Abstract
This study aimed to assess fluid loss (FL) and customary fluid intake (FI) during a training session, and the relationship between FL and total body water (TBW) content in a selected group of young swimmers. The study involved 17 (seven females, 10 males) individuals whose anthropometric and body composition analyses and FI during training units were carried out. The total average FI and total actual FL oscillated around 531 mL and −513 mL for the whole study group (469 mL and −284 mL for females, 574 mL and −674 mL for males). The dependent and independent sample t-tests, the Cohen’s d effect size and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were analysed. Significant differences were observed between pre-workout and post-workout body weights after training without FI in the whole group (66.5 kg vs. 66.0 kg, p < 0.001, d = 0.06), in females (61.2 kg vs. 60.9 kg, p = 0.015, d = 0.04) and males (70.3 kg vs. 69.6 kg, p < 0.001, d = 0.9). For the TBW content and fat-free mass (FFM) before and after training, significant differences were observed only in males (TBW: 43.8 L vs. 43.2 L, p = 0.002, d = 0.14; and 62.4% vs. 61.7%, p < 0.001, d = 0.36; FFM: 59.8 kg vs. 59.1 kg, p = 0.002, d = 0.12). Moreover, the relationship between the actual FL and TBW before training was observed in the whole (mL vs. %: r = −0.64, p = 0.006; mL vs. L: r = −0.84, p < 0.001) and the male group (mL vs. L: r = −0.73, p = 0.017). These results indicated FL in young swimmers during training and the relationship between FL and pre-training TBW content, which suggests that it is important to also pay special attention to effective hydration procedures before and during training in aquatic environments.
Highlights
Swimming has been included in the Olympic disciplines since the first modern Summer Olympics, which took place in 1896 [1]
Significant gender differences between female and male group were revealed in fluid loss (FL) (females vs. males: −284 mL vs. −674 mL (p = 0.004, d = 1.73), −142 mL/h vs. −337 mL/h (p = 0.004, d = 1.69), −63 mL/1000 m vs. −150 mL/1000 m (p = 0.004, d = 1.7), −2.2 mL/kg/h vs. −4.8 mL/kg/h (p = 0.006, d = 1.61), and −4.7 mL/min vs
Some noticeable but insignificant gender differences were observed in this respect (FI vs. FL: 469 mL and −284 mL for females; 574 mL and −674 mL for males)
Summary
Swimming has been included in the Olympic disciplines since the first modern Summer Olympics, which took place in 1896 [1]. It should be noted that in an aquatic environment (such as in swimming disciplines), the human organism is subject to different environmental conditions than when it is on land. Among other things, it is affected by high hydrostatic pressure, which increases blood flow to the main body organs (brain, heart, lungs) and stimulates diuretic activity [3]. It is affected by high hydrostatic pressure, which increases blood flow to the main body organs (brain, heart, lungs) and stimulates diuretic activity [3] It remains unclear how the water environment (especially during exercise) influences sweating specificity. This can be crucial in sports because sweating is the most
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