Growth Of Red Clover Research Articles

Effects of red and blue light on red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) growth and secondary metabolism

Effects of red and blue light on red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) growth and secondary metabolism

The Physiological Mechanism of Exogenous Melatonin on Improving Seed Germination and the Seedling Growth of Red Clover (Trifolium pretense L.) under Salt Stress.

Salt stress can affect various physiological processes in plants, ultimately hindering their growth and development. Melatonin (MT) can effectively resist multiple abiotic stresses, improving plant stress resistance. To analyze the mechanism of exogenous MT to enhance salt tolerance in red clover, we conducted a comprehensive study to examine the influence of exogenous MT on various parameters, including seed germination indices, seedling morphological traits, and physiological and photosynthetic indicators, using four distinct red clover varieties (H1, H2, H3, and H4). This investigation was performed under various salt stress conditions with differing pH values, specifically utilizing NaCl, Na2SO4, NaHCO3, and Na2CO3 as the salt stressors. The results showed that MT solution immersion significantly improved the germination indicators of red clover seeds under salt stress. The foliar spraying of 50 μM and 25 μM MT solution significantly increased SOD activity (21-127%), POD activity, soluble sugar content, proline content (22-117%), chlorophyll content (2-66%), and the net photosynthetic rate. It reduced the MDA content (14-55%) and intercellular CO2 concentration of red clover seedlings under salt stress. Gray correlation analysis and the Mantel test further verified that MT is a key factor in enhancing seed germination and seedling growth of red clover under salt stress; the most significant improvement was observed for NaHCO3 stress. MT is demonstrated to improve the salt tolerance of red clover through a variety of mechanisms, including an increase in antioxidant enzyme activity, osmoregulation ability, and cell membrane stability. Additionally, it improves photosynthetic efficiency and plant architecture, promoting energy production, growth, and optimal resource allocation. These mechanisms function synergistically, enabling red clover to sustain normal growth and development under salt stress.

Assessing Yield, Biomass Production, and Forage Quality of Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.) in Agroforestry System: One-Year Study in Szarvas, Hungary

This study examines the impact of line spacing (X: 24 m, Y: 9 m, Z: 6.5 m) and orientation to tree lines on the growth, yield, and quality of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) in a temperate, irrigated agroforestry system (2 ha) in Szarvas, Hungary. Three sampling locations were distinguished between the east and west oriented tree lines: the north (N) side, middle (M) strip, and south (S) side of the tree lines. The highest red clovers were observed in the 6.5 m spacing (mean height 69.3 ± 7.2 cm), although yields were similar across 24 m, 9 m, and 6.5 m spacings (2.9 t ha−1, 2.3 t ha−1, and 2.7 t ha−1 dry matter, respectively). Orientation significantly influenced all forage quality parameters, with the north side showing earlier developmental stages and higher proportions of immature flowers (41–59%). Managing the spatial arrangement of red clover in agroforestry systems can help optimize forage quality by mitigating variations in plant maturity.

Root growth dynamics and biomass input of four over-wintering herbaceous crops in boreal conditions

Root growth of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), winter rye (Secale cereale L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) was recorded to evaluate the environmental potential of over-wintering crops in a Nordic agroecosystem. In a field experiment on Aquic Haplocryoll soil, root intensities (number of roots/area) were measured to 50 cm depth by minirhizotron microvideo camera technology over a two -year period (21 recording sessions). At anthesis, root biomass and morphological parameters were measured by destructive soil sampling and image analysis of washed roots. Winter cereal roots reached 50 cm depth as soon as the autumn of the seeding year. For both post-seeding years, timothy roots developed the most intensively in spring, while red clover had higher root intensity than timothy in late autumn. At anthesis, the crops were ranked timothy > red clover > winter wheat > winter rye according to root length density, surface area density, and biomass. Based on S:R ratios, red clover appears to offer the most intense carbon sink at 0–60 cm soil depth. Over-wintering crops had living roots in the subsoil both in late autumn and early spring, indicating potential to plant available nutrient uptake outside the growing season of annual crops.

Effects of different concentrations of biochar amendments and Pb toxicity on rhizosphere soil characteristics and bacterial community of red clover (Trifolium pretense L.).

Amending soil with biochar can reduce the toxic effects of heavy metals (HM) on plants and the soil. However, the effects of different concentrations of biochar on the properties and microbial activities in lead (Pb)-contaminated soils are unclear. In this study, two Pb concentrations were set (low, 1000 mg/kg; high, 5000 mg/kg), and five corn straw biochar (CSB) concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 15%) were used to determine the response of the growth and rhizosphere of red clover (Trifolium pretense L.) (in terms of soil properties and bacteria) to CSB and Pb application. The results showed that 5% CSB better alleviated the toxicity of Pb on the shoot length of red clover, the biomass increased by 74.55 and 197.76% respectively and reduced the enrichment factor (BCF) and transport factor (TF) of red clover. Pb toxicity reduced soil nutrients, catalase (CAT), acid phosphatase (ACP) and urease activity, while the addition of CSB increased soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM) content and soil enzyme activity. 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing analysis showed that Pb toxicity reduced the diversity of rhizosphere bacteria in red clover and reduced the relative abundance of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria such as Gemmatimonas, Devosia and Bryobacter. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the addition of alkaline CSB restored the relative abundance of rhizobacteria positively correlated with pH, such as Chitinophaga, Sphingomonas, Devosia and Pseudomonas, and thus restored the rhizosphere soil environment. This study demonstrates that 5% CSB can better alleviate the toxicity of Pb to red clover and soil. We also provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent use of beneficial bacteria to regulate the repair efficiency of red clover.

Сопряженность семенной продуктивности клевера лугового с полеганием травостоя

Analysis of the problems of increasing the yield of clover seeds shows that, in relation to fodder perennial grasses, the tasks of selection when breeding new varieties are associated with improving the vegetative development of plants. Fodder use provides for the need to further increase the productivity of phytomass, increase the period of active shoot formation, the predominance of vegetative stems in the structure of the herbage, and others. Such natural or selectively induced features of plant development make it difficult to sow varieties for fodder purposes. The growth and development of red clover, the yield value is greatly influenced by the biological characteristics of varieties, as well as agrometeorological conditions during the formation of generative organs, flowering, seed setting and filling. One of the main factors influencing the yield value is the lodging of the herbage. In modern varieties of meadow clover of an intensive type, during the process of growth and accumulation of vegetative mass, lodging of grass stands of varying degrees is usually observed already by the flowering phase, which negatively affects the formation of seed productivity. The purpose of the research is to study the effect of grass stand lodging on the realization of the seed productivity potential of red clover varieties of early and late ripening types. To solve this problem, vertical clover shoots were artificially formed using a special frame. The degree of lodging of seed grass stands of late-ripening clover under field conditions was 56%, and that of early-ripening clover was 36–39%. With the artificial creation of non-lodging grass stands compared to lodging ones, depending on the prevailing weather conditions, the biological yield of meadow clover seeds of late-ripening type increased by 88%, and in early-ripening — in the range from 31 to 48% due to an increase in the number of inflorescences by 14–27% and seeds in heads by 14–28%. To increase the yield of meadow clover seeds, it is necessary to develop and use a complex of agrotechnical techniques that ensure the formation of non-lodging grass stands with optimal plant density per unit area.

Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Plasma and Radio Wave Seed Treatments on Red Clover Plants

The effect of high-frequency 5.28 MHz plasma and radio wave seed treatments on red clover growth, nodule formation and isoflavonoid content has been investigated. The short-term and long-term effects of plasma and radio wave treatment of seeds were evaluated on clover plants during two years of vegetation. The response of plants to plasma treatment was increment in root growth and the nodule formation. Significant changes in the length and weight of roots were noted in the first year of vegetation. The increase in isoflavonoids content observed after plasma and radio wave treatments can be explained by the advancement in nodulation process.

Effect of drill cuttings addition on physicochemical and chemical properties of soil and red clover (Trifolium pretense L.) growth.

The most economical method of drill cuttings disposal may be their application in land reclamation which allows for the wastes recovery. However, the wastes application into the soil should ensure that the quality of the environment would not be deteriorated. These investigations were aimed at identifying the effect of drill cuttings, which were the mixture of different types of drilling wastes, on the physicochemical properties of acidic soil and growth of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). The experimental design comprised 5 treatments, which differed in a dose of the drill cuttings: 0% (control), 2.5%, 5%, 10% and 15% of dry weight. A six-week pot experiment was conducted to determine the influence of the wastes on the plant growth. The results showed that the drill cuttings addition significantly changed the chemical and physicochemical properties of the soil, such as: electrical conductivity (EC), pH, base saturation, content of carbonate, alkaline cations (Ca2+, Na+, K+, Mg2+), organic matter, total organic carbon (TOC), and available phosphorus form. However, the most important factors that influenced the growth of red clover were pH, base saturation, content of Mg2+ and plant available phosphorus. The red clover biomass was increased from 1.5 to 2.5 times depending on the dose of wastes. We concluded that the examined wastes can be used for reclamation of the acid and unfertile degraded soils, but the amount of wastes should not exceed 5% of the soil, because the highest total clover biomass was observed just at this dose.

Allelopathic interaction between two common meadow plants: Dactylis glomerata L. and Trifolium pratense L.

Under natural conditions, plants compete for environmental resources, including by the release of allelopathic compounds with a various spectrum of activity. Therefore, the effect of aqueous extracts of cock’s-foot Dactylis glomerata L. on germination and early growth phases and electrolyte leakages of a red clover Trifolium pratense L. was investigated. The 5, 10, and 15% of the aqueous extracts of cock’s-foot separately from shoots and inflorescences were used in two type of treatments tested in parallel. In first treatment the red clover seeds were watered directly with the aqueous extracts by eight days of experiment time, in second the seeds were pretreated with extracts for 24, 48 and 72 h and next they were watered with distilled water during experiment time. The results showed that the germination capacity of red clover seeds decreased with increasing concentrations of cock’s-foot aqueous extracts. Regardless of the duration of seed treatment with the extracts, the highest inhibition of germination was found when the 15% cock’s-foot shoot extracts was used. For red clover seedlings pretreated with extracts for 72 h, the highest and statistically significant differences in the growth were observed. With the increasing of concentration of cock’s-foot extracts significant inhibition of the underground and aboveground organs growth were observed. The increase of fresh and dry masses of red clover seedlings varied depending on the duration of contact with the extracts and their concentrations. The electrolyte leakage, as compared to the control, increased with the concentration of extracts, regardless of types and duration of extracts. The obtained results clearly confirm that leaving biomass of cock’s-foot on the field can lead to the release of phytotoxins that may inhibit germination and growth of red clover.

Biostimulant Seed Coating Treatments to Improve Cover Crop Germination and Seedling Growth

Biostimulant seed coating formulations were investigated in laboratory experiments for their potential to increase maximum germination, germination rate, germination uniformity, and seedling growth of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) seeds. Red clover and perennial ryegrass seeds were coated with different combinations of soy flour, diatomaceous earth, micronized vermicompost, and concentrated vermicompost extract. Coated and non-coated seeds of red clover and perennial ryegrass were evaluated for germination and growth after 7 and 10 days, respectively. Red clover seed was maintained at a constant 20 °C with a 16/8 h photoperiod, whereas for perennial ryegrass seed, the germinator was maintained at 15/25 °C, with the same photoperiod as red clover. Coated treatments significantly improved germination rate and uniformity with no reduction in total germination, compared to the non-treated controls in red clover. In contrast, for perennial ryegrass, the total germination percentage of all coated seeds was reduced and displayed a delayed germination rate, compared with the non-treated controls. Shoot length, seedling vigor index, and dry weight of seedlings of coated seed treatments of both crops were significantly higher when compared to controls for both species. In addition to growth metrics, specific surface mechanical properties related to seed coating quality of seeds of both species were evaluated. Increasing the proportion of soy flour as a seed treatment binder in the coating blend increased the integrity and compressive strength of coated seeds, and the time for coatings to disintegrate. These data show that seed coating technologies incorporating nutritional materials and biostimulants can enhance seedling growth and have the potential to facilitate the establishment of cover crops in agriculture and land reclamation.

Bacterial inoculation: A tool for red clover growth promotion in polluted soil

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) seeds were inoculated with several plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) and sown in the substrate contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organometallic derivatives of tin (OT). The aim was to determine if selected PGPB strains can promote the growth of red clover in the substrate contaminated with several organic pollutants. The influence of bacteria on red clover growth (height, root length and biomass) was monitored during the three-month experimental period. The most significant improvements of seedling height were noted in the treatment with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens D5 ARV and Pseudomonas putida P1 ARV. Root growth was positively affected by Serratia liquefaciens Z-I ARV. The same isolates significantly affected biomass production. Those isolates caused total biomass increases of 70%, 48% and 33% compared to control. Bacterial strains used in this study were already confirmed as PGPB by biochemical testing, as well as by an in vivo test of mixed inoculums on several woody plants grown in the coal-mine overburden site. This work is the first-time record on their individual effects on one plant species. Obtained results confirmed that inoculation with several PGPB strains can enhance red clover growth in polluted soil.

Foliar fertilization with phosphorus and potassium in red clover seed production on an acidic soil

A field trial with four red clover cultivars ('K-39', 'K-17', 'Una' and 'Viola') was conducted on a leached vertisol acid in reaction (pHH2O 4.8) to assess the effect of foliar treatment with phosphorus and potassium on seed yield and seed yield components. A single foliar application of phosphorus and potassium (P52K34) was made at the intensive growth stage during the second growth in the second year of cultivation. Seed yield and seed yield components were analyzed from the second growth in the second year of the experiment. Foliar treatment with phosphorus and potassium had a significant positive effect on seed yield and yield components in some red clover cultivars in some years. The most positive effect was recorded in 'K-17' and 'Viola'. The different effects of foliar-applied mineral fertilizers on the tested cultivars were the result of their phenotypic differences. Foliar treatment gave the best performance in 2011, when the climatic conditions were the most favorable for red clover growth and development. In general, the seed yield of red clover cultivars increased by 105 kg ha-1 under foliar fertilization. The positive effect of the foliar treatment with phosphorus and potassium was attributed to the need for these elements in many plant processes. The results showed that the foliar application of mineral fertilizers in red clover seed production on acid soils can be an acceptable practice under conditions favoring high yields.

Effect of Pythium oligandrum and poly-beta-hydroxy butyric acid application on root growth, forage yield and root diseases of red clover under field conditions

Root diseases of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) contribute to reduced persistence and production of sown red clover stands; however, the potential of biological control of these diseases has not yet been investigated. Our objectives were to determine the effect of application of Pythium oligandrum and poly-beta-hydroxy butyric acid on (i) plant density and root morphology development, (ii) relationships between root branching and plant root disease score and (iii) forage yield and yield components of red clover in a three-year field experiment. Two red clover varieties (Start and Callisto) were established and managed under cutting (3 cuts per year) with four treatments: untreated control; spraying of poly-beta-hydroxy butyric acid (Albit); or application of P. oligandrum (Polyversum) at two intensities. Each autumn, plants were evaluated for root morphology traits and scored for root diseases. Forage dry matter yield, compressed stand height and stem density were evaluated in each cut. Effects on root discoloration were visible only in the last year of the experiment where significantly lower disease score was detected for both Polyversum treatments (4.58) compared with untreated control (4.94). In that year, Polyversum application at the higher intensity promoted increased tap-root diameter (+4%), root branching (+27%), stand height (+13%) and forage yield (+18%) in comparison with the control treatment. Improved forage yield was associated with plant growth stimulation more than from protection against Fusarium. Relationships among root traits and aboveground biomass highlight the need for evaluation of the effects of biological control of forage legumes considering root disease occurrence, together with root morphology traits and forage yield. This study demonstrated a potential of P. oligandrum for improving red clover yield, but optimization of application timing is necessary for determination of practical recommendations and economic efficiency.

Expression of seed vigor and initial growth of red clover under fungicide influence

The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of seeds vigor and physiological performance of initial growth of red clover plants under the influence of fungicide doses of carboxin + thiram. Three lots of seeds were used (high; medium and low vigor) treated with 0; 150; 250 fungicide doses and 350 mL i.a./100 kg of seeds. Germination, first count, emergence and speed index of seedling emergence, length and dry matter of shoot and root, leaf area and shoot/root ratio were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 3 x 3 (three lots - high, medium and low vigor x three fungicide doses of carboxin + thiram). Data were submitted to analysis of variance and if significant at 5% probability, adjusted for orthogonal polynomials. According to the data observed in Figures 1, 2 and 3, it was possible to observe that there were significant differences for the means of the variables germination, first germination count, emergency, emergency speed index, shoot length, root length, aerial part dry mass, root dry mass, leaf area, leaf area ratio and shoot and root ratio. The fungicide doses of 150 mL to 350 mL i.a./100 kg of seeds result in greater seedling emergence, higher leaf area ratio and increased shoot/root ratio in plants from lots of medium vigor seeds. The fungicide consisted of carboxin + thiram enhances the expression of seed vigor and physiological performance of plant growth derived from lots of medium vigor seeds.

Effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens and pyoverdine on the phytoextraction of cesium by red clover in soil pots and hydroponics.

With the aim of improving the phytoextraction rate of cesium (Cs), the effect of Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 17400 and its siderophore pyoverdine (PVD) on the uptake of Cs by red clover was studied in soil pots. This work also provides a mechanistic understanding of the Cs-bacteria (or PVD)-illite-plant interactions by using a simplified experimental design, i.e., hydroponics with either Cs in solution or Cs-spiked illite in suspension. For soil spiked with 11.2mmolkg-1 (1480mgkg-1) of Cs, 0.43% of total Cs was taken up by red clover in 12days (119μmolg-1 (16mgg-1) of Cs dry matter in roots and 40μmolg-1 (5mgg-1) in shoots). In hydroponics with Cs in solution (0.1mmolL-1 or 13mgL-1), 75% of Cs was taken up vs. only 0.86% with Cs-spiked illite suspension. P. fluorescens and PVD did not increase Cs concentrations in aboveground parts and roots of red clover and even decreased them. The damaging effect of PVD on red clover growth was demonstrated with the biomass yielding 66% of the control in soil pots (and 100% mortality after 12days of exposition) and only 56% in hydroponics (78% with illite in suspension). Nonetheless, PVD and, to a lesser extent, P. fluorescens increased the translocation factor up to a factor of 2.8. This study clearly showed a direct damaging effect of PVD and to a lower extent the retention of Cs by biofilm covering both the roots and illite, both resulting in the lower phytoextraction efficiency.

Effect of wood ash and crushed rock soil amendments on red clover growth and dinitrogen fixation

The fertiliser effect of adding wood ash or crushed rock to a low-fertility soil, compared with an unamended control, was assessed in a pot experiment with a perennial ryegrass-red clover mixture. Dinitrogen (N2) fixation by the clover and translocation of fixed N to the grass were determined using 15N natural abundance. The wood ash produced the highest accumulated clover biomass over two cuts, followed by the crushed rock. Chemical analyses suggested that the increase was due to K supply by the amendments. The wood ash also led to larger amounts of fixed N compared with the control. However, N2 fixation was not increased as much as biomass amount, leading to dilution of plant N. There were minor or no treatment effects on mineralisation from soil N pools. This indicates that good-quality wood ash can be successfully used as a multi-element soil amendment to enhance clover growth on low-fertility soils.

Assessment of nickel bioavailability through chemical extractants and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) in an amended soil: Related changes in various parameters of red clover

Application of immobilizing agents may efficiently reduce the bioavailability of nickel (Ni) in the soil. Here we report the effect of biochar (BC), gravel sludge (GS) and zeolite (ZE) as a sole treatment and their combinations on the bioavailability of Ni after their application into a Ni-polluted soil. The bioavailability of Ni after the application of immobilizing agents was assessed through an indicator plant (red clover) and chemical indicators of bioavailability like soil water extract (SWE), DTPA and Ca(NO3)2 extracts. Additionally, the effects of Ni bioavailability and immobilizing agents on the growth, physiological and biochemical attributes of red clover were also observed. Application of ZE significantly reduced Ni concentrations in all chemical extracts compared to rest of the treatments. Similarly, the combined application of BC and ZE (BC+ ZE) significantly reduced Ni concentrations, reactive oxygen species (ROS) whereas, significant enhancement in the growth, physiological and biochemical attributes along with an improvement in antioxidant defence machinery of red clover plant, compared to rest of the treatments, were observed. Furthermore, BC+ ZE treatment significantly reduced bioconcentration factor (BCF) and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of Ni in red clover, compared to rest of the treatments. The Ni concentrations in red clover leaves individually reflected a good correlation with Ni concentrations in the extracts (SWE at R2=0.79, DTPA extract at R2=0.84 and Ca(NO3)2 extracts at R2=0.86). Our results indicate that combined application of ZE and BC can significantly reduce the Ni bioavailability in the soil while in parallel improve the antioxidant defence mechanism in plants.

Digestibility and clover proportion determine milk production when silages of different grass and clover species are fed to dairy cows

This study examined how silages of different grass and clover species affect dry matter (DM) intake, milk production, and eating behavior in dairy cows. The primary growth of perennial ryegrass (early and late harvested), festulolium, tall fescue, red clover, and white clover swards were cut, wilted, and ensiled without additives. Thirty-six Danish Holstein cows were fed ad libitum with total mixed rations containing 70% forage on DM basis in an incomplete Latin square design. The forage source was either 1 of the 6 pure silages or late perennial ryegrass silage mixed (50:50 on DM basis) with either red clover or white clover silage. Intake of DM, milk yield, and milk lactose concentration were higher, whereas milk fat and protein concentrations were lower when cows were fed clover compared with grass. No differences in DM intake and milk composition were detected between cows fed red clover and white clover, but white clover resulted in higher milk yield than red clover. Lower body weight, probably caused by lower rumen fill, in cows fed pure white clover compared with the other treatments indicated that intake was regulated physiologically instead of physically. Cows fed early perennial ryegrass, which had the highest silage organic matter digestibility (OMD), did not produce the expected amount of energy-corrected milk (ECM) compared with the other treatments based on the amount of OM digested in the gastrointestinal tract, but the reason was unclear. Across all other grass species, ECM was related to OMD. Inclusion of 50% clover in the diet increased ECM with 2.3 kg/d, and the response to OMD was comparable to the response for the grass silages. In situ fiber degradation profile parameters indicated that fiber in festulolium differed compared with fiber in the other grass species and resembled fiber in clover. Drinking and eating behavior differed markedly in cows fed pure white clover compared with the other treatments. Water intake per drinking bout was comparable among treatments, but cows fed pure white clover had higher drinking bout duration and reduced drinking rate. Additionally, meal size was smaller for cows fed pure white clover compared with the other treatments, for which meal size was similar. In conclusion, differences in ECM between different grass species can be explained by differences in OMD, and at a given OMD level inclusion of clover in the diet increased ECM.

Stimulation of soil microbiological activity by clinoptilolite: The effect on plant growth

Zeolites can mitigate ammonium losses to the environment by taking up the ions from sources such as farmyard manure and ammonium-bearing fertilizers. This ability can improve nitrogen fertilizing practice given that ammonium ions loaded onto zeolite are available for plant uptake. The main goal of this study was to assess the influence of zeolite (clinoptilolite) and ammonia-loaded clinoptilolite on growth and yield of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), as well as their influence on the microbial dynamics in soil. Plants sown in pots were cut four times, and dry matter yield (DM) of each harvest was weighed. The number of culturable bacteria, moulds, ammonifiers, Azotobacter sp. and actinomycetes was determined at the beginning of the experiment, and after each harvest. Two control treatments (soil without fertilizer and soil supplemented with mineral fertilizer - CAN) were included in the study. The application of ammonia-loaded clinoptilolite positively and significantly affected the microbial activity and provided higher yields (from 4.9 g/pot in ammonia-loaded clinoptilolite treatment to 4.3 g/pot in soil with zeolite treatment). Our results suggest that the addition of clinoptilolite to organic fertilizers (manure, composts) could be recommended. The increase of microbial communities’ abundances and their activity represented the key benefit from clinoptilolite application.

Effects of Wi-Fi Radiation on Germination and Growth of Broccoli, Pea, Red Clover and Garden Cress Seedlings: A Partial Replication Study

Effects of Wi-Fi Radiation on Germination and Growth of Broccoli, Pea, Red Clover and Garden Cress Seedlings: A Partial Replication Study