Growth Of Air Transport Research Articles

Review of Conflict Resolution Methods for Manned and Unmanned Aviation

Current investigations into urban aerial mobility, as well as the continuing growth of global air transportation, have renewed interest in Conflict Detection and Resolution (CD&R) methods. With the new applications of drones, and the implications of a profoundly different urban airspace, new demands are placed on such algorithms, further spurring new research. This paper presents a review of current CR methods for both manned and unmanned aviation. It presents a taxonomy that categorises algorithms in terms of their approach to avoidance planning, surveillance, control, trajectory propagation, predictability assumption, resolution manoeuvre, multi-actor conflict resolution, considered obstacle types, optimization, and method category. More than a hundred CR methods were considered, showing how most work on a tactical, distributed framework. To enable a reliable comparison between methods, this paper argues that an open and ideally common simulation platform, common test scenarios, and common metrics are required. This paper presents an overview of four CR algorithms, each representing a commonly used CR algorithm category. Both manned and unmanned scenarios were tested, through fast-time simulations on an open-source airspace simulation platform.

The Effect of Jet Fuel Tax Changes on Air Transport, Employment, and the Environment in the US

This paper presents an analysis of the effects of jet fuel taxes on air traffic, employment and emissions using a difference-in-difference design. These findings are relevant, as US airports identify how to respond to revenue shortfalls and support local employment in the recovery after Covid-19. Jet fuel tax cuts are considered pro-growth by airlines and stakeholders, however, limited research documents the impacts on airline operations, employment, and emissions, which is an increasing issue given growing societal concerns about aviation sustainability. This study provides an analysis of the effects of changes in jet fuel taxes on air travel, employment, and the environment, using a difference-in-differences design based on data from major US airlines at several US hubs. Results suggest that a jet fuel tax cut increases air traffic by 0.2% on average but fades within a year. The direct effect on air transportation employment is insignificant, as is the effect on total employment. The estimated effect on pollution is an increase of over 1% in CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions. These findings illustrate the precarious balance between air transport growth, local employment, and environmental concerns, and may aid policymakers as they consider potential changes to jet fuel taxes.

AIR TRAFFIC FORECAST IN POST-LIBERALIZATION CONTEXT: A DYNAMIC LINEAR MODELS APPROACH

The process of air transport liberalization in Colombia began in 1991. Liberalization entailed the entry of private capital into the airport sector which subsequently led, in several temporary phases, to the privatization of the country’s main airports. Simultaneously, new air operators entered the market. This new market situation, supported by the complete deregulation of airfares, generated a dynamic and sustained growth of air transport in Colombia for two decades. Within the context of post-liberalization, this article presents a forecast (medium-term – 5 years period) of air traffic in the country’s main airport using DLMs (Dynamic Linear Models). It has the following advantages vs. the usual forecast calculation methodologies: it detects stochastic tendencies that are hidden in the time series. It also detects structural changes that allow estimating the variable effect of exogenous shocks over time without increasing the number of parameters. From the results obtained, it should be noted that the application of DLMs presents MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error) values below 1%, which guarantees predictions of higher accuracy and thus introduces a new alternative model to develop reliable forecasts in air transport, at least in the medium-term.

Flying into the future: A scenario-based analysis of carbon emissions from China's civil aviation

Aviation emissions will significantly affect climate change with the continued growth of the air transport. This study decomposes the drivers influencing China's civil aviation carbon emissions change in the period from 1985 to 2015. Emission trends are predicted using a Monte Carlo simulation. The results show a peak and reduction in the period between 2016 and 2030. Results also show that air transportation revenue growth is associated with increasing historical carbon emissions, while rising industry energy intensity significantly hampers carbon emissions reduction. The carbon intensity (CI) reduction goals were achieved in the different scenarios before 2020, but the carbon emissions peak target before 2030 can only be achieved under the technological breakthrough scenario (TBS). The reduction of air transport growth rate and promotion of new energy technologies are two essential strategies to reduce carbon emissions in the foreseeing future.

Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Global Health: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow

This article presents a review of current aircraft noises and technologies to reduce noise as well as an estimate of the technology’s readiness level. Aircraft noise remains the key inhibitor of the growth of air transportation and remains an acute environmental problem that requires advanced solutions. To deal with this problem, aircraft manufacturers and public establishments are engaged in research on technical and theoretical approaches for noise reduction concepts that should be applied to new aircraft. This review paper discusses a selection of enabling technologies and their implications on acoustics and noise and gives a perspective on future trends and new directions in aeroacoustics required to address the challenges.

Air transport and economic growth: a review of the impact mechanism and causal relationships

ABSTRACTThe impacts of air transport on the economy arise both directly, via activity in the aviation sector; and indirectly, via increased spending and wider economic benefits associated with improved access to resources, markets, technology and economic mass. Economic activity, in turn, supports and generates demand for air transport. Despite its potential importance, the reciprocal nature of the causal relationship between air transport and economic performance has remained somewhat understudied. This paper provides a synthesis review of the channels the aviation sector interacts with regional economy. The review focuses on quantitative studies that contribute to the state-of-the-art understandings of the causality. We find that the reciprocal causal relationship is more likely to prevail in less developed economies. For more developed economies, only one direction of the causality is recognised, which runs from air transport to economic growth. Especially substantial is the effect of airline enplanement on service-related employment. The reverse direction of the relationship is, however, not as significant as believed in a causal sense within the developed world. Therefore, cautions need to be taken when applying income elasticities (such as the elasticity of air passenger demand with respect to GDP) in air travel demand forecasting, which implicitly assumes that economic growth causally leads to air traffic increment. Based on the fundamental links between air transport and economic growth, some typical imperfections and inefficiencies in aviation markets are discussed and promising avenues for future research are proposed.

Is the Economic Growth of ASEAN-10 related to Air Transportation? A Panel ARDL Approach

Investment in transport infrastructure is one of the important actions to accelerate regional development because it will open access among regions. Thus, it can lead to accelerating economic growth. This study aims to analyze the short-run and long-run relationship between economic growth and air transportation in ASEAN-10 countries. The data used in this study are the number of air transport passengers, air transport carrier, air freights, interactions between passengers and air transport carrier, and gross domestic product growth sourced from World Bank in a year period of 2002-2017. Panel ARDL is used in this analysis. Based on the specification, estimation, and examination of the model, the Panel ARDL is the best choice model. The Panel ARDL model shows that in the short term there is no significant relationship between air transportation and economic growth, but in the long term explains, except air freight, that air transport passengers, air transport airline, the interaction between passengers and air transport airlines have a significant effect on ASEAN-10 economic growth. This study emphasizes that to increase economic growth, increase in air transportation services is an important factor.

AIR-TRANSPORTATION, TOURISM AND ECONOMIC GROWTH INTERACTIONS IN SRI LANKA: COINTEGRATION AND CAUSALITY ANALYSIS

Air travel growth is one of the notable responsibilities of a government specifically for an economy which depends heavily on tourism. Air travel strengthens destinations by enhancing connectivity, arrivals and other tourism reactions therefore it is recognized as a medium of revenue generation, work opportunity creation and sustainable business development. The aim of this study is to examine the causal relationship between tourism, air travel and economic growth in Sri Lanka for period of 1983-2019. The study employs the Cointegration and Granger causality approach. The results confirm that there is a stable uni directional relationship running from air transportation to economic growth in the short run bidirectional causality exists between air travel and tourism growth in Sri Lanka. The findings suggested that policymakers do not over-rely on air transportation for economic growth and that they pay more comprehensive attention to integrate the air transportation and tourism growth. It recommends policy makers to develop integrated strategies that connect air travel, tourism and economic growth.

АППАРАТУРА ДЛЯ ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ ФРАКЦИОННОГО И ХИМИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА НЕЛЕТУЧИХ ЧАСТИЦ В ПРОДУКТАХ ЭМИССИИ ГАЗОТУРБИННЫХ ДВИГАТЕЛЕЙ

Intensive growth of air transport provides increasing in hazardous substances emission in the atmosphere. Among such emissions also are nano-particulates specific with high- surface area and sometimes high non-uniformity resulting in high concentration of radical centers on the surface and therefore in high reactivity and high toxic properties. Negative influence of high-dispersive aerosols emitted by aviation engines and gas turbine electric power units on human health, environmental quality and climatic changes makes the question about particular matter emission restrictions imposition being an object of careful attention from regulatory organizations. In April 2016 the tenth meeting of the Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection (CAEP/10) took place where a first of its kind non-volatile Particulate Matter engine emissions standard which will apply to engines, manufactured from 1 January 2020 were proposed. In the article the experimental equipment characteristics and experimental investigation results of chemical and fractional composition of particular matter in size ranges from 10 to 1100 nm for aviation engine combustion products are presented. Researches were performed at high performance test bench for civil aviation engines combustors tests using dedicated equipment for real-time fractional composition measurements. Compositional analysis of probes collected on filter was performed in laboratory way.

Investigation All Types of Aircraft Noises: Review Paper

This article presents a review of current aircraft noises. Noise is a fascinating area of research combining statistics, applied mathematics, and engineering. Aircraft noises are an impact of enormous financial, environmental, and technological issue. Aircraft noise remains the key inhibitor of the growth of air transportation and remains an acute environmental problem that requires advanced solutions. To advance our understanding of the sound source mechanisms, it should be noted that predominant noise sources of aircraft engines are from the exhaust (referred to as the jet) and fan (including the stator). The noise generated in these two areas during takeoff and landing has a strong influence on the communities around the airports. One of the most important sources of aircraft noises in modern jet aircraft is the turbulence that occurs in the shear layers around the engine’s exhaust. But this is not just an academic issue also jet noise is highly relevant to the aviation industry and on a wider scale, has been related to economic, social, and subsequently political. To deal with this problem, aircraft manufacturers and public establishments are engaged in research on technical and theoretical approaches for noise reduction concepts that should be applied to new aircraft. This review paper discusses a selection of enabling technologies and their implications on acoustics and noise and gives a perspective on future trends and new directions in aeroacoustics required to address the challenges.

TANGGUNG JAWAB NEGARA ATAS TERGANGGUNYA FREKUENSI RADIO PENERBANGAN DI WILAYAH UDARA PANTAI UTARA JAWA GUNA MENJAMIN KESELAMATAN PENERBANGAN

Indonesia is an archipelagic country that can be divided into land, water and airspace. For the sake of realizing a national insight, it requires a transportation system. Transportation can be divided into land, sea and air transportation. Air transportation is a very efficient transportation for humans because it has comfort and can save time. Air transportation growth in Indonesia are rising highly time by time, law must provide the rule of operation of air transport. Passenger have right to get to destination that ruled on air ticket. Beside of the destination, passenger must get delivered by the time that written on ticket. Airline must provide aircraft that could carry all passenger that have the ticket, but in practice, some passenger can’t be carried by airline because there was changes of the type of aircraft that carry less passenger than planned. Passenger must get compensation from the loss. Airline shall responsible from causing the trouble. There some responsibility system in Indonesia law, but for the case of the above, the responsibility system that should airline take is unclear. This journal will discuss about the responsibility system that can be used for the case and how law govern to clear the problem.

Land use policy in the vicinity of airports: Analysis and lessons learned from the Brazilian situation

Aircraft noise is one of the main environmental impacts associated with airports operation. Evidence suggests that sensitivity to aircraft noise is increasing. Besides the expected growth in air transportation, conflicts between airports and communities living in its surroundings are expected to increase also if not action is taken. Land-use regulation is one of the tools used to mitigate these impacts and allow the evolution of Civil Aviation minimizing adverse reactions from people living in airport surroundings. Traditionally, this regulation is done by defining land-use restrictions around airports, based on noise contours. However, these restrictions are often not enforced in practice because of cost-related issues and lack of coordination between the various stakeholders involved. Even when they are correctly implemented, they have not avoided noise-related conflicts in many cases, which indicates possible limitations of this approach. This article intends to suggest possible improvements to the process of land-use planning around airports. For that, the framework for land-use policy definitions around Brazilian airports will be used as a case study, from which are drawn recommendations and lessons-learned that may be generally applicable to other countries

Causal Relationship Between Air Transport and Economic Growth: Evidence from Panel Data for High, Upper-Middle, Lower-Middle and Low-Income Countries

This study aims to find out the causal relationship between air transport and economic growth based on income level. To this end, selected countries with high-income, uppermiddle-income, lower-middle-income, and low-income levels were included in the analyses for this study. Focusing on the 1990-2016 period, a total of 70 countries were classified according to their income levels and were analyzed empirically. In the study, panel causality analyzes by Kónya (2006) and Emirmahmutoğlu & Köse (2011) were used. Our findings show that GDP has a certain degree of effect on air transport. They also indicate that the unidirectional or bidirectional causal relationships running from GDP to air transport and air transport to GDP vary by the income level of countries.

Options to Continue the EU ETS for Aviation in a CORSIA-World

From 2021, an increasing percentage of the carbon emission growth in international air transport will be subject to offsetting under the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA). Presently, it is still unclear if, and how, the existing EU emissions trading scheme (ETS) for aviation will continue. We assess the environmental impacts of different options (not) to continue with the EU ETS for aviation alongside CORSIA, and also discuss resulting monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) requirements. Our results indicate that any form of continuation of the EU ETS would have positive environmental effects especially in the early 2020s, when the coverage and environmental impact of CORSIA, which only tackles any post-2020 emission growth in international aviation, will still be low. If, moreover, a certain failure of CORSIA Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) to actually achieve emission reduction elsewhere is assumed, the environmental net benefit of CORSIA will be even lower. From both the policy and economic perspectives, these aspects may further strengthen the need to continue with the EU ETS for aviation. Possible options are to maintain the EU ETS in operation for domestic flights only, as a complement to CORSIA, or to keep it alive even for international flights within the European Economic Area (EEA), replacing CORSIA there as an equivalent measure. Another option to increase the environmental effectiveness of CORSIA, at least to some extent, could be to voluntarily extend it to domestic EEA flights. Administrative-wise, the CORSIA MRV system could be applied to a continued EU ETS to reduce transaction costs and to assure globally similar or even identical MRV standards, e.g., with regard to exemptions and eligible fuel monitoring methods.

A dynamic integer programming approach for free flight air traffic management (ATM) scenario with 4D-trajectories and energy efficiency aspects

The growth in demand for air transport has generated new challenges for capacity and safety. In response, manufacturers develop new types of aircraft while airlines open new routes and adapt their fleet. This excessive demand for air transport also leads to the need for further investments in airport expansion and ATM modernization. The current work was focused on the ATM problem with respect to new procedures, such as free flight, for addressing the air capacity issues in an environmental approach. The study was triggered by and aligned with the following performance objectives set by EUROCONTROL and the European Commission: (1) to improve ATM safety whilst accommodating air traffic growth; (2) to increase the ATM network efficiency; (3) to strengthen ATM’s contribution to aviation security and to environmental objectives; (4) to match capacity and air transport growth. The proposed mathematical model covers the aforementioned objectives by focusing on energy losses and costs of flights under the scenario of a controlled free flight and a unified airspace. The factors enhanced in the model were chosen based on their impact on the ATM energy efficiency, such as the airborne delays and flight duration, the delays due to ground holding, the flight cancellation, the flight speed deviations and the flight level alterations. Therefore, the presented mathematical model minimizes the energy costs due to the above terms under certain assumptions and constraints. Finally, simulation case studies, used as proof tests, have been conducted under different ATM scenarios to examine the complexity and the efficiency of the developed model.

Advanced low-noise aircraft configurations and their assessment: past, present, and future

Aircraft noise remains the key inhibitor of the growth of air transportation, but the focus of the noise mitigation strategies has changed. As the propulsor fan pressure ratio is decreased for improved fuel burn and lessened environmental impact, the propulsion system noise can be reduced near or even below the noise level of the airframe. Jet noise has become less of a concern, and during approach and landing, the acoustic signature is predominantly set by the airframe. Novel aircraft concepts and architectures, enabled by distributed, more integrated, and boundary-layer ingesting propulsion systems, pose new aeroacoustic problems which require innovative approaches and call for teaming and collaboration as the technological challenges cut across disciplines. One past example of such a collaborative research effort was the Silent Aircraft Initiative (SAI), aimed at the conceptual design of an aircraft imperceptible to the human ear outside the airport perimeter. The initiative brought together researchers from academia, industry, and government agencies. This chapter gives a brief summary of the Silent Aircraft Initiative, the SAX-40 aircraft design, and the noise reduction technologies which were pursued. A decade past SAI, novel aircraft architectures such as the D8 double bubble aircraft, the outcome of a joint effort between MIT, Aurora Flight Sciences and Pratt and Whitney, are being pursued in the quest of reducing the climate impact of aviation. With regulations continuing to reduce the allowable aviation noise emission levels, both new challenges and new opportunities are emerging. Electric, hybrid, and turbo-electric aircraft concepts are currently being investigated as potential game changers. Independent of the level of electrification, noise will remain a major issue as air transportation is growing and mobility might become a key driver. The chapter discusses a selection of enabling technologies and their implications on acoustics and noise and gives a perspective on future trends and new directions in aeroacoustics required to address the challenges.

Risk Assessment Approach in Airport Security

Naturally, the threat to flight is generated from all activities at the airport by passenger or freight. With the growth of air transport, the level of threat to flight activity will also increase. Due to ensure the security of passengers, staff, and all elements of the airport, the airport as a place of the flight operations need a reliable protection system. The purpose of this study is to develop a methodology for assessing the risk level at the airport in order to improve the level of protection at the airport. The level of threats that could jeopardize airport security is categorized into several levels, then analyzed to what extent the risk level can be tolerated as a reference to the formulation of standard protection systems at the airport. The results of this study can be used to deal with threats that occur in the airport through preventive action by setting up a reliable protection system. The risk assessment approach also able to evaluate the airport's existing protection system whether it is tolerable to deal with threats or not, so action can be taken to improve the protection system if the failure rate is still high and have massive consequences to the all airport elements.Keywords— airport security, failure rate, protection system, risk assessment, tolerable risk level.

An evolutionary computational framework for capacity-safety trade-off in an air transportation network

Airspace safety and airport capacity are two key challenges to sustain the growth in Air Transportation. In this paper, we model the Air Transportation Network as two sub-networks of airspace and airports, such that the safety and capacity of the overall Air Transportation network emerge from the interaction between the two. We propose a safety-capacity trade-off approach, using a computational framework, where the two networks can inter- act and the trade-off between capacity and safety in an Air Transport Network can be established. The framework comprise of an evolutionary computation based air traffic scenario generation using a flow capacity estimation module (for capacity), Collision risk estimation module (for safety) and an air traffic simulation module (for evaluation). The proposed methodology to evolve air traffic scenarios such that it minimizes collision risk for given capacity estimation was tested on two different air transport network topologies (random and small-world) with the same number of airports. Experimental results indicate that though airspace collision risk increases almost linearly with the increasing flow (flow intensity) in the corresponding airport network, the critical flow depend on the underlying network configuration. It was also found that, in general, the capacity upper bound depends not only on the connectivity among airports and their individual performances but also the configuration of waypoints and mid-air interactions among conflicts. Results also show that airport network can accommodate more traffic in terms of capacity but the corresponding airspace network cannot accommodate the resulting traffic flow due to the bounds on collision risk.

Dynamic Nexus between Air-Transportation and Economic Growth: A Systematic Literature Review

Today’s economic growth is not promising without air transport, up-to-date airports infrastructure, efficient and safe airline services and international air transport networks. According to WB [1], 40% of the world-wide tourists travel by air transport. The main aim of this study is to analyze the literatures of air transport and economic growth study. A systematic literature review (SLR) method was used in order to examine related articles from ABDC list journals which are ranked on A*, A or B, published in period 1992-2018. This study gives a summary of the trends and research themes which have been identified. Key scholars, as well as their approaches and locations and citations are also mapped. The findings of this study show that there is a growing interest in researching and publishing on Air transportation and economic growth. This study fills a deficiency in specialized literature concerning air transportation in developing countries and provides a foundation for future research in the field of air transportation.

Aircraft fuel burn performance study: A data-enhanced modeling approach

The rapid growth in commercial air transportation and the price volatility of fuel push for fuel reduction policy to be implemented. Some changes in technology (e.g., improved designs of aircraft and engines), operations (e.g., improved flight routes), or both have shown promising results on fuel reduction in air transportation. Several candidate policy scenarios related to fuel consumption need to be evaluated, which call for fast, efficient, yet accurate fuel burn computation methods, in particular to compute the total aggregate fuel burn given a set of flight missions. While fuel burn evaluation models exist, some are computationally expensive or built based on data that might be outdated. Others suffer from the lack of accuracy due to simplification assumptions and computations. As such, we develop a fuel burn evaluation model by combining a low-fidelity physics-based model with aircraft operation and performance data. For a more accurate fuel burn computation, especially for the climb and descent segments, we integrate the state-of-the-art Base of Aircraft Data (BADA) trajectory simulation results into the fuel burn model. This model offers enhanced accuracy compared to low-fidelity models, yet retains their computational efficiency. In this paper, a fuel burn database corresponding to 40 aircraft types is generated based on the Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) flight missions’ database 2015. A sample-based linear regression model is then derived for each aircraft type. The validation results show that the model can estimate the total aggregate fuel burn for each aircraft type with less than 1% prediction errors using flight mission data from 2016, and less than 6% prediction errors when compared with the actual fuel burn data corresponding to three commercial airlines in 2015 and 2016. The developed models are then used to investigate the two common simplifying assumptions in fuel burn evaluation, namely the cruise-only approximation and similar aircraft type mapping (when data pertaining to some specific aircraft types are unavailable). The results provide insight into the inaccuracies caused by these simplifications in fuel burn computation. For instance, the cruise-only approximation shows significant error (mostly >30%) when performed on smaller aircraft, which typically fly shorter routes. The combined computational efficiency and accuracy that these models offer would open doors to perform more computationally intensive analyses, such as sensitivity and uncertainty analyses, as well as optimization. Such analyses could be computationally prohibitive when large-scale models are used.