Growth Period Research Articles

Modernization and underemployment in a dual agrarian sector: The case of Brazil (1950–1980)

This paper presents a case study of employment trends in Brazilian agriculture between 1950 and 1980. Using primary data, I document the displacement of workers from large and mid-sized establishments and the expansion of self-employment in an increasingly fragmented smallholding sector. I compute novel measures of rural population and find significant corresponding trends in employment-to-population ratios, thus contributing new evidence of the persistence of rural underemployment in a period of fast industrialization and growth. I conclude by examining the main rural development policies adopted in the period within a coherent framework for understanding the adoption of technical innovations. I argue, in particular, that the State concentrated price and credit subsidies on large and mid-sized producers and neglected investments in research, extension, and rural infrastructure. This policy mix interacted with Brazil’s dual agrarian structure and enhanced the incentives for the adoption of labor-saving innovations.

Activin Signaling Pathway Specialization During Embryonic and Skeletal Muscle Development in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Activin signaling is essential for proper embryonic, skeletal muscle, and reproductive development. Duplication of the pathway in teleost fish has enabled diversification of gene function across the pathway but how gene duplication influences the function of activin signaling in non-mammalian species is poorly understood. Full characterization of activin receptor signaling pathway expression was performed across embryonic development and during early skeletal muscle growth in rainbow trout (RBT, Oncorhynchus mykiss). Rainbow trout are a model salmonid species that have undergone two additional rounds of whole genome duplication. A small number of genes were expressed early in development and most genes increased expression throughout development. There was limited expression of activin Ab in RBT embryos despite these genes exhibiting significantly elevated expression in post-hatch skeletal muscle. CRISPR editing of the activin Aa1 ohnolog and subsequent production of meiotic gynogenetic offspring revealed that biallelic disruption of activin Aa1 did not result in developmental defects, as occurs with knockout of activin A in mammals. The majority of gynogenetic offspring exhibited homozygous activin Aa1 genotypes (wild type, in-frame, or frameshift) derived from the mosaic founder female. The research identifies mechanisms of specialization among the duplicated activin ohnologs across embryonic development and during periods of high muscle growth in larval and juvenile fish. The knowledge gained provides insights into potential viable gene-targeting approaches for engineering the activin receptor signaling pathway and establishes the feasibility of employing meiotic gynogenesis as a tool for producing homozygous F1 genome-edited fish for species with long-generation times, such as salmonids.

Testing theories of the vocabulary spurt with monolingual and bilingual infants.

Sometime before their second birthday, many children have a period of rapid expressive vocabulary growth called the vocabulary spurt. Theories of the underlying mechanisms differ: Accumulator models emphasize the accumulation of experience with words over time to yield a spurtlike pattern, while cognitive models attribute the spurt to cognitive changes. To test these theories, English-French monolingual and bilingual children with different exposure to each language were studied. Dense, longitudinal data were analyzed from 45 infants aged 16-30 months, whose expressive vocabulary was measured on a total of 617 occasions in English and/or French. Single-language (English and/or French), concept (number of concepts lexicalized across both languages), and word (sum of both languages) vocabulary scores were computed. Infants' exposure to each language and their exposure balance were measured using a language exposure questionnaire. Logistic curves were fitted to each infant's data to estimate the timing (midpoint) and steepness (slope) of the vocabulary spurt in single-language, concept, and word vocabularies. Seventy-six percent of infants showed a spurt in at least one vocabulary type, and bilinguals were less likely to show one in their nondominant than their dominant language. For single-language vocabulary, infants with more exposure to a language had earlier spurts. For combined vocabularies (concept and word), monolinguals and unbalanced bilinguals had earlier and steeper spurts than balanced bilinguals. Results better support the predictions of accumulator models than cognitive theories and show that infants follow different vocabulary acquisition trajectories based on their language background. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Hubungan Pola Asuh Orang Tua dengan Perkembangan Sosial Emosional Anak Pra Sekolah di PAUD Surya Ceria Aisyiyah Kabupaten Karanganyar

The preschool period is an important period in a child's development, because not all children can go through a period of optimal growth and development. World Health Organization (WHO) 2019, reported that 5-25% of preschool age children experience emotional development disorders with a child population of 23,979,000. Parental parenting patterns really help children achieve normal growth and development according to their age level. The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between parental parenting patterns and the social emotional development of preschool children at PAUD Surya Ceria Aisyiyah Karanganyar. This research method is correlational analytical with a cross sectional approach. The population of this study was 60 people with sampling using the total sampling technique. The results showed that the majority of mothers implemented democratic parenting as many as 48 (80.0%) and the majority of preschool children had very good social emotional development as many as 44 (73.3%). ) preschool children. The data was processed using the chis square test with a value of r value = 0.00 so it can be interpreted that there is a relationship between parenting patterns and the social emotional development of preschool children. Conclusion: Each parent has a different parenting style and each parenting pattern can shape the child's social emotional development differently.

Suitability of coconut bran and biochar as a composite substrate for lettuce cultivation in aquaponic systems

Growth substrates are essential for aquaponic systems and play an important role in vegetable growth and water quality. In this study, we explored an innovative combination of coconut bran and coconut shell biochar (CSB) as a composite growth substrate for lettuce cultivation in aquaponic systems. The study included the control (100 % coconut bran as the growth substrate) and treatment groups (T1–T5; containing 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 %, and 50 % CSB as the growth substrate, respectively). The substrate properties; lettuce growth performance; and soil enzyme activity, nitrogen content, and abundance of microbial communities in the substrate were analyzed to determine the optimal substrate. Our findings indicated that CSB incorporation significantly altered the properties of the substrate, resulting in increased dry and bulk densities, pH, and water-holding capacity, and decreased electrical conductivity, water-absorption capacity, and porosity. Furthermore, the fresh weight of lettuce was notably increased in the treatment groups. The activities of fluorescein diacetate hydrolase, urease, nitrate reductase, and hydroxylamine reductase initially increased and further decreased, reaching the maximum in the T3 group. Conversely, the activity of nitrite reductase and contents of available nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, and ammonium-nitrogen in the substrates initially decreased and further increased, with the minimum values observed in the T3 group. The microbial sequencing results indicated that CSB incorporation significantly increased the microbial diversity and relative abundance of microorganisms associated with nitrogen transformation. Moreover, 30 % CSB incorporation exhibited the greatest effect on lettuce growth, with a 34.5 % and 31.6 % increase in fresh weight compared to the control during the growth and harvest periods, respectively. This study indicated the enormous potential of biochar in the research and development of green technologies for substrate amendment in aquaponic systems.

Assessing the information-content of messy data to reconstruct population recovery dynamics for the world's rarest primate.

Understanding the dynamics of population recovery in threatened species requires robust longitudinal monitoring datasets. However, evidence-based decision-making is often impeded by variable data collection approaches, necessitating critical evaluation of restricted available baselines. The Hainan gibbon, the world's rarest primate, had possibly declined to only seven or eight individuals in 1978 at Bawangling National Nature Reserve but has experienced subsequent population growth. Past population estimates lack detailed reporting of survey effort, and multiple conflicting estimates are available, hindering assessment of gibbon recovery. We investigated all reported estimates of Bawangling gibbon population size from 1978 to 2022, to evaluate the biological signal of population trends and the extent to which noise associated with varying survey effort, reporting and estimation may mask or misrepresent any underlying signal. This longitudinal dataset demonstrates that the Bawangling population experienced a series of bottlenecks and recoveries, with three successive periods of growth interspersed by population crashes (1978-1989, 1989-2000 and 2000-2022). The rate of gibbon population recovery was progressively slower over time in each successive period of growth, and this potential decline in recovery rate following serial bottlenecks suggests that additional management strategies may be required alongside "nature-based solutions" for this species. However, population viability analysis suggests the 1978 founder population is unlikely to have been as low as seven individuals, raising concerns for interpreting reported historical population counts and understanding the dynamics of the species' recovery. We caution against overinterpreting potential signals within "messy" conservation datasets, and we emphasise the crucial importance of standardised replicable survey methods and transparent reporting of data and effort in all future surveys of Hainan gibbons and other highly threatened species.

Characterization of early maturing elite genotypes based on MTSI and MGIDI indexes: an illustration in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

BackgroundGlobally, the cultivation of cotton is constrained by its tendency for extended periods of growth. Early maturity plays a potential role in rainfed-based multiple cropping system especially in the current era of climate change. In the current study, a set of 20 diverse Gossypium hirsutum genotypes were evaluated in two crop seasons with three planting densities and assessed for 11 morphological traits related to early maturity. The study aimed to identify genotype(s) that mature rapidly and accomplish well under diverse environmental conditions based on the two robust multivariate techniques called multi-trait stability index (MTSI) and multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (MGIDI).ResultsMTSI analysis revealed that out of the 20 genotypes, three genotypes, viz., NNDC-30, A-2, and S-32 accomplished well in terms of early maturity traits in two seasons. Furthermore, three genotypes were selected using MGIDI method for each planting densities with a selection intensity of 15%. The strengths and weaknesses of the genotypes selected based on MGIDI method highlighted that the breeders could focus on developing early-maturing genotypes with specific traits such as days to first flower and boll opening. The selected genotypes exhibited positive genetic gains for traits related to earliness and a successful harvest during the first and second pickings. However, there were negative gains for traits related to flowering and boll opening.ConclusionThe study identified three genotypes exhibiting early maturity and accomplished well under different planting densities. The multivariate methods (MTSI and MGIDI) serve as novel approaches for selecting desired genotypes in plant breeding programs, especially across various growing environments. These methods offer exclusive benefits and can easily construe and minimize multicollinearity issues.

Two B-box proteins orchestrate vegetative and reproductive growth in summer chrysanthemum.

Floral transition, the switch from vegetative to reproductive growth, is extremely important for the growth and development of flowering plants. In the summer chrysanthemum, CmBBX8, a member of the subgroup II B-box (BBX) family, positively regulates the transition by physically interacting with CmERF3 to inhibit CmFTL1 expression. In this study, we show that CmBBX5, a B-box subgroup I member comprising two B-boxes and a CCT domain, interacts with CmBBX8. This interaction suppresses the recruitment of CmBBX8 to the CmFTL1 locus without affecting its transcriptional activation activity. CmBBX5 overexpression led to delayed flowering under both LD (long-day) and SD (short-day) conditions, while lines expressing the chimeric repressor gene-silencing (CmBBX5-SRDX) exhibited the opposite phenotype. Subsequent genetic evidence indicated that in regulating flowering, CmBBX5 is partially dependent on CmBBX8. Moreover, during the vegetative growth period, levels of CmBBX5 expression were found to exceed those of CmBBX8. Collectively, our findings indicate that both CmERF3 and CmBBX5 interact with CmBBX8 to dampen the regulation of CmFTL1 via distinct mechanisms, which contribute to preventing the premature flowering of summer chrysanthemum.

BIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF CHEMICAL PREPARATIONS AGAINST THE MAIN DISEASES OF PINE

In the article Duplet TT 22,5% em.c. the drug was used in the growth period of 0,5 l/ha against phomoza and needle cast diseases in pine. The biological effectiveness of the drug against diseases was 84,7% for phomoza, 83,8% for needle cast, and other information were given.

Water utilization characteristics of dominant plant species from different functional groups of desert steppe.

Understanding water use characteristics of plants and their interrelations is essential for achieving sustainable vegetation restoration of desert steppe. This study focused on five dominant plant species inhabiting two habitats: sierozem (Populus euphratica, Caragana liouana, and Stipa breviflora) and aeolian sandy soil (P. euphratica, Salix psammophila, and Leymus secalinus). We analyzed δ2H and δ18O isotopes in xylem, soil water, groundwater, and precipitation. By integrating soil water content and root data at various depths, we employed the MixSIAR model to quantitatively assess water utilization characteristics. Results revealed that these plants primarily relied on soil water during the growing season, with variations in water uptake depths at different growth stages. In the sierozem habitat, Populus exhibited significant variations in water source throughout the growing season. Early in the growing season (May to June), P. euphratica primarily extracted soil water from depths of 60-100 cm. During the peak growth period (July to August), water source shifted to depths of 100-200 cm, and returned to the depth of 0-20 cm by the end of the season (September). C. liouana initially utilized soil water at 60-100 cm but shifted to 0-20 cm during and after peak growth. S. breviflora predominantly tapped into soil water at 20-60 cm early and late in the growing season, but shifted to 0-20 cm during peak growth. In the aeolian sandy soil habitat, P. euphratica initially utilized soil water at 60-100 cm but shifted to 0-20 cm during and after peak growth. S. psammophila primarily utilized soil water at 60-100 cm early and during peak growth, shifting to 100-200 cm by the end of the season. L. secalinus mainly relied on soil water at 20-60 cm throughout the growing season. Soil moisture, seasonal precipitation variation, and root distribution influenced vegetation water use patterns. Throughout the growing season, trees, shrubs, and herbs in the sierozem habitat exhibited hydrological niche partitioning, which facilitated their water distribution and utilization. Conversely, dominant plants in the aeolian sandy soil habitat showed hydrological niche overlap, which intensified water competition, particularly between trees and shrubs. Therefore, species traits and soil properties should be given full consideration when selecting species combinations for vegetation restoration. Introducing species combinations with complementary water use characteristics is essential for fostering species diversity and sustainable vegetation restoration in desert steppe.

Managers in the context of small business growth: a qualitative study of working conditions and wellbeing

PurposeIn view of the importance of managers’ wellbeing for their leadership behaviour, employee health, and business effectiveness and survival, a better understanding of managers’ wellbeing and working conditions is important for creating healthy and sustainable businesses. Previous research has mostly provided a static picture of managers’ wellbeing and work in the context of small businesses, missing the variability and dynamism that is characteristic of this context. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore how managers in small companies perceive their working conditions and wellbeing in the context of business growth.MethodsThe study is based on qualitative semi-structured interviews with 20 managers from twelve small companies. Content and thematic analysis were applied.ResultsThe findings indicate that a manager’s working environment evolves from its initial stages and through the company’s growth, leading to variations over time in the manager’s experiences of wellbeing and work–life balance as well as changes in job demands and resources. Managers’ working situation becomes less demanding and more manageable when workloads and working hours are reduced and a better work–life balance is achieved. The perceived improvement is related to changes in organizational factors (e.g. company resources), but also to individual factors (e.g. managers’ increased awareness of the importance of a sustainable work situation). However, there were differences in how the working conditions and wellbeing changed over time and how organizational and individual resources affected the studied managers’ wellbeing.ConclusionsThis study shows that, in the context of small business, managers’ working conditions and wellbeing are dynamic and are linked to growth-related changes that occur from the start of organizational activities and during periods of growth. In addition, the findings suggest that changes in managers’ working conditions and wellbeing follow different trajectories over time because of the interaction between organizational and personal factors.

교사의 목표직위가 교직단계별 교직이탈의사에 미치는 영향

Purpose: This study analyzed how a teacher's target position (i.e., head teacher, educational manager, educational specialist) affects the intention to leave the teaching profession at each stage of a teaching career. Methods: Based on data from the first year of the Seoul Teacher Longitudinal Study 2020, basic analysis and logistic regression analysis were applied to verify the impact of teachers' target positions. Results: Whether or not a teacher has a target position of promotion was found to have a statistically significant effect on the intention to leave the teaching profession at each stage of a teaching career. In addition, in the initial period, gender, motivation (intrinsic, extrinsic), burnout, school level, establishment type, and school autonomy have an influence, but in the growth period, gender, extrinsic motivation, burnout, and school size have an influence, and in the mature period, gender, household income, and motivation (Intrinsic, extrinsic) and burnout influenced the intention to leave the teaching profession. Conclusion: Teachers with a high intention to leave the teaching profession are likely to be dissatisfied with their current position and not be faithful to their assigned role. Therefore, a career development stage is required to set a new target position in addition to the existing promotion system so that teachers can have an appropriate target position.

Effects of Restricted Irrigation and Straw Mulching on Corn Quality, Soil Enzyme Activity, and Water Use Efficiency in West Ordos

Groundwater overexploitation in West Ordos necessitates sustainable irrigation practices. This study evaluated three irrigation levels—W1 (3300 m3 · ha−1), W2 (2850 m3 · ha−1), and W3 (2400 m3 · ha−1)—by modifying the wide-width planting pattern of maize. Additionally, two levels of straw mulch were analyzed: F1 (9000 kg · ha−1) and F2 (no mulch). The study aimed to investigate the effects of these treatments on corn growth dynamics, soil water temperature, soil enzyme activity, yield, grain quality, and water use efficiency. The results indicated a decline in growth indices, enzyme activities, grain quality, and yield under the limited irrigation levels W2 and W3 compared to W1. The highest corn yields were observed with W1F1 (6642.54 kg · ha−1) and W2F1 (6602.38 kg · ha−1), with the latter showing only a 0.6% decrease. Notably, water use efficiency in the W2F1 treatment improved by 4.69%, 12.08%, 10.27%, 12.59%, and 12.96% compared to W1F1, W3F1, W1F2, W2F2, and W3F2, respectively. Straw mulch (F1) significantly elevated the soil temperature, increasing the effective accumulated temperature during the growth period by 10.11~85.79 °C, and boosted the soil enzyme activity by 10–25%. Under limited irrigation, the W2 (2850 m3 · ha−1) and F1 (9000 kg · ha−1 straw) treatments achieved the highest water productivity of 2.48 kg·m⁻3, maintaining a high yield of 6602.38 kg · ha−1 while preserving nutrients essential to the corn’s quality. This approach presents a viable strategy for wide-width corn planting in groundwater-depleted regions, offering a scientifically grounded and sustainable water management solution for efficient corn production in West Ordos.

Developing a Hyperspectral Remote Sensing-Based Algorithm to Diagnose Potato Moisture for Water-Saving Irrigation

Appropriate water supply is crucial for high-yield and high-quality potato tuber production. However, potatoes are mainly planted in arid and semi-arid regions in China, where the precipitation usually cannot meet the water demand throughout the growth period. In view of the actual situation of water shortage in these areas, to monitor the water status of potato plants timely and accurately and thus precisely control the irrigation are of significance for water-saving management of potatoes. Hyperspectral remote sensing has unique advantages in diagnosing crop water stress. In this paper, the canopy spectral reflectance and plant water content were measured under five irrigation treatments. The spectral parameters that respond to plant water content were selected, and a hyperspectral water diagnosis model for leaf water content (LWC) and aboveground water content (AGWC) of potato plants was established. It was found that potato tuber yield was the highest during the entire growth period under sufficient irrigation, and the plant water content showed a downward trend as the degree of drought intensified. The peak hyperspectral reflectance of potato plant canopies appeared in the red wavelength, where the reflectance varied significantly under different water treatments and decreased with decreasing irrigation. Six models with sensitive bands, first-order derivatives, and moisture spectral indices were established to monitor water content of potato plants. The R2 values of partial least squares regression (PLSR), support vector machine (SVM), and BP neural network (BP) models are 0.8418, 0.9020, and 0.8926, respectively, between LWC and hyperspectral data; and 0.8003, 0.8167, and 0.8671, respectively, between the AGWC and hyperspectral data. These six models can all predict the water content of potato plants, but SVM is the best model for predicting LWC of potato plants. These results are of great significance for guiding precision irrigation of potato plants at different growth stages.

Manajemen Koleksi Buku Perpustakaan dalam Mendorong Minat Baca di SMAN 1 Langkaplancar

The school year is an important period in student growth and development. At this age, it is the right time to instill good habits in students. If instilled from an early age, these good habits will stick with students until adulthood. Small habits such as reading can be started early. At SMAN 1 Langkaplancar a reading corner has been provided for students' reading activities in class, but the existence of a student reading corner in this class has not been fully optimized by students. This research method uses qualitative research with a case study approach which aims to examine the condition of objects naturally. Data collection techniques in the data collection procedures in this research are participant observation, in-depth interviews and document collection. Data collection techniques in this research use observation and interview techniques on research objects, research by means of observation and interviews respectively using research instruments. One of the supports needed to foster students' interest in reading at school is the role of the teacher. Teachers need to motivate students to love books from the start. The advantages of a school library include being a source of teaching and learning activities, namely helping educational and teaching programs in accordance with the objectives contained in the curriculum, helping students to expand their knowledge, developing an interest and reading culture that leads to independent learning habits.

Quantitative inversion of soil trace elements from spectroscopic effects across multiple crop growth periods

Human health is directly impacted by trace components found in soil, for which hyperspectral remote sensing technology offers a novel way to rapidly assess dynamic soil environmental quality. In most studies, the premise of quantitative inversion on soil elements is that the known target elements will cause growth stress. However, such stress is unusual in non-polluted areas. Consequently, broad-area soil trace element monitoring in non-contaminated areas remains challenging. Spectral inversion of plant material has a longer time window and is more sensitive to elemental changes than soil spectral inversion (bare soil period). In this work, we conducted a wheat pot experiment with concentration gradients of four trace elements (Fe, B, Mo, and Zn), analyzed leaf (jointing stage) and spike (maturity period) samples using spectral measurements and chemical tests, and filtered the characteristic positions and inverse modeling using the spectra of the element-accumulating preference organs in plant canopies. The canopy aggregation sites differed for each element, and both simple linear regression (SLR) and multiple linear regression (MLR) models based on the spectra of canopy aggregation sites achieved high accuracy. The results of this study enable the construction of an inverse model of plant spectra-plant element content-elements in soil, which can serve as a reference for soil monitoring and assessment in typical crop cover areas.

Agronomic Advances and Challenges of Chia Production in Kenya: A Review

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is an annual tropical plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. In Kenya, Chia has gained significant attention in recent years due to its nutritional benefits and increasing demand in the local and global market. This review aims to explore the potential of chia production in Kenya as a source of income for farmers. The review highlights the agronomic requirements of chia, including soil, water, and climate conditions, as well as practices necessary for successful cultivation. Chia production is becoming a favorite enterprise for most farmers in Kenya due to its ease of management and short growth period. However, a seamless production has been encountered by several challenges, including scarce information regarding its agronomic management practices, poor yielding varieties, emerging pests and diseases, and poor harvesting and post-harvesting techniques. The growing demand for chia globally presents an opportunity for Kenyan farmers to tap into this market and generate income through export. Chia, has the potential to become a new golden crop for Kenyan farmers, contributing to food security, poverty reduction, and sustainable development. However, to realize this potential, there is a need for investment in research, extension services, and market linkages to support chia production, improve agronomic practices, and create a sustainable market for the crop.

Enhanced lignin and cellulose metabolism promote cell wall synthesis and growth of wild soybean HRA under alkali stress.

Soil salinization adversely threatens plant survival and food production globally. The mobilization of storage reserves in cotyledons and establishment of the hypocotyl/root axis (HRA) structure and function are crucial to the growth of dicotyledonous plants during the post-germination growth period. Here, we report the adaptive mechanisms of wild and cultivated soybeans in response to alkali stress in soil during the post-germination growth period. Diferences in physiological parameters, microstructure, and the types, amounts and metabolic pathways of small molecule metabolites and gene expression were compared and multi-omics integration analysis was performed between wild and cultivated soybean under sufcient and artifcially simulated alkali stress during the post-germination growth period in this study. Structural analysis showed that the cell wall thickness of wild soybean under alkali stress increased, whereas cultivated soybeans were severely damaged. A comprehensive analysis of small molecule metabolites and gene expression revealed that protein breakdown in wild soybean cotyledons under alkali stress was enhanced, and transport of amino acids and sucrose increased. Additionally, lignin and cellulose synthesis in wild soybean HRA under alkali stress were enhanced. verall, protein decomposition and transport of amino acids and sucrose increased in wild soybean cotyledons under alkali stress, which in turn, promotes HRA growth. Similarly, lignin and cellulose synthesis in wild soybean HRA enhanced, which subsequently, enhanced cell wall synthesis, thereby maintaining the stability and functionality of HRA under alkali stress. This study presents important practical implications for the utilization of wild plant resources and sustainable development of agriculture.

The Effect of Economic Status and Mother’s Knowledge in Stunting Cases: A Systematic Review

Background: A reduction in the incidence of stunting has been reported globally over the past few decades. However, stunting remains a big problem for developing countries. The purpose of this research was to review in-depth The Role of Social Economy, Knowledge, behaviour, and stunting in Stunting Cases.Narrative studies with scientific journal database sources published in PubMed, Proquest, Science Direct, and Google Scholar were used. The keywords used in the search were Social economy, Knowledge, behaviour, and stunting. The search included research published within the last five years, that is, 2018-2022. A total of 144 articles were found according to the search titles, and 11 articles were selected for review. After the article was obtained, it was tabulated in an Excel table.The findings show that the family economy will support children's nutritional intake and needs so that children are not underweight during this period of growth and development. A good family economy can support childcare patterns, and healthy home settlements so they can access clean water. The family economy plays a role in overcoming the large number of children and preventing early marriages. Parents' knowledge will influence the mother's attitude in caring for and caring for children from birth to adolescence. This knowledge is closely related to the practice of exclusive breastfeeding, traditional food nutrition, the management of food hygiene, the diversity of children's diets, the nutritional value of food including the fulfilment of certain nutrients both micro and macro and education about stunting.Economic status has a very important impact on stunting prevention because it will affect other aspects related to stunting. Not only that, all the research that has been reviewed shows that the educational level of parents will affect attitudes about how to care for their children.

Biocontrol and growth promotion potential of Bacillus velezensis NT35 on Panax ginseng based on the multifunctional effect.

The Bacillus velezensis strain NT35, which has strong biocontrol ability, was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of Panax ginseng. The antifungal effects of the NT35 strain against the mycelium and spore growth of Ilyonectria robusta, which causes ginseng rusty root rot, were determined. The inhibitory rate of I. robusta mycelial growth was 94.12% when the concentration of the NT35 strain was 107 CFU·mL-1, and the inhibitory rates of I. robusta sporulation and spore germination reached 100 and 90.31%, respectively, when the concentration of the NT35 strain was 104 and 108 CFU·mL-1, respectively. Strain NT35 had good prevention effects against ginseng rust rot indoors and in the field with the control effect 51.99%, which was similar to that of commercial chemical and biocontrol agents. The labeled strain NT35-Rif160-Stre400 was obtained and colonized ginseng roots, leaves, stems and rhizosphere soil after 90 days. Bacillus velezensis NT35 can induce a significant increase in the expression of five defensive enzyme-encoding genes and ginsenoside biosynthesis-related genes in ginseng. In the rhizosphere soil, the four soil enzymes and the microbial community improved during different periods of ginseng growth in response to the biocontrol strain NT35. The NT35 strain can recruit several beneficial bacteria, such as Luteimonas, Nocardioides, Sphingomonas, and Gemmatimonas, from the rhizosphere soil and reduce the relative abundance of Ilyonectria, Fusarium, Neonectria and Dactylonectria, which cause root rot and rusty root rot in ginseng plants. The disease indices were significantly negatively correlated with the abundances of Sphingomonas and Trichoderma. Additionally, Sphingomonadales, Sphingomonadaceae and actinomycetes were significantly enriched under the NT35 treatment according to LEfSe analysis. These results lay the foundation for the development of a biological agent based on strain NT35.