2 %, Lysoformin 3000, 5 % applied for 15 min and sulema, 0.2 % used for 10 min. At the “proper micropropagation” stage, the total length of triploid aspen shoots did not differ significantly depending on the composition of the nutrient media studied but was slightly exceeded the options with Woody Plant Medium. An increase by 1.2–2.6 times was observed in the total length of triploid aspen microshoots in vitro, when the concentration of 6-benzylaminopurine in the nutrient medium was increased from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/L. The maximum value of the total length (5.6 cm) of tryploid aspen microshoots in vitro was observed on Woody Plant Medium at the 6-benzylaminopurine concentration of 1.0 mg/L and the presence of Epin-Extra preparation of 0.5 mg/L. At the “rooting of microshoots” stage the number, average, and total length of triploid aspen roots in vitro had no statistically significant differences depending on the nutrient medium composition. Increasing the concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid and indole-3-acetic acid from 1.0 to 2.0 mg/L in the nutrient medium increased the total length of regenerated plant roots of triploid aspen in vitro by 2.3–2.4 times. The maximum total length (5.1 cm) of triploid aspen roots in vitro was observed on Woody Plant Medium with indole-3-butyric acid at a concentration of 1.0 mg/L. Clonal micropropagation appears to be a perspective for accelerated production of elite planting material of triploid aspen for the purposes of laying out timber plantations. For citation: Makarov S.S., Bagaev E.S., Chudetsky A.I., Kuznetsova I.B., Lebedeva O.P., Antonov A.M. Features of Triploid Aspen Clonal Micropropagation Using Modern Growth-Stimulating Preparations. Lesnoy Zhurnal = Russian Forestry Journal, 2023, no. 2, pp. 183–194. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2023-2-183-194

Structure Of Alfalfa Harvest Depending On Pre-Sowing Treatment Of Seeds With Grivlag (GVG) Growth-Regulating Substance

This study reflects the change in the dynamics of the yield structure of alfalfa hybrid of the Bazhena variety (Medicago varia Martin) of the first year of life when seeds are treated with the Grivlag organic growth-regulating substance. According to the studies, the most leafy were alfalfa plants, the seeds and shoots of which were treated with the growth substance (22.92 g), which is on average 5.02% more for three cuttings than the weight of leaves in the control (21.65 g). However, the weight of stems in the experimental variant (35.5 g) also increased by 14.12% in comparison with the control (31.15 g). In the sum of three cuttings, the average total weight of experimental plants exceeded the weight of control plants by 12.0% (p<0.05). Since the mowing fell on the phase of the beginning of alfalfa flowering, a comparison was made of the weight of inflorescences. The weight of inflorescences in the experiment was 5.02 g, which is 22.90% more than the weight of inflorescences in the control (3.87 g) (p<0.05). The results obtained indicate a positive effect on the overall growth of the aerial part of those plants that were treated with the Grivlag growth substance.

Микроклональное размножение и особенности адаптации к условиям ex vitro лесных ягодных растений рода Vaccinium

Modern cost-effective propagation methods yield a large amount of high-quality healthy planting material of economically valuable forest berry plants. However, ex vitro adaptation of Vaccinium species and in vitro cultivation of the Kamchatka bilberry remain understudied. The research objective was to study the effect of growth-regulating substances on the organogenesis and adaptation to non-sterile conditions of the lingonberry and the Kamchatka bilberry during clonal micropropagation. The study featured regenerant lingonberries (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) of Koralle, Kostromichka, and Kostromskaya Rozovaya cultivars, as well as the Sakhalin and Kuril varieties of the Kamchatka bilberry (Vaccinium praestans Lamb.). A chemical analysis was performed to reveal the following dependencies: the effect of sterilizing agents and sterilization time on the viability of explants, the effect of the nutrient medium and the growth-regulating substances on microshoots and roots, and the effect of the substrate on the survival of plants in non-sterile conditions. The highest survival rate of lingonberry (72%) and bilberry (96%) explants belonged to 0.2% of AgNO3 with 10 min of sterilization time. The maximal values of the total shoot length in vitro were observed at 0.2 mg/L of 2-iP: AN nutrient medium (7.2 cm) for lingonberries and WPM 1/2 nutrient medium (10.5 cm) for bilberries. The longest total root length in vitro for lingonberries was registered when using 2.0 mg/L (5.8 cm) of indoleacetic acid, while for bilberries it was 1.0 mg/L (1.9 cm) of indolylbutyric acid. The maximal survival rate ex vitro belonged to the high-moor peat substrate (89–92%) for lingonberries and a 1:1 mix of peat with sand (91–95%) for bilb erries. Clonal micropropagation with growth regulators (2-iP, indolylbutyric and indoleacetic acids) and peat substrates proved expedient for in vitro cultivation and ex vitro adaptation of the lingonberry and the Kamchatka bilberry. This scheme delivered a large amount of high-quality planting material with high plant survival.

Influence of Eco-Safe Growth-Regulating Substances on the Phytosanitary State of Agrocenoses of Wheat Varieties of Various Types of Development in Non-Irrigated Conditions of the Steppe Zone

Influence of Eco-Safe Growth-Regulating Substances on the Phytosanitary State of Agrocenoses of Wheat Varieties of Various Types of Development in Non-Irrigated Conditions of the Steppe Zone

Повышение эффективности многоцелевого лесопользования на выработанных торфяниках

A more complete involvement and effective use of non-timber forest resources is one of the most pressing problems in the development of the forest complex of the Russian Federation within the framework of ensuring multi-purpose, rational and sustainable forest management. The creation of forest berry plantations will resolve the issue of biological reclamation of depleted peatlands, as well as increase the productivity of wild berries and the biological diversity of unused forest lands. The work is aimed at studying the prospects of using clonal micropropagation as the most effective way of producing high-quality cultivar planting material of forest berry plants for laying out plantations on reclaimed depleted peatlands. The paper presents the results of research on clonal micropropagation of forest berry plants – half highbush blueberry and swamp cranberry of promising cultivars and hybrid forms, as well as their adaptation to the conditions of depleted peat deposits. The data on the formation of microshoots and roots of blueberry and cranberry plants on Woody Plant Medium (WPM) using growth-regulating substances are presented. The maximum total length of microshoots was observed in half highbush blueberry (23.7 cm) at the cytokinin 2-iP concentration of 3.0 mg/L, and in swamp cranberry (22.7 cm) at the 2-iP concentration of 0.5 mg/L at the stage of proper micropropagation. The maximum total length of roots of half highbush blueberry (12.1 cm) and swamp cranberry (51.7 cm) was observed at the IAA auxin concentration of 1.0 mg/L at the stage of rooting in vitro. The data on plant survival rate in non-sterile conditions in vivo depending on the composition of the substrate and in natural conditions on depleted peatlands are presented. The highest survival rate of blueberry plants was observed on the substrate of transitional peat and sphagnum (95–98 %), cranberry – on the substrate of highmoor peat and sphagnum (100 %) at the stage of adaptation to non-sterile conditions in vivo. The survival rate of plants of half highbush blueberry and swamp cranberry reached 100 % in the conditions of depleted peatlands. Clonal micropropagation is the most effective way to obtain high-quality healthy planting material of forest berry plants for the rapid propagation of promising cultivars and hybrid forms and its further use in the creation of plantations in order to reclaim depleted peatlands within the framework of the organization of multipurpose forest management.

Bacillus mojavensis, a Metal-Tolerant Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterium, Improves Growth, Photosynthetic Attributes, Gas Exchange Parameters, and Alkalo-Polyphenol Contents in Silver Nanoparticle (Ag-NP)-Treated Withania somnifera L. (Ashwagandha).

Discharge of nanoparticles (NPs) into aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems during manufacturing processes and from various commercial goods has become a significant ecotoxicological concern. After reaching soil systems, NPs cause deleterious effects on soil fertility, microbial activity, and crop productivity. Taking into consideration the medicinal importance of Withania somnifera (L.) (ashwagandha), the present study assessed the potential hazards of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) and the toxicity amelioration by a metal-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR). Bacillus mojavensis BZ-13 (NCBI accession number MZ950923) recovered from metal-polluted rhizosphere soil, tolerated an exceptionally high level of Ag-NPs. The growth-regulating substances synthesized by B. mojavensis were increased with increasing concentrations (0–1000 μg mL–1) of Ag-NPs. Also, strain BZ-13 had the ability to form biofilm, produce alginate and exopolysaccharides (EPSs), as well maintain swimming and swarming motilities in the presence of Ag-NPs. Soil application of varying concentrations of Ag-NPs resulted in a dose-related reduction in growth and biochemical features of ashwagandha. In contrast, following soil inoculation, B. mojavensis relieved the Ag-NPs-induced phytotoxicity and improved plant productivity. Root, shoot length, dry biomass, and leaf area increased by 13, 17, 37, 25%, respectively, when B. mojavensis was applied with 25 mg/kg Ag-NPs when compared to noninoculated controls. Furthermore, the soil plant analysis development (SPAD) index, photosystem efficiency (Fv/Fm), PS II quantum yield (FPS II), photochemical quenching (qP), non-photochemical quenching (NpQ), and total chlorophyll and carotenoid content of BZ-13-inoculated plants in the presence of 25 mg Ag-NPs/kg increased by 33, 29, 41, 47, 35, 26, and 25%, respectively, when compared to noninoculated controls that were exposed to the same amounts of NPs. In addition, a significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in 48, 18, 21, and 19% in withaferin-A (alkaloids), flavonoids, phenols, and tannin content, respectively, was recorded when plants were detached from bacterized and Ag-NP-treated plants. Leaf gas exchange parameters were also modulated in the case of inoculated plants. Furthermore, bacterial inoculation significantly decreased proline, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzymes, and Ag-NP’s absorption and build-up in phyto-organs. In conclusion, soil inoculation with B. mojavensis may possibly be used as an alternative to protect W. somnifera plants in soil contaminated with nanoparticles. Therefore, phytohormone and other biomolecule-synthesizing and NP-tolerant PGPR strains like B. mojavensis might serve as an agronomically significant and cost-effective remediation agent for augmenting the yield and productivity of medicinally important plants like ashwagandha raised in soil contaminated with nanoparticles in general and Ag-NPs in particular.

GROWTH AND YIELD RESPONSE OF ARUMBA (Zea mays L. Ceratina) GLUTINOUS CORN VARIETIES TOWARD AMELIORANTS AND GROWTH REGULATORS ON PEATLAND

Planting glutinous corn on peatland must be treated using ameliorant ingredients of manure fermented with EM4 and growth regulators. Ameliorated peatland can accelerate the supply of organic and mineral compounds which is easily absorbed by plants so that production can be optimized. This study aims to see the response of ameliorant ingredients and growth regulators on the growth and production of glutinous corn of Arumba (Zea mays L. Ceratina) variety on peatland. This study used a randomized block design (RAK) in factorial consisting of two factors, and three replications. The first factor was the ameliorant material (A), namely A0 = without ameliorant (control), A1 = cow manure fermented with EM4, A2 = chicken manure fermented with EM4, A3 = goat manure fermented with EM4 and he second factor is the type of Growth Regulatory Substance (ZPT), namely Z0 = without ZPT (control), Z1 = Superior Plant Hormone Growth Regulator (Ghost), Z2 = Harmonic Growth Regulatory Substance, Z3 = Atonic Growth Regulator Substance. The variables observed included plant height (cm), stem diameter (cm), weight of wet bean (g), weight of ear (g), length of ear (cm) diameter of ear (cm). The results showed that the ameliorant material from chicken manure fermented with EM4 and the use of superior plant hormone growth regulators (phantoms) provide optimal growth and production of glutinous corn because it corresponds to the description of glutinous corn of the Arumba variety, and is the best treatment.

Особенности культивирования российских и зарубежных сортов жимолости съедобной (Lonicera edulis Turcz.) in vitro

Introduction. The demand for honeysuckle berries and planting material is growing. Clonal micropropagation is the most effective method for industrial plantations. The research objective was to study the effect of cytokinins and auxins on Russian and Canadian honeysuckle microshoots and roots.
 Study objects and methods. The study featured regenerated honeysuckle (Lonicera edulis Turcz.) of three Russian cultivars (Bakcharsky Velikan, Doch Velikana, Yugana) and two Canadian cultivars (Boreal Beauty, Boreal Beast). The experiment focused on the effect of sterilizing agents and sterilization time on the viability of honeysuckle explants at the stage of culture introduction in vitro. The effect of the growth regulator Cytodef in the QL nutrient medium on organogenesis was studied at the stage of micropropagation proper, the effect of auxin IBA on plant root formation – at the stage of rooting in vitro.
 Results and discussion. The greatest viability of honeysuckle explants (80–94%) was registered in the samples affected by Lizoformin 3000 (5%) and silver nitrate (0.2%) as sterilizing agents with a sterilization time of 10 min at the stage of in vitro culture introduction. The biggest quantity (8.8 pcs.) and total length (40.1 cm) of microshoots were observed when the content of cytokinin Cytodef in the culture medium QL was 0.3 mg/L at the stage micropropagation proper. The Boreal Beast cultivar had the largest total length of shoots (29.0 cm). The biggest quantity (5.5 pcs.) and total length (30.8 cm) of roots resulted from 0.5 mg/L of auxin IBA at the stage of rooting in vitro. Coconut substrate produced the highest survival rate (92–99%) at the stage of adaptation to non-sterile conditions in vivo, with the greatest number of leaves (8.1–10.2 pcs.) observed in Canadian cultivars.
 Conclusion. Cytodef and IBA proved to be effective growth-regulating substances for microplants of Russian and Canadian honeysuckle cultivars in vitro, which makes them promising for berry plantations.

Seaweed extract effect on arbuscular mycorrhizae spore in soil engineered by earthworm, and the soil effect on upland rice growth

Seaweed extract is known to contain nutrients and growth-regulating substances that affect soil biota, and a source of protection against pests and diseases. Earthworm, which is an example of a soil biota and playing the role of ecosystem engineer, has the ability to produce suitable land biostructures, for the inhabitation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which has an impact on upland rice growth. Therefore, this study aims to determine, (i) the effect of seaweed extract on the population of earthworms and spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and (ii) the impact of the engineered soil on the growth of local upland rice varieties. Furthermore, the extract of seaweed, such as Kappapychus alvarezii, was divided into five concentration levels, namely 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%. Each treatment was drenched into the soil from the cogongrass vegetated area, mixed with 20 Pheretima sp., and maintained for 49 days in the greenhouse. The result showed that the total difference in the earthworms’ concentration treatments was not significant. It also showed that the total AMF spores in the engineered soil products of 20% concentration was the highest. Based on treatment with the earthworm engineered soil products, the highest and lowest vegetative growth and yield components of upland rice were observed at the concentrations of 80% and 0%, respectively. In conclusion, the application of seaweed extract to the soil did not significantly reduce the earthworm population. The extract concentration of 20% also increased the total AMF spore in the engineered soil. Moreover, highly treated engineered soil products increased the growth and yield components of upland Kambowa rice on cogongrass soils.

REGENERATION CAPACITY OF NARROW-LOCALIZED ENDEMIC SPECIES Dianthus hypanicus Andrz. in vitro

Development of effective technology of rare and endangered plant species mass reproduction in vitro is one of the urgent nowadays tasks. Diantus hypanicus Andrz. of the Caryophyllaceae Juss. family belongs to this group of plants. It is an endemic, narrow-localized species listed in the Red Book of Ukraine, the European Red List and the Annex to the Berne Convention. Prospects for the conservation of this species are associated with the study of its viability and require the development of effective reproduction methods. Aim. The purpose of the experiment was to determine the effect of different growth regulators concentrations on the D. hypanicus explants regenerative capacity during in vitro propagation. Methods. For the experiment the seed were used collected from plants of natural habitats and sown on a hormone-free nutrient medium according to the recipe of Murashige and Skoog. For 12–15 days, 4–6 cm long seedlings were obtained which were transferred to nutrient media modified with the content of growth-regulating substances: BAP 0.5–2.0 mg / l, IBA 0.01 mg / l and IAA 0.1 mg / l. Results. Initiation of adventitious buds with subsequent shoot formation was observed for 12–16 days. Each variant plants differed in number, growth activity and intensity, morphometric parameters. After 35–40 days from the explant introduction, conglomerates with well-developed leafy shoots were formed. It was found that, when modifying nutrient media with growth regulators BAP, IBA, IAA of different concentrations, D. hypanicus explants were actively undergoing regeneration processes of different intensity. Conclusions. It was proved that high ability to regenerate was the characteristic of explants cultured on a nutrient medium modified by the addition of BAP – 0.5 mg / l and IAA – 0.1 mg / l, where, on average, 18 ± 0.24 shoots of 2.42 ± 0.17 cm long were formed with a net reproduction of 19.06 ± 0.14. Shoots with 3.0–5.0 pairs of leaves that reached 3.5–6.0 cm were selected and transferred to nutrient media for rooting. Less developed shoots were planted on nutrient media for further reproduction. The next stage of the study is aimed at modifying nutrient media to achieve explants rhizogenesis and obtain a large number of plants necessary for the preservation of this endemic narrow-localized species in culture with subsequent repatriation to natural places of growth.

PENGARUH BERBAGAI ZAT PENGATUR TUMBUH (ZPT) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN STEK BATANG PULAI RAWA (Alstonia spatulata)

Some of the goals that exist in this research are to analyze how the effect of giving Rootone F, giving Rootmost and giving Bean Sprouts Extract to the growth response of stem cuttings in Pulai Rawa (Alstonia spatulata. Growth Regulatory Substances used in this study there are 3 types of treatments such as giving Rootone F as the first treatment, the second treatment is by giving rootmost and by giving Bean Sprouts Extract as the third treatment and in this study there is control as one of the comparison between the differences between Stem cuttings that use Growth Regulatory Substances with no provision of ZPT. In November 2019 until January 2020 this study took place in the shade house of the forestry faculty at Lambung Mangkurat University. RAL (Completely Randomized Design) The method used in this study is to use with a set of 4 treatments that were repeated 20 times in each treatment, then there were 80 experimental units in this study. The results obtained in this study showed the effect of various growth regulators which differed to the response of the growth of Pulai Rawa plant stem cuttings. The provision of rootone F did not affect the growth response while the administration of Growth Regulator Substance Rootmost gave an effect on the response of root growth of Pulai Rawa cuttings (Alstonia spatulata) and by giving Bean Sprout Extract which had an influence on the growth in number of cuttings.Keywords : Growth regulators; Stem cuttings; Pulai Rawa