Growth Hormone Gene Research Articles

Growth hormone transgenesis in coho salmon disrupts muscle immune function impacting cross-talk with growth systems.

Suppression of growth during infection may aid resource allocation towards effective immune function. Past work supporting this hypothesis in salmonid fish revealed an immune-responsive regulation of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system - an endocrine pathway downstream of growth hormone (GH). Skeletal muscle is the main target for growth and energetic storage in fish, yet little is known about how its growth is regulated during an immune response. We addressed this knowledge gap by characterising muscle immune responses in size-matched coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) achieving different growth rates. We compared a wild-type strain with two GH transgenic groups from the same genetic background achieving either maximal or suppressed growth - a design separating GH's direct effects from its influence on growth rate and nutritional state. Fish were sampled 30 h post-injection with phosphate-buffered saline (control) or mimics of bacterial or viral infection. We quantified mRNA expression levels for genes from the GH, GH receptor, IGF hormone, IGF1 receptor and IGF-binding protein families, along with immune genes involved in inflammatory or antiviral responses and muscle growth status marker genes. We demonstrate dampened immune function in GH transgenics compared with wild-type. The muscle of GH transgenics achieving rapid growth showed no detectable antiviral response, coupled with evidence of a constitutive inflammatory state. GH and IGF system gene expression was strongly altered by GH transgenesis and fast growth, both for baseline expression and responses to immune stimulation. Thus, GH transgenesis strongly disrupts muscle immune status and normal GH and IGF system expression responses to immune stimulation.

Büyüme Hormonu Geni Polimorfizminin Buzağı Doğum Ağırlığı Üzerine Etkisi

The aim of study were to present relationships between birth weight of 94 Holstein calves with genotype structures of each sample’s Growth Hormone (GH) determined through PCR-RFLP method and to detect the population’s genetic variation by determining the genotype and allel frequency distribution. In the study, according to the analysis result, it was determined that Growth Hormone gene LL genotype was 41.9 kg, LL was 40.8 kg, and VV was 42.2 kg for the birth weight. A significant relationship between birth weight with GH genotypes could not be found. It was seen that the calf population is not stable according to Hardy-Weinberg genetic balance test.

Polymorphism Of Exon 2-3 Of Growth Hormone Gene In Surti and Mehsani Goats by PCR-RFLP

The investigation was planned to study GH gene exon 2-3 polymorphism using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in Surti and Mehsani goats. GH gene exon 2-3 region was found to be polymorphic on restriction digestion with Hae III which revealed two genotypes AA and AB with genotypic frequencies of 0.24 and 0.76 in Surti goats and 0.20 and 0.80 in Mehsani goats respectively. Both the population of Surti and Mehsani goats were not found to be in genetic equilibrium for GH locus exon 2-3 indicating selection pressure for growth. Polymorphism in exon 2-3 region of GH gene in both the goat breeds can be utilized in formulating breeding strategies based on marker assisted selection in both the goat breeds.

Genetic Polymorphisms in Exon-3 region of Growth Hormone Gene in the Egyptian Goat Breeds

Background: In Egypt, the importance of goats comes from its potential source of meat and milk production. Thus, goat productivity improvement acts as a global strategy to provide Egyptians by important source of protein feeding. Molecular techniques have been employed to analyze growth hormone (GH) gene that promotes goat muscles, bone formation, regulating fat content and other important traits in goat. Our objective was to document and find out an accurate genetic marker sites, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in exon-3 region of GH gene in some Egyptian goat breeds. Methods: Fifteen blood samples were collected from three Egyptian goat breeds (Baladi, Barki and Zaraibi), DNA was isolated and primer was used to amplify GH gene region corresponding to exon-3 region. Finally, sequencing methodology was applied for PCR products regarding the three goat breeds. Results: The results showed four nucleotide substitutions; The first SNP (CaT) was located at nucleotide position 106, the second SNP( GaA) was located at nucleotide position118 and the third SNP (GaA) was located at nucleotide position 128 .Finally, the fourth SNP (TaC) was located at nucleotide position 136. It was found that the SNP (GaA) at nucleotide position 128 caused an amino acid change from Glycine to Serine in the protein sequence of GH gene. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated several genetic variations across exon-3 region of GH gene which can be used as marker in selection of goats with high valued traits.

Effect of Dietary Calorie and Protein Content on Performance, Behaviour, Expression of some Growth-Related Genes and Economic of Broiler Chickens

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of variable dietary metabolizable energy and crude protein concentrations on the performance, behaviour, expression of growth related genes and economic impact of broiler chickens. A total of 250 Cobb broiler chicks were divided randomly into five groups of ten replicates (10 chicks/replicate). Five diets with five different combinations of calories and protein were formulated as the following; normal energy and normal protein (NENP), low energy and high protein (LEHP), high energy and low protein (HELP), normal energy and low protein (NELP), low energy and normal protein (LENP) during starter and finisher period. The results revealed that the highest body weight and body weight gain were observed in the HELP and NELP groups which were similar in improvement of feed utilization and protein efficiency ratio. The total feed intake was increased with decreased dietary energy as in NENP group. Nutrient digestibility was improved with increasing diet energy density as in HELP and NELP groups. The expression of IGF-1 and growth hormone genes were markedly higher in HELP and NELP groups, while the myogenin expression significantly increased in HELP, NELP and LEHP groups. Moreover, the final weight greatly correlated with the gene expression related to growth. Eating and drinking frequencies were highest in LENP and LEHP groups. Birds reared in HELP diet were more active, as expressed by greater walking, wing shaking, leg stretch, preening and flying. Briefly, our results suggested that the energy of diets greatly affected the broiler performance, behaviour and digestibility. Additionally, inclusion of low protein diet with addition of critical amino acids had a positive effect on economic efficiency of broilers. Thus, NELP and HELP diets are recommending for growth of Cobb broiler and could have a significant economic impact.

Obestatin stimulates the somatotrophic axis activity in sheep

The effects of obestatin (an anorexigenic peripheral peptide) on somatotrophic axis activity in ruminants have not yet been determined. The aim of this study was to investigate the consequence of intracerebroventricular infusions of obestatin on the activity of the somatotrophic axis in peripubertal female sheep. Animals were randomly divided into two groups: control group received intracerebroventricular infusions of the vehicle, and the obestatin group was infused with obestatin (25 µg/120 µL h−1). The series of four hourly infusions on three consecutive days were performed. The blood samples were collected on day 0 and on day 3. Immediately after the end of experiment sheep were slaughtered. Parts of the brains were fixed in situ for further immunohistochemical analysis, while the remaining brains were frozen for Real Time RT-qPCR analysis.Substantial changes in the activity of the somatotrophic axis were observed in obestatin-infused sheep. In those animals obestatin evoked an increase in growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) mRNA expression and a decrease in somatostatin mRNA expression in the anterior hypothalamic area. Moreover, a decrease in somatostatin immunoreactivity in the periventricular nucleus and an increase in somatostatin immunopositive fibers in the median eminence were noted. Changes in the GHRH and somatostatin activity are associated with an increase in growth hormone (GH) gene expression and in the amount of GH immunoreactive material stored in the somatotrophic pituitary cells. Consequently, an increase in GH concentration in the peripheral blood, due to an increase in the number of pulses was observed.It was revealed that obestatin affects the somatostatin/GHRH/GH system at the level of protein synthesis, accumulation and release. It is suggested that obestatin participates in the mechanism modulating somatotrophic axis activity at the central level by stimulating GH release through suppression of somatostatin output. Thereby, it can be concluded that obestatin may be involved in the modulation of growth processes in sheep.

Association of allele variants of IGF-I, GH and PIT-1 genes with production traits of Birkivska Barvista chicken breed

The article considers the questions about association between allelic variants of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), growth hormone (GH) and pituitary transcription factor-1 (PIT-1) genes with the egg productivity of the Borkovskaya Barvistaya chicken breed. Using classical PCR and PCR-RFLP methods, the PstI-polymorphism in the 5'UTR fragment of the IGF-I gene, HinfI-polymorphism in the promoter fragment of IGF-I gene, AluI-polymorphism in the fourth intron of the GH gene and indel polymorphism in the second intron of the PIT-1 gene were determined. As a result of the studies the significant differences in egg weight values on 30 weeks of life for HinfI-polymorphism in the promoter fragment of the IGF-I gene were revealed. For individuals with the C/C genotype was specific the large values of this index compared to A/A (51,7 ± 0,61 vs. 47.9 ± 0,92 respectively). For PstI-polymorphism in the 5'UTR of the IGF-I gene was shown the prevalence in the number of eggs for 12 weeks of productivity for individuals with the C1C1 genotype compared to C2C2 (65,2 ± 3,77 vs. 60,9 ± 1,33), but in this case the differences are not significantly, what can be caused by a small number of individuals with C1C1 genotype (12). There were no significant differences for other loci.

Exercise training reverses the negative effects of chronic L-arginine supplementation on insulin sensitivity

L-Arginine has emerged as an important supplement for athletes and non-athletes in order to improve performance. Arginine has been extensively used as substrate for nitric oxide synthesis, leading to increased vasodilatation and hormonal secretion. However, the chronic consumption of arginine has been shown to impair insulin sensitivity. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate whether chronic arginine supplementation associated with exercise training would have a beneficial impact on insulin sensitivity. We, therefore, treated Wistar rats for 4weeks with arginine, associated or not with exercise training (treadmill). We assessed the somatotropic activation, by evaluating growth hormone (GH) gene expression and protein content in the pituitary, as well is GH concentration in the serum. Additionally, we evaluate whole-body insulin sensitivity, by performing an insulin tolerance test. Skeletal muscle morpho-physiological parameters were also assessed. Insulin sensitivity was impaired in the arginine-treated rats. However, exercise training reversed the negative effects of arginine. Arginine and exercise training increased somatotropic axis function, muscle mass and body weight gain. The combination arginine and exercise training further decreased total fat mass. Our results confirm that chronic arginine supplementation leads to insulin resistance, which can be reversed in the association with exercise training. We provide further evidence that exercise training is an important tool to improve whole-body metabolism.

Investigation of Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone, Growth Hormone and Prolactin Hormone Gene Polymorphism in Anatolian Water Buffalo

Abstract The purpose of this work was to identify GHRH, GH and PRL gene polymorphisms in Anatolian water buffalo by means of the PCR-RFLP method. A total of 126 buffalo were included in this study. PCR amplification gave a 451 bp band for the GHRH gene, a 221 bp band for the GH gene and a 156 bp band for the PRL gene. The PCR products were digested by HaeIII for the GHRH gene, AluI for the GH gene and RsaI for the PRL gene. The GH/AluI and PRL/RsaI polymorphisms were found to be polymorphic, while the GHRH/HaeIII polymorphism was not found in Anatolian water buffalo. The frequencies of GH-L (0.87) and PRL-A (0.55) alleles were found to be high in the examined Anatolian water buffalo. The chi-square test showed that the Anatolian water buffalo were in Hardy-Weinberg (HW) equilibrium for the GH gene while significant deviation was observed from HW equilibrium for the PRL gene. The present study is the first to examine GHRH/HaeIII, GH/AluI and PRL/RsaI polymorphisms in Anatolian water buffalo.

Novel aspects of T3 actions on GH and TSH synthesis and secretion: physiological implications.

Thyroid hormones (THs) classically regulate the gene expression by transcriptional mechanisms. In pituitary, the encoding genes for growth hormone (GH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are examples of genes regulated by triiodothyronine (T3) in a positive and negative way, respectively. Recent studies have shown a rapid adjustment of GH and TSH synthesis/secretion induced by T3 posttranscriptional actions. In somatotrophs, T3 promotes an increase in Gh mRNA content, poly(A) tail length and binding to the ribosome, associated with a rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton. In thyrotrophs, T3 reduces Tshb mRNA content, poly(A) tail length and its association with the ribosome. In parallel, it promotes a redistribution of TSH secretory granules to more distal regions of the cell periphery, indicating a rapid effect of T3 inhibition of TSH secretion. T3 was shown to affect the content of tubulin and the polymerization of actin and tubulin cytoskeletons in the whole anterior pituitary gland, and to increase intracellular alpha (CGA) content. This review summarizes genomic and non-genomic/posttranscriptional actions of TH on the regulation of several steps of GH and TSH synthesis and secretion. These distinct mechanisms induced by T3 can occur simultaneously, even though non-genomic effects are promptly elicited and precede the genomic actions, coexisting in a functional network within the cells.

Tilapia adropin: the localization and regulation of growth hormone gene expression in pituitary cells

The peptide hormone adropin, encoded by the energy homeostasis-associated (Enho) gene, plays a role in energy homeostasis and the control of vascular function. The aim of this study was to examine the role of adropin in growth hormone (GH) gene expression at the pituitary level in tilapia. As a first step, the antiserum for the tilapia adropin was produced, and its specificity was confirmed by antiserum preabsorption and immunohistochemical staining in the tilapia pituitary. Adropin could be detected immunocytochemically in the proximal pars distalis (PPD) of the tilapia pituitary. In primary cultures of tilapia pituitary cells, tilapia adropin was effective in increasing GH mRNA levels. However, removal of endogenous adropin by immunoneutralization using adropin antiserum inhibited GH gene expression. In parallel experiments, pituitary cells co-treated with ovine pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 38 (oPACAP38) and adropin showed a similar increase level compared to those treated with oPACAP38 alone, whereas insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) not only had an inhibitory effect on basal GH mRNA levels, but also could abolish adropin stimulation of GH gene expression. In pituitary cells pretreated with actinomycin D, the half-life of GH mRNA was enhanced by adropin. Taken together, these findings suggest that adropin may serve as a novel local stimulator for GH gene expression in tilapia pituitary.

Growth Hormone (GH) gene polymorphism in several Indonesian local breeds cattle

Agung PP, Anwar A, Putra WPB, Said S. 2017. Growth Hormone (GH) gene polymorphism in several Indonesian local breeds cattle. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 3: 304-308. Through the molecular genetic study, the genetic potential of individuals can be detected early so that it can be used as a parental population to improve the productivity of local cattle. The GH (Growth Hormone) gene is one of the genes that affect the productivity of animals such as growth and reproduction. The GH gene is the candidate gene in the MAS (Marker Assisted Selection) program, i.e., the selection of animals using the genetic marker for growth and carcass trait in cattle. This study aims to identify the polymorphism of the GH gene in several Indonesian local breed cattle. The local breeds cattle used in this study including the SO cattle, PO, Bali, Pesisir, and Simmental cross cattle respectively by 41, 24, 19, 8, and 31 samples. The GH gene polymorphism was detected by PCR-RFLP method using MspI restriction enzyme. The results showed that the SO, PO, and Pesisir cattle have three genotypes (AA, BB and AB) for GH gene, otherwise the Simmental cross cattle have two genotypes (BB and AB), and the Bali cattle only have one genotype (AA). Based on these results it can be concluded that the GH gene in the SO, PO, Pesisir and Simmental Cross cattle was polymorphic while the Bali cattle do not have GH gene variant (monomorphic). The information in this study can be used as the basis or foundation to start the breeding program for the Indonesia local cattle based on the molecular technology.

Pathogenic and likely pathogenic genetic alterations and polymorphisms in growth hormone gene (GH1) and growth hormone releasing hormone receptor gene (GHRHR) in a cohort of isolated growth hormone deficient (IGHD) children in Sri Lanka

ObjectiveGenetic alterations in GH1 and GHRHR genes are known to cause isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD). Of these, GHRHR codon 72 mutation has been reported to be highly prevalent in the Indian subcontinent, but among Sri Lankans its prevalence was low compared to reports from neighboring countries. The present study was therefore carried out to identify genetic alterations in the GH1 gene and rest of the GHRHR gene in a cohort of Sri Lankan IGHD patients who tested negative for GHRHR codon 72 mutation. MethodsFifty five IGHD children negative for codon 72 (GHRHR) mutation were screened for gross GH1 gene deletion by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism technique. The coding, intronic and promoter regions of the GH1 gene were sequenced in children who were negative for GH1 deletion (N=53). In a subset (N=40), coding, flanking intronic and promoter regions of the GHRHR gene were screened by single strand conformation polymorphism/sequencing. Identified coding region and intronic variants were subjected to in silico analysis to ascertain pathogenicity. Family members available were screened for the significant variants observed in the index child. ResultsGross GH1 gene deletions, 6.7kb and 7.0kb were observed in one child each. One novel and 24 reported single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were observed in the GH1 gene and its promoter. These included one reported pathogenic splice site mutation (c.172-2A>T) and one reported likely pathogenic missense mutation (c.406G>T). One large novel deletion of 5875 base pairs that included exon 1, one likely pathogenic novel SNV (c.211G>T) and 18 reported SNVs were observed in the GHRHR gene. Fourteen variants observed were of uncertain significance (8 in GH1 and 6 in GHRHR), twenty three variants were likely benign (11 in GH1 and 12 in GHRHR) and four variants were benign (4 in GH1 and none in GHRHR). ConclusionIn a cohort of IGHD children, six pathogenic or likely pathogenic genetic alterations of either GH1 gene or GHRHR gene were found. These affected a total of six children. Pathogenic status of four of these had been reported in the literature. Novel SNV in the GHRHR gene was predicted to be pathogenic through in silico analysis. The large novel deletion is likely to be pathogenic as it included exon 1 of GHRHR gene. Analysis of other genes will be needed to ascertain the genetic cause of IGHD in the remaining children.

Effects of Different Zinc Sources on Performance, Bio Distribution of Minerals and Expression of Genes Related to Metabolism of Broiler Chickens

Different sources of Zinc (Zn) were compared to assess their possible effects on performance, nutrients retention, mineral distribution and some serum parameters of broiler chickens. A total of 200 one-day old Ross 308 chicks were divided into in equal four dietary treatments groups with five replicates each of ten chicks. The experimental groups were given the basal diet (inorganic ZnO), basal diet supplemented with organic Zn (Zn methionine), nano-ZnO and Znmix (organic Zn and nano-ZnO) at a concentration of 50 mg/kg of diet. After 42 days of feeding trial, the group supplemented with nano-ZnO exhibited the best final body weight and feed conversion ratio (2380 g/bird and 1.69, respectively). Nano-ZnO and Zn-mix supplementation significantly increased crude fat retention (86.70 and 86.75%, respectively). All sources of supplemented Zn other than inorganic ZnO significantly increased (P<0.05) Zn retention especially in the group supplemented with nano-ZnO (41.8%). Organic Zn and/or nano-ZnO sources supplemented to broiler diets significantly increased (P<0.05) iron and copper contents in the hepatic tissue and Zn content in the tibia. The mean of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and very low density lipoprotien were significantly reduced (P<0.05) by dietary supplementation of organic Zn and/or nano-ZnO. The activity of malondialdehyde was significantly decreased (P<0.05), while Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase activity was significantly increased (P<0.05) by addition nano-ZnO or Zn-mix. Dietary Zn-mix and nano-ZnO positively affected mRNA expression of insulin like growth factor-1 and growth hormone genes in broilers when compared to the inorganic ZnO source. The present findings prospected that replacing traditional inorganic ZnO source with nano-ZnO or combining nano-ZnO and Zn methionine at applied concentration, promoted the growth of broilers, enhanced Zn up take and antioxidant status without negative effect on selected minerals distribution in tissues.

The effects of polymorphisms in growth hormone and growth hormone receptor genes on production and reproduction traits in Aberdeen-Angus cattle (Bos taurus L., 1758)

The study was aimed to analyze the relation between individual genotypes and allelic variants of SNPs g.2141C>G of growth hormone gene, g.914T>A and g.257A>G of growth hormone receptor gene with growth and reproduction traits and to evaluate the populationgenetic structure in Aberdeen-Angus cattle (Bos taurus L., 1758) sample of Eastern Ukraine according SNPs studied. Allele C of SNP g.2141C>G has a positive correlation with birth weight, body stature, bigger rump, udder and total exterior evaluation score, shorter calving interval and better calve birth weight and negative correlation with calve average daily gain. Allele T of SNP g.914T>A has positive correlation with the muscle and udder size; live weight in each age, average daily gain, weight and average daily gain of calves born conform to the principle AA>TT≥TA. SNP g.257A>G showed a positive correlation for G allele with muscle size. The population is in equilibrium for SNPs g.2141C>G and g.257A>G, and in disequilibrium for SNP g.914T>A. The analysis showed no linkage disequilibrium between SNPs g.914T>A and g.257A>G. Inbreeding coefficient FST in Aberdeen-Angus group studied was 16.1%.

Association of growth hormone (GH) gene polymorphism with growth and carcass in Sumba Ongole (SO) cattle

A study was conducted to identify the polymorphism in the intron 3 of the Growth Hormone (GH) gene and also to evaluate the association of the GH gene polymorphism with growth parameters and dressing percentage in the Sumba Ongole (SO) cattle. A total of 267 individual DNA samples were used in the Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. The SO cattle growth parameters data (n=44) including birth weight (BW), weaning weight at 205 days of age (WW205), yearling weight at 365 days of age (YW365) and also dressing percentage (DP) (n=122) were investigated in this study. There were three genotypes (AA, AB, and BB) of the GH gene based on the PCR-RFLP analysis with allele frequency was 0.87 and 0.13 for A allele and B allele respectively. The highest genotype frequency in the SO cattle is AA (0.76) and the lowest is BB (0.02). The Heterozygosity Observed (Ho) value in the SO cattle population is 0.23 and Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) value is 0.20. Therefore, the genetic diversity in the SO cattle based on the GH gene polymorphism is quite low. There is no association (P&gt;0.05) in BW, WW205, YW365, and DP with genotypes of the GH gene. As the result, the GH gene in this study cannot be used as a genetic marker in the SO cattle breeding program.

Sexual dimorphism and identification of single nucleotide polymorphism of growth hormone gene in muscovy duck

This research was aimed to investigate the different growth and to identify growth hormone gene polymorphism in Muscovy ducks. Two hundred Muscovy day-old ducks consisting of white-plumed male and female duck, black and white-plumed male and female ducks. Body weight was recorded weekly and the obtained data were subject to T test. Primer design used the Custal X Program based on a database from the GeneBank Cairina moschata GH gene, partial cds (AB158762). Primer base sequence of GH gene was forward/Sequence: 5’-CTGGGGTTGTTTAGCTTGGA-3’ and reverse/Sequence: 5’-TAAACCTTCCCTGGCACAAC-3’. The DNA sequences were aligned by using the BioEdit version 7.7 for identification of the single nucleotide polymorphism. The result showed that male Muscovy duck produced higher an average body weight gain and more relative growth than those of females. The highest body weight gain was at three weeks old, and then it started to decrease at four weeks old. The sequencing PCR product obtained nucleotide polymorphism. AA genotype was observed at 136 t of black female Muscovy duck, CC in black and white male Muscovy duck, and white female Muscovy duck. Conclusively, a body weight gain of 3-week-old male Muscovy ducks was higher than that of females and GH gene polymorphism was observed in Muscovy ducks.

The Associations of GH and GHR Genes with Carcass Components in Indonesian Kampung and Broiler Chicken Cross

The chicken growth hormone (GH) and its receptor (growth hormone receptor, GHR) play important roles in chicken performances due to their crucial functions in growth. The variations of GH and GHR genes were then thought to be associated with the variations of the performances. This experiment was designed to identify the g.2248G>A GH and the g.565G>A GHR loci polymorphisms and to evaluate their associations with carcass components in Kampung and broiler chicken cross. A total of 215 chickens including 4 chicken populations (Kampung, Cobb broiler, F1, and F2 Kampung x broiler chicken cross) were screened to identify polymorphism using PCR-RFLP technique with EcoRV and Eco72I restriction enzyme for GH and GHR loci, respectively. The carcass components were recorded at 26 weeks of age on F2 Kampung and broiler chicken cross (42 chickens) for association study. Both the g.2248G>A GH and the g.565G>A GHR loci were polymorphic with two alleles (G and A) and three genotypes (GG, AG, and AA). The GG genotype and the G allele of GH locus were predominant in all chicken populations. While in GHR locus, the AA genotype and the A allele were found to be higher in all chicken populations. The association study showed that the g.565G>A GHR locus polymorphism had significant effect on carcass components, including live weight, carcass weight, breast weight, thighs weight, breast muscle weight, and thighs muscle weight. There was no significant association was found between the g.2248G>A GH genotype and carcass components. It could be concluded that the g.2248G>A GH and the g.565G>A GHR loci were polymorphic in Kampung and broiler chicken cross and the g.565G>A GHR locus was accosiated with carcass components. This g.565G>A GHR SNP might be an important candidate marker for chicken growth and muscle mass improvement.

Association between the MspI polymorphism in growth hormone gene and milk yield in holstein cows

Association between the MspI polymorphism in growth hormone gene and milk yield in holstein cows

Significant associations of polymorphisms in the growth hormone gene with growth traits in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The growth hormone (GH) gene is considered to play an important role in the growth of fish. In this study, the common carp GH gene was characterized to detect gene variation at these loci in relation to economic traits in common carp. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in GH gene, while they were all missense mutations. Statistical analysis indicated that the GH polymorphism was significantly associated with the body length, body weight, AGR and SGR in common carp.