Growth Of Rapeseed Research Articles

Isolation and Identification of Trichoderma Species and Investigating their Seed Treatment Effect on Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Germination

Abstract Trichoderma fungus species are highly populations of fungi in world that they can colonize roots as plant symbiosis. Various types of Trichoderma are free-living fungi that are, generally, saprophytic on the remains of soil. In addition to its role in biological control, this fungus increases plant yield and growth. So far, many studies have been conducted to examine the ability of this agent to reduce biological tensions and biological control of plant pathogens. Thus, this study was conducted to isolate and identify species of Trichoderma fungus from rapeseed fields in Golestan and Qazvin province from Iran, and also to study isolated species on germination percentage and growth parameters of rapeseed seedlings in a randomized complete block design with three replications in vitro. Based on the results, three species of T. harzianum, T. virens, and T. atroviride were identified, which the isolate of T. harzianum Ta19 showed a significant effect on the control group and other treatments in increasing germination percentage, root length and stem; whereas, the seeds treated with the isolate T. atroviride Ta11 showed no significant difference with the control group in spite of the increase in seed germination rate in comparison with the control and other treatments. According to the results, the use of Trichoderma fungus as a seed treatment like other researches on different products is recommended for increasing the growth of rapeseed.

Local detrended fluctuation analysis for spectral red-edge parameters extraction

Nowadays, spectrum technology makes it possible to nondestructively monitor crop and provide real-time diagnostic advice. Spectral red-edge parameters are important detection target for the growth of rapeseed. In this work, we propose a new method to acquire the rapeseed’s spectral red-edge parameters based on local detrended fluctuation analysis (L-DFA). In practice, by using the L-DFA, local Hurst exponent of the spectrum is calculated firstly. And then, six traditional red-edge parameter extraction methods, namely maximum first derivative method, adjusted linear extrapolation method, linear four-point interpolation method, inverted Gaussian method, Lagrangian interpolation method, and polynomial fitting interpolation, are employed to act on the estimated local Hurst exponent, and thus four red-edge parameters, i.e., red-edge position, red-edge amplitude, and left and right red-edge area, are obtained. In our experiments, by using the above four local Hurst exponent-based red-edge parameters as argument, a prediction model is developed to forecast the SPAD values (soil and plant analyzer development, often used as a parameter to indicate the chlorophyll content) for the five rapeseed’s growth periods based on random decision forest method. The results show that the local Hurst exponent-based red-edge feature can produce better model effect than the original spectrum-based one for the all phenological periods. Significance test for the four kinds of plant patterns shows that there is huge difference of the proposed four-dimensional red-edge features between the transplant and direct plant in the whole process of rapeseed’s growth. The differences between the other three groups of plant factors (two planting densities, two fertilizer types, and two weed controls) are not significant in certain specific growth periods of rapeseed. These findings provide a basis for studying difference of rapeseed yield and oil differences between different planting patterns.

Fluorescent pseudomonads pursue media-dependent strategies to inhibit growth of pathogenic Verticillium fungi.

Verticillium species represent economically important phytopathogenic fungi with bacteria as natural rhizosphere antagonists. Growth inhibition patterns of Verticillium in different media were compared to saprophytic Aspergillus strains and were significantly more pronounced in various co-cultivations with different Pseudomonas strains. The Brassica napus rhizosphere bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens DSM8569 is able to inhibit growth of rapeseed (Verticillium longisporum) or tomato (Verticillium dahliae) pathogens without the potential for phenazine or 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) mycotoxin biosynthesis. Bacterial inhibition of Verticillium growth remained even after the removal of pseudomonads from co-cultures. Fungal growth response in the presence of the bacterium is independent of the fungal control genes of secondary metabolism LAE1 and CSN5. The phenazine producer P. fluorescens 2-79 (P_phen) inhibits Verticillium growth especially on high glucose solid agar surfaces. Additional phenazine-independent mechanisms in the same strain are able to reduce fungal surface growth in the presence of pectin and amino acids. The DAPG-producing Pseudomonas protegens CHA0 (P_DAPG), which can also produce hydrogen cyanide or pyoluteorin, has an additional inhibitory potential on fungal growth, which is independent of these antifungal compounds, but which requires the bacterial GacA/GacS control system. This translational two-component system is present in many Gram-negative bacteria and coordinates the production of multiple secondary metabolites. Our data suggest that pseudomonads pursue different media-dependent strategies that inhibit fungal growth. Metabolites such as phenazines are able to completely inhibit fungal surface growth in the presence of glucose, whereas GacA/GacS controlled inhibitors provide the same fungal growth effect on pectin/amino acid agar.

Extracting sensitive spectrum bands of rapeseed using multiscale multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis

Spectrum technology has been widely used in crop non-destructive testing diagnosis for crop information acquisition. Since spectrum covers a wide range of bands, it is of critical importance to extract the sensitive bands. In this paper, we propose a methodology to extract the sensitive spectrum bands of rapeseed using multiscale multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis. Our obtained sensitive bands are relatively robust in the range of 534 nm–574 nm. Further, by using the multifractal parameter (Hurst exponent) of the extracted sensitive bands, we propose a prediction model to forecast the Soil and plant analyzer development values ((SPAD), often used as a parameter to indicate the chlorophyll content) and an identification model to distinguish the different planting patterns. Three vegetation indices (VIs) based on previous work are used for comparison. Three evaluation indicators, namely, the root mean square error, the correlation coefficient, and the relative error employed in the SPAD values prediction model all demonstrate that our Hurst exponent has the best performance. Four rapeseed compound planting factors, namely, seeding method, planting density, fertilizer type, and weed control method are considered in the identification model. The Youden indices calculated by the random decision forest method and the K-nearest neighbor method show that our Hurst exponent is superior to other three Vis, and their combination for the factor of seeding method. In addition, there is no significant difference among the five features for other three planting factors. This interesting finding suggests that the transplanting and the direct seeding would make a big difference in the growth of rapeseed.

Rapeseed-legume intercrops: plant growth and nitrogen balance in early stages of growth and development.

In this study we tested whether legumes can improve the growth and N and S nutrition of rapeseed in an intercropping system and compared the effect of mixtures on legume N-fixation and soil N-resources. Rapeseed was cultivated in low N conditions in monocrops using one (R) or two plants (RR) per pot and in mixtures with lupine, clover or vetch.The R monocrop was the most relevant control, intraspecific competition inducing a significant growth delay resulting in a significantly lower leaf number, in RR monocrop compared to R and the three mixtures considered. Plant biomass, and the N and S contents of rapeseed grown in mixtures were the same than those measured in R monocrop. Compared to the monocrop, the proportion of N derived from the atmosphere was increased by 34, 140 and 290% in lupine, clover and vetch, respectively when intercropped with rapeseed. In mixture with clover and lupine, the soil N pool at harvest was higher than in other treatments, while N export by crop was constant. Legumes suffered from competition for soil S resulting in a decrease of 40% in their S content compared to the monocrop. Compared to rapeseeds grown in R monocrop and in mixture with lupine and vetch, rapeseed mixed with clover showed significantly higher SPAD values in old leaves.In our conditions, mixing legumes with rapeseed is relevant to reduce N fertilization and improve nutrition and growth of rapeseed.

Nitrogen transfer from Lupinus albus L., Trifolium incarnatum L. and Vicia sativa L. contribute differently to rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) nitrogen nutrition.

Nitrogen (N) transfer is well documented in legume-cereal intercropping but this is less often reported for legume-Brassica intercrops even though Brassica crops require higher levels of N fertilizers. The present study was carried out to quantify N transfer from legumes (Lupinus albus L., Trifolium incarnatum L. or Vicia sativa L.) to rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) using the split-root 15N-labelling method. After three months we observed that legumes did not alter the growth of rapeseed. Vetch showed the lowest growth and demonstrated low 15N shoot to root translocation and no significant N transfer to rapeseed. In contrast, significant 15N enrichment was found in lupine and clover and 15N was transferred to the associated rapeseed plants (around 6 and 4 mg N plant−1, respectively), which contributed 2 to 3% of the rapeseed total N. Additionally, the data revealed that N2 fixation dominated the N nutrition in lupine despite the high N level provided in the donor compartment, suggesting a greater niche segregation between companion plants. Based on the results of this study we suggest that intercropping can be a relevant contributor to rapeseed N nutrition. Among the three legumes tested, clover and lupine seemed to be the best intercropping candidates.

Growth attributes of rapeseed varieties (Brassica campestris l.) in relation to sowing dates and weedings treatments

Context: To analyze the effect of sowing dates and weeding treatments on growth attributes such as total dry matter (TDM), leaf area index (LAI), net assimilation rate (NAR), crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area ratio (LAR) of three rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) Objectives: The objective of the study was to identify the growth in relation to sowing dates and weed competition and identify the weeding number for better growth of rapeseed. Materials and Methods: This investigation was arranged as factorial experiment based on the split-split plot design with three replications. Four sowing dates were including 18 October (S1), 12 November (S2), 17 November (S3) and 3 December (S4) and three weeding treatments were no weeding (W0), one hand weeding (W1) and two hand weeding (W2) and three varieties viz., BINA Sarisha-5, BINA Sarisha-6 and BARI Sarisha-14 were investigated. Results: The results showed that, TDM, LAI, CGR, NAR and LAR were affected by sowing date and weeding treatments. The highest TDM, LAI and CGR were obtained in the first sowing and two weedings treatment. The highest NAR was found in S2 plants and W0 treatment. The highest LAR was found in S2 plants and W1 treatment. Conclusion: The results obtained in this study suggest that the first sowing and two weeding treatments are superior for the production of rapeseed. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v21i0.22519 J. bio-sci. 21: 51-59, 2013

Application of Chitin Hydrogels for Seed Germination, Seedling Growth of Rapeseed

Chitin hydrogels were successfully prepared from chitin solution dissolved in NaOH/urea aqueous solution at low temperature by crosslinking with epichlorohydrin. The experimental results indicated that the chitin hydrogels were hydrophilic, had a microporous structure, and had a large surface area, leading to excellent water uptake ability and water-retention properties. Moreover, they exhibited good mechanical properties and a high equilibrium swelling ratio. The growth indexes of rapeseed, including the germination rate, root length, shoot length, fresh weight and dry weight, for chitin hydrogel (CG2) were not significantly different from those of soil and significantly higher than agar. Chitin hydrogel as a plant growth regulator could promote seed germination and growth when applied to Brassica napus rapeseed sowing. Moreover, chitin was safe and biodegradable so it would be suitable to use as soilless culture media for plant growth. This work provided a new pathway for the application of chitin hydrogels in the agriculture field.

Sharing N resources in the early growth of rapeseed intercropped with faba bean: does N transfer matter?

Background and aims Legume-brassica intercrops may help to reduce N fertilizer input. We tested whether (i) intercropping with faba bean can improve N status of rapeseed, and (ii) root complementarity and/or N transfer is involved in such performance.

국내산 소나무, 잣나무, 낙엽송, 분비나무 정유의 제초활성

The objective of this research was to understand herbicidal activity of essential oils isolated from leaves of pine (Pinus densiflora), nut pine (Pinus koraiensis), larch (Larix kaempferi) and khingan fir (Abies nephrolepsis) in Korea. In a seed bioassay, essential oils of nut pine, larch and khingan fir inhibited the growth of rapeseed (Brassica napus) seedlings by 50% at 4,766, 1,865, 5,934 μg ml -1 , respectively, however, that of pine did not show any herbicidal effect. In a green house experiment, fall panicum, Southern crabgrass, sorghum, barnyardgrass, quackgrass, black nightshade, Indian jointvetch, velvet leaf, and Japanese morningglory were controlled in 24 hours by the foliar application of 10% essential oils from pine, nut pine, larch and khingan fir. The treated plant parts showed burndown effect, however, new shoots appeared 3 days after treatment. Results of GCMS analysis showed that essential oils from pine, nut pine, larch and khingan fir contained 16, 25, 25, and 16 compounds, respectively, with hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, and esters. The major compounds of the essential oils were 3-carene, bornyl acetate, camphene, limonene, α-pinene, β-pinene and β-phellandrene.

아미리스 정유의 제초활성

The objective of this study was to know the herbicidal activity of the essential oil from amyris(Amyris balsamifera). In a seed bioassay experiment, the amyris essential oil inhibited the growth of rapeseed(Brassica napus) by fifty percent at 8.8 ㎍ g -1 . And in a greenhouse experiment, sorghum, bamyard grass and Indian jointvetch, which was applied in above-ground parts, with the amyris essential oil at 4,000 ㎍ ml -1 showed visual injuries of 90, 70, and 70, respectively(0, no damage; 100, total damage). However, soil application of the essential oil did not show such herbicidal injuries. In a field experiment, foliar application of the amyris esential oil at 5% controlled effectively weeds such as bamyardgrass, shepherds purse, and clover in 24 hours. Our results indicated that the amyris essential oil had herbicidal activity. To understand the composition of the amyris essential oil, the oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectometry with solid-phase micro-extraction apparatus. There were 15 organic chemicals in the oil and the major consitiuents were calarence, elemol, γ-eudesmol, curcumene, s-sesquiphellandrene, zingiberene, selina-3, 7(11)-diene, 1,3-diisopropenyl-6-methyl-eyclohexene, s-bisabolene, and s-maaliene. Overall results suggest that the amyris essential oil had a herbicidal activity with fast, contact, and non-selective mechanism.

Effect of plant-derived smoke on germination, seedling vigour and growth of rapeseed (Brassica napus) under laboratory and greenhouse conditions

Effect of plant-derived smoke on germination, seedling vigour and growth of rapeseed (Brassica napus) under laboratory and greenhouse conditions

THE INFLUENCE OF 3-(6,11-DIOXO-6,11-DIHYDRO-12H-BENZO[b]PHENOXAZIN-12-YL)BUTANOIC ACID ON RAPESEED MORPHOGENESIS IN VITRO AND GLUCOSINOLATE AND THIOCYANATE QUANTITIES

Naphthoquinones are widely distributed in plants, fungi, and some animals. Their biological activities have been studied including their effects on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Vitamin K is a derivative of 1,4-naphthoquinone. Other natural naphtoquinones include juglone, plumbagin, droserone. Naphthoquinone derivatives have significant pharmacological properties: they are cytotoxic, have a significant antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties. Menadione sodium bisulphite (MSB) increased the growth of tomato plants and alfalfa callus and stimulated rooting of mungbean cuttings. The levels of IAA were increased by about 3 to 4 fold following application of MSB to tomato, cucumber, corn and capsicum plants. Plumbagone, juglone and lawsone are naturally occurring naphthoquinones of plant origin that have antibacterial effects on several species of both aerobic and anaerobic organisms, and toxins derived from naphthazarin (5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) are produced by Fusarium solani and attack plants, other fungi and bacteria. Oilseed rape, Brassica napus L., is one of the most important crops for production of vegetable oils in the world. Traditional rapeseed cultivars contain high amounts of glucosinolates. Although glucosinolates have antibacterial, antifungal properties and cancerchemoprevention activity, their antinutritional effects have limited the use of meals from oilseed rape for human food and animal feed. Besides, these compounds provide the bitter flavour and sulfurous aroma due to breakdown. Therefore, one of the main biotechnology objective is reduction of glucosinolates content in seeds to trace amounts. Rapeseed and its products are rich sources of bioactive compounds such as: polyphenols, phytosterols, tocopherols and other antioxidants, which are important in the prevention and treatment of coronary heart diseases, cancers, diabetes, hypertension, neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases. Plant growth regulators are the critical media components in determining the developmental pathway of the plant cells. The regeneration of plants in vitro is interesting not only for studies of the regeneration process itself but also for success of in vitro manipulations of crop improvement. The main object was to explore the influence of 3-(6,11-dioxo-6,11-dihydro-12H-benzo[b]phenoxazin-12-yl)butanoic acid on rapeseed morphogenesis in vitro and glucosinolate and thiocyanate quantities. 3-(6,11-Dioxo-6,11-dihydro-12H-benzo[b]phenoxazin-12-yl)butanoic acid was synthesized at the Department of Organic Chemistry. We used Murashige-Skoog medium with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) (2 mg/l) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (0.2 mg/l) for obtaining rapeseed callus cultures in vitro. Compounds were examined at different concentrations 0.5 mg/l; 1.0 mg/l; 1.5 mg/l; 2.0 mg/l in the medium. It was determined, that the growth of rapeseed „Sponsor“ sprouts stimulated and biomass increased of rapeseed, which were grown on MS medium with 3-(6,11-dioxo-6,11-dihydro-12H-benzo[b]phenoxazin-12-yl)butanoic acid (1 mg/l). It was explored, that the lowest amount of glucosinolates was in rapeseed overground parts, which were grown on MS medium with 3-(6,11-dioxo-6,11-dihydro-12H-benzo[b]phenoxazin-12-yl)butanoic acid (2 mg/l) and the lowest amount of thiocyanates was in rapeseed roots, which were grown on MS medium with 3-(6,11-dioxo-6,11-dihydro-12H-benzo[b]phenoxazin-12-yl)butanoic acid (1.5 mg/l).DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ct.60.2.1948

Phytotoxic effects of Stellera chamaejasme L. root extract

Stellera chamaejasme is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant with a wide range of medicinal properties and biological activity. In order to evaluate the phytotoxity of S. chamaejasme, the effects of aqueous extracts (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 and 100 g/L) prepared from roots was studied on the seed germination and seedling growth of rapeseed (Brassica napus), sesame (Sesamum indicum), wheat (Triticum aestivum) and maize (Zea mays). The treatments with high concentration extract (50 and 100 g/L) significantly reduced the germination rate of four crops compared with the control but the treatments with low concentration extract (from 6.25 to 25 g/L) had no obvious inhibitory effect. The mean germination time (MGT) of rapeseed and sesame increased with increasing extract concentration generally. The MGT of wheat and maize extended only at above 50 g/L concentration and at 100 g/L concentration respectively, whereas the treatments at 6.25, 25 and 50 g/L had a decreased effect on MGT of maize. The concentration-dependent effects were also found on shoot length, root length, number of lateral roots and dry weight of rapeseed, wheat and sesame seedling. Lower concentration extract treatments (6.25, 12.5 and 25 g/L) significantly promoted the seedling growth of maize, whereas the higher concentrations extracts had inhibitory effect. The results demonstrated that the high concentration aqueous extracts from S. chamaejasme had strong phytotoxity on seedlings growth of tested species. Dicotyledonous plants (rapeseed and sesame) were more sensitive to S. chamaejasme extract than monocotyledonous plants (wheat and maize). This result might be an important reference for further investigating the phytotoxic effect ofS. chamaejasme for weed control. Key words: Stellera chamaejasme, phytotoxity, allelopathy, germination, seedling growth.

유채(Brassica napus L.) 종자의 발아와 초기생장을 억제하는 식물정유의 선발

This study was conducted to investigate the phytotoxic effects of 19 essential oils on seed germination and initial growth of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). We found that anise, cinnamon, citronella, clove, geranium, lemongrass, mustard and pine oils completely inhibited germination of rapeseed at 100× dilute solution. Based on the inhibition rates of rapeseed emergence and initial growth, three essential oils (cinnamon, clove, and geranium) were selected as potential bio-herbicides. Under pre-emergence applications of cinnamon, clove, and geranium oils at 90 kg ai ha -1 , rates of rapeseed emergence were 7.1, 25.0, and 3.6% and its initial growth were 22.0, 9.9 and 11.0%, respectively.

Effect of Salinity and Low Osmotic Potential on the Germination and Seedling Growth of Rapeseed Cultivars with Different Stress Tolerance

In mediterranean environments, rapeseed is grown in fall-winter with late-summer sowing and this implies that germination and initial seedling growth may occur in soils with low water content and/or high salinity. Lab experiments were carried out to study the effect of the level and timing of salt and osmotic stress application on the germination and seedling growth of rapeseed (Brassica napus var. oleifera Del.) cultivars with different stress tolerance. After a preliminary screening on eighteen cultivars, four hybrids with different stress tolerance during germination were chosen to study germination on Petri dishes at 14 increasing concentrations of PEG 6000 (ψs up to -1.5 MPa) and 12 increasing concentrations of NaCl (up to 600 mM). Seedlings from seeds germinated at 0 and 250 mM of NaCl were then grown into boxes for the slant test containing NaCl solutions 0 mM and 100 mM, while seedlings from seeds germinated -0.8 and -0.03 MPa (PEG) were grown in pots containing siliceous sand with a water content equivalent to field capacity or half of field capacity. In both experiments seedlings were grown for 11 days under controlled light/temperature conditions. Therefore, for both salt and osmotic stress experiments, the following four combinations for “germination-growth” conditions were obtained for each cultivar: optimum-optimum; optimum-stress; stress-optimum; stress-stress. The following determinations were performed: final percentage germination, time to 50% germination (T50), and base water potential of seeds; dry and fresh weights, and shoot and root lengths of seedlings at the end of the growth period (i.e. 11 days after plant transfer to the growth medium), and correspondent relative growth rates between the start and the end of the growth period. The different degree of stress tolerance observed among rapeseed cultivars for germination was in the order of 150 mMol for NaCl concentration and 0.2-0.3 MPa for osmotic potential. Nonetheless, cultivars did not differ substantially for growth parameters of seedlings exposed to stressing conditions, and in some cases cultivars with higher tolerance during germination resulted even more sensitive during growth, especially under salt stress. The severe stresses applied reduced seedling growth, and root more than shoot growth. Agronomic implications for the different stress tolerance of cultivars are discussed.

Growth enhancement and antitranspirant activity following seed treatment with a derivative of 5‐hydroxybenzimidazole (Ambiol) in four drought‐stressed agricultural species

The biostimulating action of seed treatment with the synthetic antioxidant, Ambiol (2‐methyl‐4‐Edimethylaminomethyl‐5‐hydroxybenzimidazole dihydrochloride) on subsequent growth and transpiration of seedlings was studied. To study growth and transpiration responses, seeds of four agricultural species, soybean (Glycine max L.), rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), winter wheat (Trilicum aestivum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.), were soaked in Ambiol for 24 h, using the following concentrations: 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 mg 11. The subsequent seedlings were subject to simulated soil drought, using computer‐automated root misting chambers. The influence of Ambiot on transpiration rate under simulated air drought was studied by growing plants under low humidity in a controlled humidity chamber. Response to Ambiol varied, depending on its concentration, the species used and the environment. Compared to untreated plants, 10 mg 1‐−1 Ambiol reduced the mid‐day transpiration rate and total daily water usage of soybean by approximately 25%. Under simulated soil drought in the root misting chamber, 10 and 100 mg 1‐−1 Ambiol increased growth of rapeseed and soybean by 25–45%, relative to the 0 mg 1‐−1 treatment, yielding plants comparable in size to the fully‐irrigated controls. However, Ambiol failed to promote growth of two drought‐stressed monocotyledons (corn and winter wheat). At 100 mg P. Ambiol inhibited growth of both well‐watered wheat and rapeseed, although this inhibition was mitigated by drought.