Abstract
Current investigations into urban aerial mobility, as well as the continuing growth of global air transportation, have renewed interest in Conflict Detection and Resolution (CD&R) methods. With the new applications of drones, and the implications of a profoundly different urban airspace, new demands are placed on such algorithms, further spurring new research. This paper presents a review of current CR methods for both manned and unmanned aviation. It presents a taxonomy that categorises algorithms in terms of their approach to avoidance planning, surveillance, control, trajectory propagation, predictability assumption, resolution manoeuvre, multi-actor conflict resolution, considered obstacle types, optimization, and method category. More than a hundred CR methods were considered, showing how most work on a tactical, distributed framework. To enable a reliable comparison between methods, this paper argues that an open and ideally common simulation platform, common test scenarios, and common metrics are required. This paper presents an overview of four CR algorithms, each representing a commonly used CR algorithm category. Both manned and unmanned scenarios were tested, through fast-time simulations on an open-source airspace simulation platform.
Highlights
Continued growth of aviation has been considered a threat to the current approach to air traffic control already for decades, inspiring research into automated tools and alternative approaches since the early 1990s
We evaluate methods according to the following ten characteristics: The timescale on which avoidance planning takes place, the type of surveillance, whether control is centralised or distributed, trajectory propagation, predictability assumption, manoeuvre employed for resolution, approach to multi-actor (>2) conflicts, obstacle types, optimisation objective, and method category
The increase in number of conflicts, compared to the situation with conflict resolution (CR) OFF, is due to secondary conflicts created by the tactical resolution manoeuvres
Summary
Continued growth of aviation has been considered a threat to the current approach to air traffic control already for decades, inspiring research into automated tools and alternative approaches since the early 1990s. Several large research programs have been formed along this theme, such as FREER [1], PHARE [2], and the Mediterranean Free Flight [3] project in Europe, and DAG/TM [4] in the US. There are the American NextGen programme [5] and SESAR [6] in Europe. An extensive review of methods by Kuchar and. Yang [7], published in 2000, is still cited often as an overview of Conflict Detection and Resolution (CD&R) methods. The prospect of a wide range of drone operations, and the application of different aerial vehicles in an urban setting, have renewed interest in CD&R research. There are, several aspects that set these applications apart from the concepts considered in previous
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