Growth Of Soybean Plants Research Articles

COMPARISON OF GROWTH AND YIELD OF SOYBEAN (Glycine max L) WITH VARIATION OF BIOFERTILIZER DOSAGE IN THE RAINY SEASON

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the influence of soybean cultivar combinations and biofertilizer dosages on the growth and yield of soybean plants during the rainy season. The analysis results indicated that these combinations did not have a significant effect on the growth and yield of the plants. The variations among treatments were predominantly influenced by the choice of cultivar. The use of biofertilizers enhanced nutrient availability for the plants but did not consistently yield significant results. Rainy season and other environmental factors also affected plant growth. Cultivar variations and genetic factors played a role in yield variations as well. The use of biofertilizers provided benefits for soil structure and microbial activity. In terms of pod and seed quantities, the Deja 2 cultivar with biofertilizer dosages of 0 g/kg and 10 g/kg demonstrated the highest yields. There were no significant differences in root dry weight across all treatments, while the highest shoot dry weight was observed in the Grobogan cultivar with a biofertilizer dosage of 0 g/kg. In terms of weight per 100 seeds, the Grobogan cultivar with biofertilizer dosages of 0 g/kg, 5 g/kg, 10 g/kg, and 15 g/kg exhibited the highest weights. This research indicates that genetic factors, environment, and biofertilizer dosages play a role in the growth and yield of soybean plants. In terms of the number of soybean plant branches, some treatments showed the best results, but the impact of biofertilizer dosages was not significantly observed. Regarding root dry weight, there were no significant differences among the treatments, possibly due to suboptimal translocation of photosynthetic products to the roots resulting from high rainfall. However, shoot dry weight tended to increase in treatments with high rainfall conditions. The parameters of pod fill count and seed count per plant were also influenced by the combination of cultivars and biofertilizer dosages. Some treatments exhibited higher yields, particularly in the combination of the Deja 2 cultivar with a biofertilizer dosage of 0 g/kg.

Optimization of culture medium and bioformulation of rhizobial actinomycetes to enhance soybean plant growth

Abstract. Fatmawati U, Qurrata’aini MR, Rosyidi NW, Sari DP, Santosa S. 2023. Optimization of culture medium and bioformulation of rhizobial actinomycetes to enhance soybean plant growth. Biodiversitas 24: 2912-2918. Actinomycetes are a group of Gram-positive bacteria that are well-known for having plant growth-promoting activity. In an earlier study, Streptomyces sp. strain ASR 58 and Streptomyces sp. strain ASR 67, isolated from soybean rhizosphere, were found to be capable of producing Indole-Acetic Acid (IAA), dissolving phosphate, and stimulating soybean growth. Optimization of culture media and selection of carrier materials for formulation are necessary to maintain actinomycetes' cell viability and plant growth property stability. This study aimed to evaluate several culture media, determine the optimal carrier materials in actinomycetes formulation, and evaluate the effect of actinomycete bioformulation on the soybean plant growth in planta. The sugar potato broth medium was the best in increasing the cell biomass of ASR 67 and co-culture of ASR 58 and ASR 67 compared to other mediums (skim molasses and rice bran broth). The viability of ASR 58 cell (5.3 x 107 CFU/mL), ASR 67 (3.8 x 107 CFU/mL), and its combination of both (4.3 x 107 CFU/mL) was best maintained in talc powder carrier during 10 weeks of storage as revealed by the number of viable cells decreases. Applying ASR 58 and ASR 67 co-culture on talc powder formula enhanced soybean plant biomass four weeks after planting, including plant height, the number of leaves, and root dry weight.

Experimentul - metodă de predare a biologiei

In the current work, the results of the experiment carried out in the biology classes with the involvement of the 7th grade students, from the Dorotcaia Theoretical High School, Dubasari district, are presented. The experiment was one of research and description. Through this teaching method, the vegetative organs of soybean plants were identified: root, stem and leaf. As a result, the biology lessons were attractive, the accumulation of new knowledge was more effective, and the students were motivated and curious to discover the phenomena accompanying the growth and development processes of soybean plants.

Rhizosphere nutrient availability and nutrient uptake of soybean in response to biochar application

Biochar application in agricultural soils can be highly beneficial to crop productivity in numerous ways. Rhizosphere nutrient dynamics and its relation to nutrient uptake of crops under biochar amendment remain unclear. Therefore, the present study investigated the combined effect of biochar application and incubation on growth, yield, and rhizosphere nutrient availability of soybean (Glycine max L.) plant. A pot experiment was conducted with two biochar applications (with and without biochar) and two incubation conditions (with and without incubation) in a glasshouse. A separate soil column leaching experiment was conducted to test the nutrient retention ability of soil once biochar is amended. Irrespective of the incubation condition, biochar application made a significant increase in pod dry weight. The total nutrient uptake by soybean greatly increased under biochar amendment compared with the plants grown without biochar. When incubation is not done, soybean increased its P and K uptake respectively by 52% and 48% under biochar amendment compared to those without biochar. With incubation, the relevant increases were 42% and 32% respectively. The results from soil column leaching experiment suggest that the application of biochar in planting media could be an effective way to retain soil N by reducing the leaching losses.

Efficiency of Bacillus subtilis UFMT-PANT001 as a plant growth-promoting inoculant in soybean in the field

Bacteria of the genus Bacillus can be considered plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria because they have the ability to colonize the rhizosphere and promote plant growth. This study aimed to demonstrate the efficiency of Bacillus subtilis UFMT-Pant001 in liquid formulation as an inoculant in promoting soybean plant growth and field yield. Four field experiments were conducted in the municipalities of Gurupi (Tocantins state), Campo Verde and Alta Floresta (Mato Grosso State), which had some distinct soil and climate characteristics, in the 2016/2017 harvest. In all experiments, for the treatments with B. subtilis UFMT-Pant001, the selected product with plant growth-promoting potential was used in liquid formulation, at a minimum concentration of 1 x 109 CFU mL-1. The inoculation of B. subtilis UFMT-Pant001 increased the biomass and yield of the different soybean cultivars under field conditions in Gurupi, Campo Verde and Alta Floresta in the 2016/16/2017 harvest. Considering the different field experiments with the doses tested, there were positive results starting at dose of 200 mL per 50 kg of seed. Thus, a dose of 200 to 300 mL of the B. subtilis UFMT-Pant001 inoculant at a concentration of 1 x 109 CFU mL-1 is recommended. The B. subtilis strain UFMT-Pant001 should be recommended as an inoculant to promote plant growth in soybean at a dose of 200 to 300 mL and a minimum concentration of 1 x 109 CFU mL-1 per 50 kg of seed.

Pemanfaatan Sistem Tanam Tumpangsari terhadap Pertumbuhan Vegetatif Dua Kultivar Tanaman Kedelai Hitam (Gylcine Max L)

This study aims to determine the use of spacing and cultivars for the growth of black soybean plants with an intercropping system (Gylcine max L.). This research method used a factorial randomized block design (RBD) with 2 factorials and 4 replications. Factor I (K) cultivars were K1 = detam 2 soybean cultivar and K2 = detam 4 soybean cultivar. The interval (J) consisted of three levels: J1 = 10 x 20 cm, J2 = 15 x 20 cm, J3 = 20 x 20 cm . The observed variables were plant height, leaf area index, root nodules, relative growth rate (LPR), chlorophyll content, and net assimilation rate (LAB). The results showed that treatment with K2 (detam 4) had a significant effect on plant height 14.28 HST, relative growth rate, chlorophyll a, b and total. The treatment of J1 spacing (10 x 20 cm) had a significant effect on 14 DAP height and leaf area index. Based on the research, it can be concluded that the intercropping system and black soybean cultivar had a significant effect on plant height, relative growth rate, chlorophyll a, b, total, and leaf area index.
 Keywords: Spacing, Black Soybean, Cultivars, Growth, Intercropping

2-Oxoglutarate contributes to the effect of foliar nitrogen on enhancing drought tolerance during flowering and grain yield of soybean

Drought severely affects the growth and yield of soybean plants especially during the flowering period. To investigate the effect of 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) in combination with foliar nitrogen (N) at flowering stage on drought resistance and seed yield of soybean under drought stress. This experiment was conducted in 2021 and 2022 on drought-resistant variety (Hefeng 50) and drought-sensitive variety (Hefeng 43) soybean plants treated with foliar N (DS + N) and 2-oxoglutarate (DS + 2OG) at flowering stage under drought stress. The results showed that drought stress at flowering stage significantly increased leaf malonaldehyde (MDA) content and reduced soybean yield per plant. However, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities were significantly increased by foliar N treatment, and 2-oxoglutarate synergistically with foliar N treatment (DS + N + 2OG) was more beneficial to plant photosynthesis. 2-oxoglutarate significantly enhanced plant N content, glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activity. Furthermore, 2-oxoglutarate increased the accumulation of proline and soluble sugars under drought stress. Under drought stress, soybean seed yield was increased by DS + N + 2OG treatment by 16.48–17.10% and 14.96–18.84% in 2021 and 2022, respectively. Thus, the combination of foliar N and 2-oxoglutarate better mitigated the adverse effects of drought stress and could better compensate for the yield loss of soybean under drought stress.

Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles Improve Soybean Yield and Enhance Nitrogen Assimilation.

Nickel (Ni) is a trace element beneficial for plant growth and development and could improve crop yield by stimulating urea decomposition and nitrogen-fixing enzyme activity. A full life cycle study was conducted to compare the long-term effects of soil-applied NiO nanoparticles (n-NiO), NiO bulk (b-NiO), and NiSO4 at 10-200 mg kg-1 on plant growth and nutritional content of soybean. n-NiO at 50 mg kg-1 significantly promoted the seed yield by 39%. Only 50 mg kg-1 n-NiO promoted total fatty acid content and starch content by 28 and 19%, respectively. The increased yield and nutrition could be attributed to the regulatory effects of n-NiO, including photosynthesis, mineral homeostasis, phytohormone, and nitrogen metabolism. Furthermore, n-NiO maintained a Ni2+ supply for more extended periods than NiSO4, reducing potential phytotoxicity concerns. Single-particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (sp-ICP-MS) for the first time confirmed that the majority of the Ni in seeds is in ionic form, with only 28-34% as n-NiO. These findings deepen our understanding of the potential of nanoscale and non-nanoscale Ni to accumulate and translocate in soybean, as well as the long-term fate of these materials in agricultural soils as a strategy for nanoenabled agriculture.

DYNAMICS OF FORMATION OF THE HEIGHT OF SOYBEAN PLANTS DEPENDING ON THE PRE-SOWING TREATMENT OF SEED AND EXTRA-ROOT NUTRIENTS

The variability of weather conditions and the high cost of mineral fertilizers lead to the search for alternative approaches to the optimization of existing and the development of new technological techniques for growing agricultural crops, including soybeans. This article presents the results of research on the study and analysis of the regularities of the height formation of soybean plants of the Madison variety and its average daily linear growth depending on the pre-sowing treatment of seeds with preparations based on active strains of nodule bacteria (Bradyrhizobium japonicum), namely Bioinoculant BTU, Rizolain + Rhizosev, Anderiz and foliar top dressing with biological fertilizers Biocomplex BTU, Gumifrend and Helprost soybean. On the basis of the conducted observations and records, it was established that in the conditions of the right-bank forest-steppe on gray forest soils, the studied preparations of biological origin had a direct effect on both the dynamics of plant height and average daily growth. The maximum height of the plants in the experiment was 78.3 ±7.4 cm, in the phase of physiological maturity, was formed on the variant of the experiment where pre-sowing treatment of seeds with the preparation Biokompleks BTU and foliar fertilizing in the phase of the 3rd trifoliate leaf and budding with organo-mineral fertilizer Helprost soybean was carried out ( 2.5 l/ha), which is 13.3 cm or 20.4% more compared to the control. Another important indicator that characterizes the peculiarities and rates of growth and development of soybean plants during the growing season is the average daily linear increments of the stem. The highest average daily linear growth of soybean plants - 0.65 - 0.66 cm/day, was recorded on the variants of the experiment, where soybean seeds were inoculated with Bioinoculant BTU and Anderiz in combination with foliar feeding of organo-mineral fertilizer Helprost soybean. After conducting a correlation-regression analysis, it was noted that there is a strong positive relationship between plant height indicators and the amount of precipitation during the growing season of soybean plants, while the correlation coefficient was r = 0.805.

Topping at the Seedling Stage Changes the Plant Morphology and Yield of Unbranched Type Soybean

The crop will be free from the control of apical dominance and the axillary buds will develop into branches after topping. However, there are relatively few studies on this subject of soybean. In order to further improve soybean grain yield, unbranched type high-yield soybean variety was used as test material, and the effects of topping at the first trifoliate stage on soybean plant growth, dry matter accumulation, yield and yield components of five planting densities [15 (D1), 18 (D2), 21 (D3), 25 (D4) and 30 (D5) × 104 plants ha−1] were systematically investigated in this study. The results showed that, the dry matter accumulation increased after topping. Flower number per plant, seed number per plant, pod number per plant, and single-plant yield decreased in conventional-cultivation planting density (D4, topping), but they all increased as the planting density was reduced. D2 achieved the highest yield, with 100-seed weight and yield increased by 8.92% and 5.90% compared to CK (D4, nontopping). The number of branches per plant was significantly and positively correlated with podding node number per plant, flower number per plant, pod number per plant, and seed number per plant. This study demonstrates that the more branches formed after topping, the more conducive to increasing the flower number per plant, pod number per plant under lower density.

Integrating by-products from bioenergy technology to improve the morpho-physiological growth and yield of soybean under acidic soil

Soil acidity may negatively affect plant growth. By-products (bottom ash (BA), biochar (BC), and biogas slurry (BS)) from bioenergy technology may change the physio-chemical properties of acidic soils and affect the plant growth parameters. The current research work was carried out to determine the impact of different bioenergy by-products to enhance soybean growth and production by alleviating the effects of acidic soil. A total of eight treatments of different bioenergy amendments (BA, BC, and BS) and their combined applications were used as follows; T1 (control), T2 (only biogas slurry); T3 (only bottom ash); T4 (only biochar); T5 (biogas slurry + bottom ash); T6 (biogas slurry + biochar); T7 (bottom ash + biochar); T8 (biochar + bottom ash + biogas slurry). Our results depicted that, the synergistic use of amendment mainly, T8 treatment (BC + BA + BS) was found most effective, which significantly prompted the dry biomass and photosynthetic rate by 42.58% and 13.25% over the T6 treatment respectively. Furthermore, the chlorophyll pigments, photochemical activities, and root growth of soybean plants enhanced significantly under T5 and T8 treatments as compared to the control. Finally, amendments significantly increased the yield in T8 treatment by increasing the pod's number, grain number, 100-grain weight and grain yield by 119.6%, 75%, 24.9%, and 83.7% as compared to T1. Conclusively, amendments are very effective in the reclamation of acidic soil and enhance the post-harvest soil pH at T8 treatment by 41.49% in comparison to T1 treatment. The organic amendments might neutralize the soil pH and change the acidic nature of the soil, which would modify the root growth of soybean and increase the photosynthetic and photochemical activities, resulting in increased soybean growth and yield.

Mycorrhizae Enhance Soybean Plant Growth and Aluminum Stress Tolerance by Shaping the Microbiome Assembly in an Acidic Soil.

Strongly acidic soils are characterized by high aluminum (Al) toxicity and low phosphorus (P) availability, which suppress legume plant growth and nodule development. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) stimulate rhizobia and enhance plant P uptake. However, it is unclear how this symbiotic soybean-AMF-rhizobial trio promotes soybean growth in acidic soils. We examined the effects of AMF and rhizobium addition on the growth of two soybean genotypes, namely, Al-tolerant and Al-sensitive soybeans as well as their associated bacterial and fungal communities in an acidic soil. With and without rhizobial addition, AMF significantly increased the fresh shoot and root biomass of Al-tolerant soybean by 47%/87% and 37%/24%, respectively. This increase in plant biomass corresponded to the enrichment of four plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in the rhizospheric soil, namely, Chitinophagaceae bacterium 4GSH07, Paraburkholderia soli, Sinomonas atrocyanea, and Aquincola tertiaricarbonis. For Al-sensitive soybean, AMF addition increased the fresh shoot and root biomass by 112%/64% and 30%/217%, respectively, with/without rhizobial addition. Interestingly, this significant increase coincided with a decrease in the pathogenic fungus Nigrospora oryzae as well as an increase in S. atrocyanea, A. tertiaricarbonis, and Talaromyces verruculosus (a P-solubilizing fungus) in the rhizospheric soil. Lastly, the compartment niche along the soil-plant continuum shaped microbiome assembly, with pathogenic/saprotrophic microbes accumulating in the rhizospheric soil and PGPR related to nitrogen fixation or stress resistance (e.g., Rhizobium leguminosarum and Sphingomonas azotifigens) accumulating in the endospheric layer. IMPORTANCE Taken together, this study examined the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and rhizobial combinations on the growth of Al-tolerant and Al-sensitive soybeans as well as their associated microbial communities in acidic soils and concluded that AMF enhances soybean growth and Al stress tolerance by recruiting PGPR and altering the root-associated microbiome assembly in a host-dependent manner. In the future, these findings will help us better understand the impacts of AMF on rhizosphere microbiome assembly and will contribute to the development of soybean breeding techniques for the comprehensive use of PGPR in sustainable agriculture.

Effect of herbicides on plant growth and seed yield and quality of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)

Weeds create a great problem for soybean production and to overcome this problem a large number of weedicides are being applied prevalently worldwide. Gradually increasing the use of chemical herbicides, not only creating resistance against these chemicals among the weeds and polluting the environment, but also influencing the main crop and deteriorating the produce quality. To focus this problem a two-year experiment was laid down during ‘kharif’, at Norman E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, to evaluate the detrimental effect of herbicides on soybean plant growth and seed quality. The study come up with the results that the growth parameters during 60-90 DAS (days after sowing) viz., crop growth rate (CGR 0.235 g/day), relative growth rate (RGR 0.014 g/ g/ day) and net assimilation rate (NAR 2.250 g/cm2/day) decreased due to higher weed competition in weedy plot. Weed competition also significantly reduced yield parameters like number of branches (3.8) and pod per plant (25.4), seed per pod (2.4), seed yield (386 kg/ ha), seed index (11.8 %), and straw yield (1611 kg/ha). The highest seed yield (2665 kg/ha) was recorded with application of diclosulam (as pre-emergence) followed by one hand weeding, which was statistically equal with the treatment in which diclosulam followed by haloxyfop (as post-emergence) was applied. These herbicides also significantly alter the fatty acid composition of soybean seed oil.

The effect of bacterization and pre-sowing seed treatment with benorad on the growth of soybean plants and the realization of the symbiotic potential of pesticide resistant rhizobia

Background. Bacterial fertilizers based on active strains of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms and fungicides for pre-sowing seed dressing are increasingly used in soybean cultivation technologies. Given the usefulness of combining the specified processes, the selection of chemical and biological preparations for the combined processing of seed material is relevant. Materials and Methods. In vegetation experiments, the effect of treatment of soybean seeds with benorad and inoculation with nodule bacteria resistant to fungicides in pure culture, obtained by the methods of analytical selection and transposon mutagenesis, on plant growth, the number and weight of root nodules and their nitrogenase activity was studied. Physiological, microbiological, statistical methods and gas chromatography were used. Results. Under the complex application of inoculants and benorad, we recorded a decrease in the weight of the aerial part of soybeans by 8.7–20.9 % and the weight of roots by 4.8–16.8 % during the growing season compared to control plants (regardless of the strain of rhizobia used for bacterization). In the case of seeds dressing, the dyna­mics of the formation of the number of root nodules by the B. japonicum B78 differed from other inoculant strains that were used in the research. This indicator decreased by 20.6 and 16.3% at the stage of three true leaves and budding–beginning of flowering and increased (by 28.0 %) at the stage of pods formation compared to control plants. The negative effect of seed dressing on the nitrogenase activity of symbiotic systems was observed after the application of benorad, at the stage of three true leaves and budding–beginning of flowering was noted. The degree of inhibitory effect of the chemical preparation on intensity of N2 assimilation depended on the properties of microsymbionts. In the stage of pods formation, the level of N2 fixation by soybean root nodules formed by the B. japonicum PC07 and B144 during seed dressing exceeded the corresponding level in the control plants by 32.2 and 45.7 %, respectively. Conclusions. The use of microbial preparations for inoculation of soybean seeds, made on the basis of nodule bacteria strains with high resistance to chemical plant protection agents, allows for a gradual reduction of the toxic effect of artificially synthesized compounds on the formation and functioning of symbiotic systems.

Influence of Agrotechnical Practices and Sowing Time in Various Weather on Soybean Yield

Abstract For seed germination and the formation of a good soybean crop, significant reserves of soil moisture are required, which depends on the autumn-winter soil preparation, weather conditions and planting dates. The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of the main tillage technology on its agrophysical properties and conditions for the growth and development of soybean plants. Experimental crop rotation: soybean – winter wheat was carried out under favourable (hydrothermal coefficient 1.46) and dry (hydrothermal coefficient 0.66–0.87) weather conditions. The main tillage was carried out with a stratifier PRSM-5 to a depth of 15–17 cm or a chisel plough PCh-2.5 to a depth of 25–27 cm, with additional pre-sowing or post-sowing rolling with a ring-spur roller KKSH. Sowing was carried out at a depth of 10 cm with stable heating of the soil in three periods: the first at 8–10 °С, the second at 10–12 °С, and the third at 12–14 °С. As a result of evaluating the influence of various factors, it was found that under favourable conditions, the highest seed productivity of soybean plants (1.91–1.96 t·ha−1) was formed after treatment with the stratifier PRSM-5 at the first sowing period and at the second sowing period after chisel ploughing with additional soil compaction. In dry weather conditions, pre-sowing treatment with a stratifier PRSM-5 had an advantage in seed productivity by 7–12% compared to ploughing with a chisel plough PCH-2.5.

Pengaruh Media Tanam terhadap Pertumbuhan Tanaman Kedelai Hitam (Glicine Max L ) dengan Sistem Vertikultur

This study aims to determine how the effect of the growth of black soybean plants (Glycine max L.) with a verticulture system. This research was conducted on Jl. Ekarasmi Gg. Ekanusa III Kec. Medan Johor, Medan City, from September to November 2022. This study used a non-factorial randomized block design (RBD) consisting of one treatment factor with 3 levels and 6 repetitions, namely: M1 = 2 kg soil, M2 = 2: 1 (2 kg soil + 1 kg rice husk), and M3 = 2:1 (2 kg soil + 1 kg cocopeat). This research was designed by doing 6 repetitions. The parameters used in this study were plant height, leaf area index, total and total chlorophyll a b content, relative growth rate, N uptake, and number of root nodules. The results of this study were that the planting medium had a significant effect on almost every parameter but the planting medium had no significant effect on one parameter, namely N nutrient uptake, with levels of M1 and M3. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the application of planting media to the vegetative growth of black soybeans has an influence on the vegetative growth of black soybeans on almost all parameters, but on the parameters of nutrient absorption, black soybeans have no real effect with planting horticulture systems.

Regulatory Role of Silicon on Growth, Potassium Uptake, Ionic Homeostasis, Proline Accumulation, and Antioxidant Capacity of Soybean Plants Under Salt Stress

Regulatory Role of Silicon on Growth, Potassium Uptake, Ionic Homeostasis, Proline Accumulation, and Antioxidant Capacity of Soybean Plants Under Salt Stress

Enhancing the Yield Potential of Soybean after Magneto-Priming: Detailed Study on Its Relation to Underlying Physiological Processes

Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important proteins and oilseed crops in the world due to a boom in its demand. In order to meet this demand, various modern agricultural methods are being employed, of which magneto-priming (treatment of seeds with magnetic field) is becoming the most popular technique owing to its efficiency and eco-friendly nature to improve seed vigour, growth and yield of soybean plants. Therefore, we conducted a field experiment to evaluate the impact of magneto-priming of seeds with static magnetic field on soybean var. JS-335 plants. We used static magnetic field (SMF) strengths of 150 mT (1 h) and 200 mT (1 h) for this study. Both the SMF treatments improved growth (shoot as well as root growth parameters), carbon fixation (PSII efficiency, gas exchange parameters, carbonic anhydrase activity) and nitrogen fixation (leghemoglobin content, total protein content, nitrate reductase activity). We observed an association between these parameters which contributed to biomass accumulation and hence to the enhanced crop yield. In addition, reduced levels of ASA (reduced form of ascorbate), MDA (malondialdehyde) and antioxidant enzymes suggest that magneto-priming alleviates oxidative stress in SMF-primed soybean plants. Field strength of 200 mT (1 h) proved to be more effective in improving all the parameters as compared to 150 mT. Our study suggested that pre-sowing SMF treatment can be efficaciously employed for improving the growth, development and production of soybean.

DAMPAK POC TANDAN KELAPA TERHADAP PRODUKSI DAN PERTUMBUHAN KEDELAI (Glycine Max L.) DI MEDIA GAMBUT

When compared to other varieties of legumes, soybean (Glycine max) L. has the highest vegetable protein content. This study was conducted in Tempuling Village, Tempuling District, Indragiri Hilir Regency, with the goal of determining how POC Coconut Bunches affected soybean plant growth and production. between August and October 2021. POC Coconut Bunches (TK) are given using a Non-Factorial Randomized Group Design (RBD) with seven treatment factors: K3 (30 ml/l), TK4 (40 ml/l), TK5 (50 ml/l), and TK6 (60 ml/l) comprise the control group. As a result, seven treatment combinations with three replications were created, giving rise to 21 experimental units/plots with a total of 63 plants in each plot. The findings demonstrated that the POC Coconut Bunches (TK) treatment had a significant impact on the plant height of 119.89 centimeters, pod weight of 109.00 grams, dry seed weight of 62.14 grams, and 100 seed weight of 24.50 grams, with the best treatment being TK5 (50 milliliters per liter). Keywords: Soybean, POC Coconut Bunches, Peat.

Selenium Increases Photosynthetic Pigments, Flavonoid Biosynthesis, Nodulation, and Growth of Soybean Plants (Glycine max L.)

Selenium Increases Photosynthetic Pigments, Flavonoid Biosynthesis, Nodulation, and Growth of Soybean Plants (Glycine max L.)