Group Of Swimmers Research Articles

Monitoring of the functional activity of the brain of swimmers in the EEG alpha-rhythm

Methods of computer electroencephalography (EEG) make it possible to evaluate the dynamics of the functional state and the process of functional activation of the different zones of cerebral cortex in case of when performing mental tasks. Adaptive reactions in swimmers, which are repeated more often than others, are accompanied by savings and strengthening of synapses of these nerve groups, who provide them. The purpose of the research. Impact of systematic swimming in young people, on the electrical activity cerebral cortex in the alpha range of the EEG during the functional state, rhythmic photostimulation and mental activity. Methods of the research. 20 healthy right-handed 17–21-year-old young men p articipated in the study, divided into two groups: a group of swimmers (10 people) – young men who have been systematically swimming since elementary school age, and a control group (10 people) – young men who do not exercise regularly. The electrical activity of the cerebral cortex was determined using the spectral analysis method. In the frequency spectrum of the EEG, the alpha range was studied. During EEG recording, active electrodes were placed according to the international 10/20 system. Results. During the spectral analysis, a higher level of intensity of the alpha rhythm in the cerebral cortex was established in the group of swimmers compared to the studied control group in all test situations. Conclusions. During the performance of mental activity, a more dynamic nature of spectral power changes was registered across the entire "scalp" between the studied groups, while during the performance of the "Attention" test, higher rates of reliable changes were established, especially in the left hemisphere, compared to the performance of the "Thinking" test.

Artistic Swimming Injuries in Young Elite Athletes: An 11-year Follow-Up.

Artistic swimming is a highly challenging discipline, requiring physical skills and creativity. There are almost no published data on trauma. We aimed to assess the incidence and the nature of injuries in artistic swimmers. An 11-year retrospective single-center cohort study. Department of Sport Medicine of a University Hospital. One hundred and twenty-four elite female artistic swimmers aged 12.9 ± 1.6 years. The cohort was divided into 3 groups according to the competition categories (from 9 to 12 years old called "future", 12-15 years old called "youth", 15-19 years old called "junior"). Injury rate per season and per athlete was assessed. The injury rate was 0.95 injuries/season/athlete and 1.05 injuries/1000 hours of practice. The most frequent injuries were rotator cuff tendinopathy (13.6%), acute low back pain (13.6%), and patellofemoral syndrome (11.9%). Swimmers in the youth and junior categories had significantly more injuries than those in the future category (P = 0.009), possibly because of more training hours (P < 0.001). Twelve major injuries occurred, all in the same group of youth swimmers. This is the first study investigating trauma during artistic swimming practice. A better knowledge of the main injuries is necessary for the physician to provide optimal care for athletes and to develop prevention. Attention should be particularly paid to the swimmers' shoulders and knees.

Swimmers with Down Syndrome Are Healthier and Physically Fit than Their Untrained Peers

While there are positive benefits from physical activity participation for individuals with Down syndrome, little is known about the effects of swimming training. The aim of this study was to compare the body composition and physical fitness profile of competitive swimmers and moderately active (untrained) individuals with Down syndrome. The Eurofit Special test was applied to a group of competitive swimmers (n = 18) and a group of untrained individuals (n = 19), all with Down syndrome. In addition, measurements were taken to determine body composition characteristics. The results showed differences between swimmers and untrained subjects in height, sum of the four skinfolds, body fat %, fat mass index and all items of the Eurofit Special test. Swimmers with Down syndrome exhibited physical fitness levels near to the Eurofit standards, although lower fitness levels were attained by these persons when compared to athletes with intellectual disability. It can be concluded that the practice of competitive swimming seems to counteract the tendency for obesity in persons with Down syndrome and also helps to increase strength, speed and balance.

IMPACTOS DO TREINAMENTO DE SUSPENSÃO SOBRE A APTIDÃO FÍSICA DE NADADORES

ABSTRACT Introduction Suspension training develops the physical fitness of a swimmer and improves his or her abilities. The specific fitness of a swimmer is the body's ability to adapt to load in swimming. This is also a comprehensive reflection of their physical function, conditioning, athletic ability, and overall health. Objective This study aimed to analyze the effect of suspension training on swimmers’ balance, abdominal center strength, and athletic performance. Methods This paper selects several swimmers as research volunteers. They were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Both of them underwent physical training for three months. The experimental group adopted the suspension training method. The control group used traditional training methods. Mathematical statistics performed data analysis in both groups. Results The physical fitness of the two groups of swimmers was improved substantially after the experiment (P&lt;0.05). The strength balance ability of the experimental group showed better performance(P&lt;0.05). There was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the results of fitness index tests (P&lt;0.01). Conclusion Suspension training has a prominent effect on the physical development of swimmers. This modality proved a better efficacy on swimmers’ performance. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

Features of carnitine metabolism in young athletes

Objective: to study the indicators of carnitine metabolism in young athletes of various specializations.Materials and methods: This study involved 46 people with different levels of physical activity aged 15 to 18 years. The first group consisted of 18 girls professionally involved in field hockey (mean age, 16.17 ± 0.31 years). The second group included 21 swimmers (10 girls and 11 boys, mean age 17.00 ± 0.26 years). The control group included 7 young men with a standard mode of motor activity, not involved in sports (the age of the subjects was 16 years). In the course of the study, the method of liquid tandem chromatography-mass spectrometry with ionization in an electrospray was used. The material for research is capillary blood. As a result of the analysis of the material, the concentrations of bound carnitine (acylcarnitines) and free carnitine were determined in µmol/l.Results: Comparative blood analysis between the three groups showed differences in free carnitine levels. It was shown that the concentration of free carnitine in the blood plasma of field hockey athletes was significantly lower than in the groups of swimmers and non-athletes (p &lt; 0.001). At the same time, the values of indicators of bound carnitine did not differ significantly between all subjects. We also studied that the values of the carnitine coefficient were significantly higher in the group of hockey players compared to other groups (p &lt; 0.001).Conclusion: The decrease in free carnitine levels in the group of hockey players is probably the result of long-term adaptation of the body to conditions in which glucose is the main energy substrate for working muscles. Further studies are needed to clarify the exact mechanisms of development of this phenomenon.

Differences in Postural Status of the Spine of Swimmers of the Juvenile and Adolescent Age

The aim of this study was to determine the condition and the difference in postural status of spine in a frontal and sagittal plane in swimmers of juvenile and adolescent age. The sample of respondents, in total, comprised of 53 swimmers of both sexes having at least three-year-long swimming experience, i.e. divided by age: 28 respondents, swimmers of juvenile age, and 25 respondents of adolescent age. `Spinal mouse` was used to assess a postural status of a spine. Based on the obtained results, it may be concluded that there is no statistically significant difference in the number of swimmers of different age groups with postural spinal disorder in the frontal (sig=1.000) and sagittal plane in the thoracic (sig=0.108) and lumbar part (sig=0.237). Statistically significant differences, within each age group of swimmers, have been noticed between the number of children with and without postural disorder: juvenile age frontal plane (sig=0.000), sagittal plane of the thoracic part (sig=0.705), lumbar part (sig=0.001), while with the same statistical analysis, in respondents of adolescent age, was determined: in frontal plane (sig=0.001) and in sagittal plane of the thoracic part (sig=0.028), lumbar part (sig=0.162). Based on the results, it may be concluded that the level of postural disorders of the spine in swimmers of juvenile and adolescent age is high, but that the level of the prevalence of postural disorders is statistically insignificant among the respondents of juvenile and adolescent age.

Characterization of Redox Environment and Tryptophan Catabolism through Kynurenine Pathway in Military Divers’ and Swimmers’ Serum Samples

Endurance and resistance exercises, alone or in combination, induce metabolic changes that affect tryptophan (Trp) catabolism. The kynurenine pathway (KP) is the main route of Trp degradation, and it is modulated by the inflammatory and redox environments. Previous studies have shown that KP metabolites work as myokines that mediate the positive systemic effects related to exercise. However, it is poorly understood how different exercise modalities and intensities impact the KP. The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of two different exercise modalities, military diving and swimming, on the KP and the redox environment. A total of 34 healthy men from the Mexican Navy were included in the study, 20 divers and 14 swimmers, who started and stayed in military training consistently during the six months of the study; 12 Mexican men without fitness training were used as the control group. Physical fitness was determined at the beginning and after 6 months of training; criteria included body composition; serum levels of Trp, kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA) and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK); the glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG); and malondialdehyde (MDA).. Results showed a significant loss of body fat in both the diver and swimmer groups. Compared with the control group, divers showed a decrease in Trp and 3-HK levels, but no changes were observed in the KYN/Trp, KYNA/Trp or 3-HK/Trp ratios, while swimmers showed a decrease in KYN levels and an increase in the KYNA and 3-HK levels. Additionally, divers showed a decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio and an increase in MDA levels, in contrast to the swimmers, who showed a decrease in MDA levels and an increase in GSH/GSSG levels. Our findings suggest a differential shift in the KP and redox environment induced by diving and swimming. Swimming promotes an antioxidant environment and a peripheral overactivation of the KP.

The Anthropometric Profile of Adult Swimmers from Poland Compared to the Corresponding Data of Swimmers from Norway

Abstract The purpose of the research is to compare the somatic parameters of people practicing swimming in different conditions of the geographical environment – in Poland and Norway. The research material was collected by performing anthropometric measurements in a 112 person group of professional swimmers living in Poland and group 21 swimmers from Norway. The mean of the age in the group of Poles was 19.97 years (SD=3.31) and in the group of Norwegians it was 17.11 years (SD=1.05). A series of anthropometric measurements was performed in both research groups. Statistical analyzes were made using the Statistica 13.1 (StatSoft, USA). In summary of the results of the conducted research, it must be emphasized that these indicate differences in the somatic structure of swimmers living and training in Poland and Norway.

EFFECT OF UPPER BODY EXERCISES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BACKSTROKE SWIMMERS

The purpose of the study was to clarify the Influence of 6 week selected upper body exercises on the performance of backstroke in swimming.Thirty boys swimmers (age =14 to 16 years) were randomly assigned to the experimental group (n=15) and control group (n=15). All swimmer was selected from Panchal high school, Panchal, Bankura West Bengal. Upper body exercises were included in the experimental group training session 5 times (each session 30 minutes) per week over 6 weeks as part of their usual weekly training regime. Both groups of swimmers were tested backstroke swimming before and after training. Backstroke swimming performance were tested and measured through standard procedure with the help of expert and under the direct supervision of the experimenter.For the analysis of data statistical mean, standard deviation and T-test was used. The level of significance was set at 0.05 levels. In conclusion, there was a significant effect of upper body exercise on backstroke performance of experimental group.

Judokas Show Increased Resilience to Unpredictable Stance Perturbations

Combat sports are characterized by frequent large-scale stance perturbations that may lead to falls. In the present investigation, we compared compensatory arm and leg movements in response to unpredictable stance perturbations between judokas and other athletes whose sports present reduced balance demand, relative to combat sports. Specifically, we tested judokas (n = 9), and a group of swimmers and runners (n = 11, controls) in sudden support base displacements in the mediolateral direction, generated by a movable electronic platform, in the following modes: (a) rotation, (b) translation, and (c) combined rotation-translation. The platform was displaced to either side, in three peak velocities (cm/second or o/second) of 20 (low), 30 (moderate), or 40 (high), resulting in 18 distinct perturbations. We evaluated postural responses with a scale for analyzing the stability of compensatory arm and leg movements (CALM). Results showed that, in the most challenging perturbations, judokas had higher stability scores (arm, leg, and global) than did the comparison group. Higher scores for judokas reflected their increased rate of motionless arm and leg responses and absence of near-falls, compared to 30% falls in the most challenging perturbations for the swimmers and runners. As a practical application, judo training may help achieve stable compensatory limb movements in a way that parallels the benefits obtained from perturbation-based balance training in laboratory settings.

Managing flare-ups: The experience of a group of swimmers with persistent low back pain

Managing flare-ups: The experience of a group of swimmers with persistent low back pain

Razlike u opadanju tempa plivanja između elitnih plivača u disciplini 100m delfin stilom

This research aimed to determine differences in pace strategies between the two groups of elite swimmers at the 2019 World Championships in the 100m butterfly. The overall sample included in this study consisted of 16 male participants of the World Swimming Championships in South Korea, who were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of finalists (22.88 ± 3.83 years; n = 8), and the second group of semifinalists (24.63 ± 4.93 years; n = 8). The results are taken from the official results from the omega timing website. A T-test was used to determine the differences between groups. Finalist were faster than semifinalists for first lap (23.82 ± .45 vs. 24.26 ± .30 s, p= .035), second lap (27.34 ± .31 vs. 27.78 ± .34 s, p= .018) as well as final time (51.16 ± .74 vs. 52.04 ± .26 s, p= .007) but not in drop off (3.53 ± .22 vs. 3.51 ± .59 s, p= .946). Finalists of the 100-m butterfly event at international competitions swam a faster first and second lap compared to their competitors in the semifinal group. Both groups are elite swimmers and showed abilities to maintain swimming velocity in first and second laps, therefore minimizing the drop-off from the start to the end of the race. The pacing strategies of elite swimmers remain relatively stable. The obtained results can be a good starting point in the learning process and education of teachers who coach young swimmers.

Selection of macroinvertebrate metrics for rapid assessment of the human impact by biotic conditions of Bolivian Altiplano streams

We developed a rapid multimetric index using macroinvertebrates as bioindicators of ecological conditions for the Bolivian Altiplano streams. A total of 64 taxa and 30 environmental variables were collected from 29 sampled sites. After identifying redundant metrics through Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and considering practical application criteria, four biological attributes were selected to compose the Altiplano Integrity Benthic Index (AIBI): Genus richness, Filter-Collector, Gatherer-Collector, and Swimmer groups. The sensitivity of the index was tested in 17 rivers using a Co-Inertia Analysis (CoIA), and its first axis of analysis was strongly correlated to the new AIBI scores (r = 0.8, p < 0.001). At Pacajes Rivers, the macroinvertebrate Gatherers-Collector group was common in organic pollution sites and the Swimmer group with hydraulic disturbance sites. In contrast, the Scraper group becomes a specific group for the reference conditions. The AIBI responded to environmental variables associated with a gradient of human disturbance affecting the running freshwater's ecological condition. The proposed index could allow the structuration a biomonitoring program.

Asthma, allergies and respiratory symptoms in different activity groups of swimmers exercising in swimming halls

BackgroundRespiratory symptoms are common in competitive swimmers. However, among these and in swimmers at other activity levels the swimming distance, the total spent time in swimming halls and their medical background varies. Our objectives were, first, to assess their medical histories and the associations with respiratory symptoms among swimmers in different activity groups and then second, to study the pulmonary function findings and related medications in competitive swimmers who exercise in swimming hall environments the most.MethodsFirst, 1118 participants consisting of 133 competitive-, 734 fitness- and 251 occasional swimmers answered questionnaires concerning their medical background, their respiratory symptoms in connection to swimming distance and their amount of time spent in swimming halls. Secondly, in 130 competitive swimmers, pulmonary function was tested by spirometry and a specific questionnaire was used to assess respiratory symptoms, medical histories and prescribed medication.ResultsRespiratory symptoms were reported by 18% of the studied swimmers. Competitive swimmers had significantly more symptoms than fitness- and occasional swimmers. Naturally competitive swimmers swum more than 2000 m and stayed by the pool more than 90 min, longer than the other activity groups of swimmers. Spirometry testing showed airway obstruction in 15 swimmers, which was 12% of the 130 competitive swimmers. 21 of them, had physician-diagnosed asthma and 16 of these individuals had prescribed medication for it.ConclusionsCompetitive swimmers had the highest swimming hall exposure and reported significantly more respiratory symptoms. A high prevalence of airway obstruction findings in competitive swimmers with asthma and allergies suggests a need for future recommendations for regular testing and special medical care for competitive swimmers.

Incidence of Swimming-Induced Pulmonary Edema: A Cohort Study Based on 47,600 Open-Water Swimming Distances

BackgroundDespite increasing awareness of swimming-induced pulmonary edema (SIPE), large population-based studies are lacking and the incidence is unknown.Research QuestionWhat is the incidence of SIPE in a mixed group of competitive and recreational swimmers during a large open-water swimming event?MethodsIn four consecutive years (2016-2019), a prospective cohort study was conducted during Sweden’s largest open-water swimming event, Vansbrosimningen. All swimmers seeking medical care with acute respiratory symptoms were eligible for the study. SIPE diagnosis was based on clinical findings in 2016 and 2017 and pulmonary edema assessed by lung ultrasound in 2018 and 2019. Data on patient characteristics, clinical findings, and information about the race were collected.ResultsBased on 47,573 consecutive swimming distances, 322 patients with acute respiratory symptoms (0.68%; CI, 0.61%-0.75%) were treated at the mobile medical unit. Of these, 211 patients (0.44%; CI, 0.39%-0.51%) received a diagnosis of SIPE. The annual incidence of SIPE was 0.34%, 0.47%, 0.41%, and 0.57%, respectively, from 2016 through 2019. Most patients diagnosed with SIPE were women (90%), despite about equal percentages of men and women participating (47% men and 53% women). The incidence of SIPE overall was 0.75% in women and 0.09% in men. The incidence increased with age, from 0.08% in the youngest age group (18-30 years) to 1.1% in the oldest age group (≥ 61 years). Based on multiple logistic regression analysis, the adjusted odds for SIPE occurring was 8.59 times higher for women compared with men and 12.74 times higher for the oldest age group compared with the youngest age group.InterpretationThe incidence of SIPE over 4 years during a large open-water swimming event in Sweden was 0.44%. The incidence was higher in women than in men and increased with age.

Changes in Body Composition and Anthropomorphic Measurements in Children Participating in Swimming and Non-Swimming Activities.

Background. Physical activity is a well-known means of obesity prevention, but the relationship between exercise frequency and body composition in children has not been thoroughly investigated. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the body composition of children aged 11–12 who regularly performed swimming and other sports as an organized extra-curricular physical activity for a 12-week period. Methods: The study included 46 students who attended swimming classes and 42 students who participated in training activities in other sports, including, but not limited to, football, basketball and athletics. Body height and body composition were measured using a Tanita BC 418 MA analyzer. The students individually reported their rate of perceived exertion during training using the Pictorial Children’s Effort Rating Table PCERT scale. Results: The weekly volume of training was substantially higher in the group of swimmers than in that playing other sports (12.3 h/week vs. 5.2 h/week, p < 0.01). After 12 weeks of training, body height and weight significantly increased in both groups (p < 0.001). However, the BMI value and adipose tissue content only increased in the group of non-swimmers. Swimmers perceived greater exertion during training than non-swimmers (7.1 vs. 5.8 on the PCERT scale, p < 0.01). Conclusions: In early pubescent children, engaging in vigorous exercise such as swimming for at least 10 h a week may restrain the growth of adipose tissue. However, the variety of exercises that are typical of team sports, if performed for no more than 5 h a week, may be insufficient to restrain adipose tissue growth.

ФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ГЕМАТОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ, БИОХИМИЧЕСКИХ ПАРАМЕТРОВ КРОВИ И СИМПАТО-ВАГУСНОГО БАЛАНСА У СПОРТСМЕНОВ ВЫСОКОЙ КВАЛИФИКАЦИИ

Aim. The aim of the work was to describe hematological biochemical parameters of blood and sympatho-vagal balance in elite (IMS, n = 12) and highly skilled swimmers (CMS, n = 23). Materials and methods. Hematological (n = 10) and biochemical (n = 11) parameters were determined with automatic analyzers from venous blood. The autonomic regulation of the heart was assessed by means of spectral analysis. Results. IMS swimmers had increased levels of RBC (+ 12.5 %, p < 0.01), Hb (+ 10.2 %, p < 0.01), MCHC (+ 9.7 %, p < 0.01) and Ht and decreased levels of MCV (–4.0 %, p < 0.01) and Leu (–17.4 %, p < 0.01) compared with the control group. CMS swimmers had decreased levels of MCV (–2.0 %, p < 0.05) and Lym (–19 %, p < 0.01) but increased levels of МСНС (+2.5 %, p < 0.05). Both groups of swimmers had decreased levels of IgM, IgA, triglycerides, glucose and increased levels of HDL-C. Elite swimmers had lower fibrinogen levels than those of the control group. In IMS athletes, LF/HF was increased (p < 0.01) and %HF was decreased (p < 0.01) compared with CMS athletes. However, the abovementioned values were similar to those of the control group. Conclusion. The functional status of elite swimmers at the end of the preparatory stage is characterized by moderate hemoconcentration, decreased MCV values, decreased inflammatory activity and increased sympathetic tone in heart rate regulation.

Evaluation of Fluid Loss and Customary Fluid Intake among a Selected Group of Young Swimmers: A Preliminary Field Study.

This study aimed to assess fluid loss (FL) and customary fluid intake (FI) during a training session, and the relationship between FL and total body water (TBW) content in a selected group of young swimmers. The study involved 17 (seven females, 10 males) individuals whose anthropometric and body composition analyses and FI during training units were carried out. The total average FI and total actual FL oscillated around 531 mL and −513 mL for the whole study group (469 mL and −284 mL for females, 574 mL and −674 mL for males). The dependent and independent sample t-tests, the Cohen’s d effect size and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were analysed. Significant differences were observed between pre-workout and post-workout body weights after training without FI in the whole group (66.5 kg vs. 66.0 kg, p < 0.001, d = 0.06), in females (61.2 kg vs. 60.9 kg, p = 0.015, d = 0.04) and males (70.3 kg vs. 69.6 kg, p < 0.001, d = 0.9). For the TBW content and fat-free mass (FFM) before and after training, significant differences were observed only in males (TBW: 43.8 L vs. 43.2 L, p = 0.002, d = 0.14; and 62.4% vs. 61.7%, p < 0.001, d = 0.36; FFM: 59.8 kg vs. 59.1 kg, p = 0.002, d = 0.12). Moreover, the relationship between the actual FL and TBW before training was observed in the whole (mL vs. %: r = −0.64, p = 0.006; mL vs. L: r = −0.84, p < 0.001) and the male group (mL vs. L: r = −0.73, p = 0.017). These results indicated FL in young swimmers during training and the relationship between FL and pre-training TBW content, which suggests that it is important to also pay special attention to effective hydration procedures before and during training in aquatic environments.

Crawl technique observation sheet for beginning swimmers: an evaluation proposal for swimming teachers

Abstract Aims: This study aimed to present a technical evaluation proposal for the crawl stroke that can be used with large groups of swimmers, based on an observation sheet. Methods: Fifteen healthy university students aged between 18 and 30 years were chosen to participate in the study. The subjects were recorded swimming at a distance of 50 meters using the crawl technique at a comfortable and self-determined speed. The recordings simulated docent observation capacity. Five swimming teachers were selected to evaluate the proposed checklist and the subjects’ technique. An observation sheet was created based on references present in literature containing ten items that are considered fundamental for swimming movements. The study was divided into (i) checklist validation, (ii) intra-evaluator consistency, and (iii) inter-evaluator consistency. Results: The proposed checklist fulfilled the validity criteria, with intra-evaluator consistency varying between reasonable and substantial, with k varying between 0.36 and 0.73 respectively, while inter-evaluator consistency was deemed reasonable (k = 0.24). Conclusion: According to the results that were obtained, the suggested list is valid and adequate for what it proposes to do.

Adaptations to Swimming Training in Athletes with Down's Syndrome.

Swimming training programs may help to limit declines in cardiovascular conditioning, muscle strength, mobility and social functioning in individuals with Down’s Syndrome (DS): (1) Background: This study aims to analyze the effects of a periodized swimming training program on swimming speed, lower body force and power and body composition in a group of swimmers with DS; (2) Methods: Nine swimmers with DS (2 men and 7 women; aged 21–30 years-old) completed an 18-week periodized swimming program. The swimmers were assessed, pre and post-training, for 25 m, 50 m and 100 m freestyle swim performance, countermovement jump performance and body composition; (3) Results: Significant and large improvements in 25 m (mean −6.39%, p < 0.05, d = 1.51), 50 m (mean −4.95%, p < 0.01, d = 2.08) and 100 m (mean −3.08%, p < 0.05, d = 1.44) freestyle performance were observed following training, with no significant changes in body composition or consistent changes in jump performance (although a large mean 14.6% decrease in relative peak force, p < 0.05, d = 1.23) (4) Conclusions: A periodized 18-week training intervention may improve swimming performance in a small group of trained swimmers with DS, with less clear changes in jump performance or body composition. This program provides a training profile for coaches working with swimmers with DS and a platform for further research into the benefits of swimming training with this under-represented population.