Gross National Income Research Articles

KEY HIGHLIGHTS FROM A COMPARATIVE STUDY: "LEVEL OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND NATIONAL POLICIES IN MEXICO AND NIGERIA (1970-2018)

The research written by an economist, Omolara Adebimpe Adekanbi is an in-depth comparative analysis of the economic trajectories of Mexico and Nigeria from 1970 to 2018. Leveraging frameworks by Amartya Sen and Paul Collier, the study evaluates the impact of government expenditure on health, education and welfare, foreign direct investment (FDI), external debt, and interest rates on Gross National Income (GNI). It offers a unique methodology to contextualize the effectiveness of policies and provides actionable recommendations for sustainable development across several issues including employment, food and agriculture, conflict and violence as they all impact the level of growth and development. The study's methodology and findings establish it as a vital contribution to the field of development economics.

The Effects of money supply on Economic Growth of Laos

This research aims to analyze the effect of money supply volume on the economic growth of Lao PDR. Using secondary data annually from 2012–2022. which uses the multiple regression equation (multiple regression) with the method of least squares (OLS) to estimate the coefficients of dependent variables and independent variables, starting from checking the properties of the unit root data using the Augmented Dick Fuller test statistic method to test the data. Through checking the properties of the model of external factors that affect the amount of money supply (M2), it was found that the coefficient of decision Adjusted R Square = 0.9931, which means that the independent variables Gross National Income (GNI), Exchange Rate (Exr), and Consumer Price Index (CPI) can explain the variable according to the amount of money (M2) determined up to 99.31%; the rest depends on other factors that are not included in the study. Therefore, the model of external factors that affect the amount of money M2 can be used and depends on at least one factor identified. Also, by bringing the data to test the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable in the long term and in the short term, ECM(-1) found that the model that simulates the effect of the amount of money M2 on the economic growth of the Lao PDR in the long-term equilibrium state (co-integration) and in the short-term equilibrium state (Error Correction Model: ECM) is not applicable and does not depend on the identified factors. But it will have a long-term effect, which, through checking the properties of the model from a long-term perspective, found that the coefficient of decision Adjusted R Square = 0.6877, which means that the independent variable M2 money can explain the variable according to the economic growth rate determined in the long term up to 68.77%. The change in the money M2 in the short term does not affect the economic growth rate of the Lao PDR, but the change in the money M2 in the long term will definitely affect the economic growth rate.

The nexus between economic, demographic, policy and human development in South Africa: An econometric analysis

The Human Development Index, which accounts for both net foreign income and the total value of goods and services generated domestically, illustrates how income becomes less significant as Gross National Income (GNI) rises by using the logarithm of income. South Africa ranks 109th out of 189 countries in the Human Development Index (HDI) within the Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) economic bloc, raising long-term sustainability concerns. The study explores the relationship between economic, demography, policy indicators and human development in South Africa. South Africa’s unique status as a developing country within the BRICS economic group, alongside its lengthy history of racial discrimination, calls for a sophisticated approach to understanding Human Development. Existing research considered economic, demography, policy indicators independently; the gap of understanding their interconnection and long-term effects in the South African contexts exists. The study addresses the gap by using Autoregressive-Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach to investigate the short-term and the long-term relationship between economic, demography, policy indicators and human development in South Africa. By discovering these links, the study hopes to provide useful insights for policymakers seeking to promote sustainable human development in South Africa. The findings indicate that growth in GDP is a key factor in the HDI since it shows that there are more financial resources available for human development. By discovering these links, the study hopes to provide useful insights for policymakers seeking to promote sustainable human development in South Africa.

Anticipating prosperity: a systemic analysis of long-term economic trajectories

PurposeThis study introduces an innovative approach to long-term economic forecasting by integrating anticipatory governance (AG) and causal layered analysis methodologies. Focussing on emerging economies, with Vietnam as a case study, we explore potential economic trajectories to 2050.Design/methodology/approachThe research employs a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative economic projections with qualitative scenario building and analysis.FindingsOur findings reveal four distinct future scenarios, ranging from low growth to transformative change. The preferred scenario, characterized by adaptive change, projects a Gross National Income (GNI) per capita of $30,684 by 2050, with significant reductions in agricultural labour and improvements in human development indicators.Originality/valueThis study contributes to theoretical and practical domains by demonstrating the value of integrated foresight methodologies in economic planning. It offers policymakers a comprehensive framework for navigating complex, long-term economic challenges and opportunities. This research underscores the importance of adaptive governance and systemic thinking in achieving sustainable, inclusive economic growth in an increasingly uncertain global environment.

Earth science for all? The economic barrier to European geoscience conferences

Abstract. Scientific meetings are vital for research development and networking. However, these events often reflect unconscious biases and barriers to diversity, particularly affecting marginalized groups. The future success of the geosciences depends on diversity, which enhances problem-solving and innovation through varied perspectives. This study examines the attendance diversity at the European Geosciences Union (EGU) General Assembly from 2005 to 2024, focusing on the impact of economic factors, distance, and population size on participation. Using publicly available data from the World Bank and the EGU, this study finds that gross national income (GNI) is the primary determinant of attendance, especially post-COVID. Distance also influences attendance but to a lesser extent, while population size shows a weak correlation. To improve diversity in academic conferences, we suggest facilitating donations, offering affordable accommodations, establishing additional travel funds, and rotating the conference location. Our actions must go beyond the EGU General Assembly and other geoscience conferences, as these actions can also help dismantle barriers to inclusivity in other areas of our community. By addressing these financial and systemic barriers, geoscience conferences can become more inclusive, benefiting the entire scientific community.

Exploring the Moderating Effect of Institutional Quality on the Nexus between Remittances and Financial Development: A Comprehensive Analysis

Purpose –The purpose of this paper is to analyse the moderating effect of institutional quality on the relation between remittances and financial development in low-income economies. The long-term and short-term effects of remittances on financial development have been investigated.Design/methodology/approach –World Bank country classification is considered to categorize low-income countries. These nations are characterized as having Gross National Income (GNI) per capita falling under the threshold of $1,085. 17 countries are included in the dataset spanning the years 2002 to 2022. Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag Pooled Mean Group (ARDL-PMG) approach is used in this study. Using the PMG approach allows for distinct analysis of long-term and short-term dynamics. Findings –According to the findings obtained from the PMG estimator, institutional quality serves as a moderating factor in the nexus between remittances and long-term financial development. These findings indicate that in nations with robust institutional frameworks, remittances are channelled more effectively and promptly towards bolstering financial development, in contrast to regions with weaker institutional structures. Furthermore, it is noted that institutional quality demonstrates a positive correlation with long-term financial development. However, these conclusions do not hold in the short term. Discussion –The results of this study align with the findings reported in the previous literature. By using the ARDL-PMG model and by considering low-income countries, an important contribution is made to the financial development literature.

Analyzing stroke burden and risk factors in India using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study.

Stroke remains a critical global health issue, significantly impacting India with substantial contributions to mortality and disability. This study comprehensively analyses stroke incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) across India from 1990 to 2021, using the latest Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 data. We evaluate how Universal Health Coverage (UHC), health expenditure, human development index (HDI), and gross national income (GNI) influence stroke outcomes. Our findings reveal significant regional disparities, with higher stroke rates in urban areas and states like Goa and Kerala. Higher health expenditure and HDI are linked to lower stroke rates, while higher GNI per capita correlates with increased stroke incidence, likely due to lifestyle changes. Risk factors include air pollution, tobacco use, dietary risks, and high blood pressure. Air pollution notably impacts stroke mortality in Bihar and Jharkhand, while tobacco use is a major risk factor in Mizoram and Manipur. Dietary risks and hypertension are prevalent in Maharashtra and Jammu & Kashmir. The study highlights the need for targeted public health strategies addressing regional disparities and socioeconomic factors. Policymakers should focus on lifestyle modification programs, public awareness campaigns, and enhanced access to quality stroke care to reduce stroke-related morbidity and mortality effectively.

The Impact of Exchange Rates on Macroeconomic Factors in Lao PDR from 2012-2021

The purpose of the analysis of the impact of exchange rates on macroeconomic factors of Lao PDR from 2012-2022 aims to (1) analyze the fluctuation of macroeconomic factors and exchange rate of Kip/Dollar and Kip/Baht in the Lao PDR from 2012-2021 and (2) the impact of the exchange rate on the macroeconomic factors of the Lao PDR from 2012-2021. By bringing the collected data to summarize, interpret, consider, select and analyze by using descriptive statistical model and inferential statistics to find a value in percentage, parameter value of regression equation with OLS through E-view 12. The analysis results found that: the exchange rate of Kip/Dollar has effect on the Gross National Income (GNI) of the Lao PDR in the same direction relationship, if the exchange rate changes and increases, it means that the kip of Lao PDR is weak. The country will have the ability to compete in terms of price or make the income from exports that change the value of the kip increase and have a continuous effect on the wages of labor in businesses related to exports, investment and the purchasing power of consumers through income and the economic growth increases, lead to export and investment increase. That will result in the increase of the Gross National Income (GNI) of the Lao PDR. The Consumer Price Index of Lao PDR is continuously increasing, if the Dollar /Kip exchange rate increase by 1 US dollar (USD), it will cause the consumer price index (CPI) of Lao PDR to increase by 1.67% in US dollar (USD). For the exchange rate and export relationship of Lao PDR, it shows that if the exchange rate of Dollar/Kip increase by 1 US dollar (USD), it will result in the export value (EX) of Lao PDR increase by 11.15% US dollar (USD). In other side, the Thai/Kip Baht exchange rate is unable to explain the Gross National Income (GNI), Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Lao PDR's exports clearly, which means that there is no relationship among them, or in other words, the Thai Baht exchange rate does not affect the macroeconomic factors in the model of this research.

Global epidemiology of liver cancer 2022: An emphasis on geographic disparities.

Liver cancer remains the sixth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, causing a heavy burden globally. An updated assessment of the global epidemiology of the liver cancer burden that addresses geographical disparities is necessary to better understand and promote healthcare delivery. Data were extracted from the GLOBOCAN 2022 database, including the number, crude, and age-standardized rates of incidence and mortality at the global, country, continent, and human development index (HDI) regional levels. Age-standardized rates (incidence and mortality) per 100,000 person-years were adjusted based on the Segi-Doll World standard population. The mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIR) for each region and country were calculated. The HDI and gross national income (GNI) for 2022 were obtained, and a Pearson correlation analysis was conducted with the incidence, mortality, and MIR. In 2022, approximately 866,136 new liver cancer cases and 758,725 related deaths were recorded worldwide, with a global MIR of 0.86. Males had a disproportionately higher burden than females across all levels, and the highest burden was observed in the elderly population. Geographically, the regions with the highest incidence rates included Micronesia, Eastern Asia, and Northern Africa, and the regions with the highest mortality rates included Northern Africa, Southeastern Asia, Eastern Asia, and Micronesia. Notably, Mongolia had a strikingly high burden compared to other countries. The highest MIR was observed in North America and the lowest in Africa. Negative associations of HDI and GNI with liver cancer mortality and MIR were identified, irrespective of sex. The current liver cancer burden underscores the presence of remarkable geographic heterogeneity, which is particularly evident across countries with varying HDI levels, highlighting the urgent need to prioritize health accessibility and availability to achieve health inequities.

Association of the national level of human development with the incidence and mortality of congenital birth defects in 2019: A cross-sectional study from 189 countries.

Congenital birth defects (CBD) play a significant role in causing child mortality globally. The incidence and mortality of CBD vary widely across countries, and the underlying causes for this divergence remain incompletely comprehended. We conducted an analysis to investigate the relationship between the incidence and mortality of CBD in 189 countries and their Human Development Index (HDI). In this study, CBD data from 189 countries was used from the Global Burden of Diseases Study (GBD) 2019, and HDI data was collected for the same countries. Later, the relationship between CBD and HDI was analyzed, and the impact of gross national income (GNI) per capita, expected years of schooling, mean years of schooling and life expectancy at birth was quantified using principal component regression. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) varied between 66.57 to 202.24 per 100,000, with a 95% uncertainty interval (UI) of 57.20-77.51 and 165.87-241.48 respectively. The age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) also showed a rang from 1.38 to 26.53 (14.03-39.90) per 100,000, with the 95%UI of 0.91-2.09 and 14.03-39.90 respectively. Both the incidence and mortality rates of CBD decreased with the increased HDI (incidence: r = -0.38, p < 0.001, mortality: r = -0.77, p < 0.001). Our investigation revealed significant variations in the incidence and mortality of CBD among countries with different development levels. In conclusion, the global incidence and mortality of CBD vary significantly among countries, possibly due to differences in the accessibility of health services.

Disparities in 36 cancers across 185 countries: secondary analysis of global cancer statistics.

Cancer is a major public health problem and represents substantial disparities worldwide. This study reported estimates for 36 cancers across 185 countries by incidence, mortality, 5-year prevalence, mortality-to-prevalence ratio (MPR), and mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) to examine its association with human development index (HDI) and gross national income (GNI). Data were collected from the GLOBOCAN 2020. MPR and MIR were calculated by sex, age group, country, and cancer type and then summarized into totals. Segi's population and global cancer spectrum were used to calculate age- and type-standardized ratios. Correlation analyses were conducted to assess associations. Results showed that breast cancer was the most diagnosed cancer globally. Low- and middle-income countries had high MPR and MIR. Cancers of esophagus, pancreas, and liver had the highest ratios. Males and the older population had the highest ratios. HDI and GNI were positively correlated with incidence and mortality but negatively correlated with MPR/MIR. Substantial disparities in cancer burden were observed among 36 cancer types across 185 countries. Socioeconomic development may contribute to narrowing these disparities, and tailored strategies are crucial for regional- and country-specific cancer control.

Disparities in availability of new cancer drugs worldwide: 1990-2022

IntroductionDespite progress in the development of new cancer drugs, concerns about equity of access remain. This study aimed to examine the availability and timeliness of availability of new cancer drugs...

Effects of extreme climate events and child mortality on total fertility rate in Bangladesh

Floods, storms, and temperature extremes are examples of extreme weather events that have a substantial influence on a country's demographic dynamics, including migration, fertility, and mortality. Changes in population size, composition, and distribution may result from these occurrences. This study, which spans the years 1966–2018, looks at how Bangladesh's total fertility rate (TFR) is affected by extreme weather events and child mortality, including neonatal, infant, male infant, and under-five mortality. We use data from secondary publicly accessible sources, such as the World Bank and The Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT), and we investigate the correlations using the autoregressive integrated moving average model (ARIMA), complemented by bivariate and multivariable analyses.Our findings from the univariate analysis are noteworthy. Total extreme climate events (β = −0.345, 95 % CI: 0.510, −0.180), as well as individual extreme climate events, such as extreme temperatures (β = −1.176, 95 % CI: 1.88, −0.47), floods (β = −0.644, 95 % CI: 1.0729, −0.216), and storms (β = −0.351, 95 % CI: 0.63159, −0.07154), exhibited negative associations with the TFR. Additionally, factors such as contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) (β = −0.085, 95 % CI: 0.09072, −0.07954) and gross national income (GNI) per capita (β = −0.003, 95 % CI: 0.0041123, −0.0024234) were negatively correlated with the TFR. Conversely, various categories of child mortality, namely, infants (β = 0.041, 95 % CI: 0.040474, 0.042748), males (β = 0.038, 95 % CI:0.037719, 0.039891), and under-five (β = 0.026, 95 % CI:0.025684, 0.026979) – are positively associated with TFR. Controlling for two pivotal confounding factors, time and GNI per capita, yielded consistent results in the multivariate analysis. These findings provide insight on the dual impact of extreme weather events, which can reduce TFR while also raising it through infant mortality. This phenomena may be due to the increased vulnerability of younger children in climate-event-prone areas, prompting parents to seek additional children as both a replacement for lost offspring and an insurance mechanism against future child loss.

How feasible is it to mobilize $31 billion a year for pandemic preparedness and response? An economic growth modelling analysis

BackgroundCovid-19 has reinforced health and economic cases for investing in pandemic preparedness and response (PPR). The World Bank and World Health Organization (WHO) propose that low- and middle-income governments and donor countries should invest $31.1 billion each year for PPR. We analyse, based on the projected economic growth of countries between 2022 and 2027, how likely it is that low- and middle-income country governments and donors can mobilize the estimated funding.MethodsWe modelled trends in economic growth to project domestic health spending by low- and middle-income governments and official development assistance (ODA) by donors for years 2022 to 2027. We modelled two scenarios for countries and donors – a constant and an optimistic scenario. Under the constant scenario we assume that countries and donors continue to dedicate the same proportion of their health spending and ODA as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national income (GNI), respectively, as they did during baseline (the latest year for which data are available). In the optimistic scenario, we assume a yearly increase of 2.5% in health spending as a share of GDP for countries and ODA as a share of GNI for donors.FindingsOur analysis shows that low-income countries would need to invest on average 37%, lower-middle income countries 9%, and upper-middle income countries 1%, of their total health spending on PPR each year under the constant scenario to meet the World Bank WHO targets. Donors would need to allocate on average 8% of their total ODA across all sectors to PPR each year to meet their target.ConclusionsThe World Bank WHO targets for PPR will not be met unless low- and middle-income governments and donors spend a much higher share of their funding on PPR. Even under optimistic growth scenarios, low-income and lower-middle income countries will require increased support from global health donors. The donor target cannot be met using the yearly increase in ODA under any scenario. If the country and donor targets are not met, the highest-impact health security measures need to be prioritized for funding. Alternative sources of PPR financing could include global taxation (e.g., on financial transactions, carbon, or airline flights), cancelling debt, and addressing illicit financial flows. There is also a need for continued work on estimating current PPR costs and funding requirements in order to arrive at more enduring and reliable estimates.

The Linkage Between Government Expenditure and National Income: the Case of Bangladesh

Objective: This study examines the applicability of Keynesian and Wagner's law in terms of gross national expenditure (GNE) and gross national income (GNI) in Bangladesh. Theoretical Framework: According to Wagner's Law, a country's government spending rises in tandem with its national income. The opposite is true, according to the Keynesian Law, which claims that government spending increases GDP. Methodology: This study is a quantitative and secondary data based analysis. It makes use of time series data spanning the years 1981 to 2020. All variables' data were gathered from the World Bank's compilation of global development indicators. In order to exclude years with outlier data, the current study did not include variables' data from 1971 to 1980 (The abnormality occurred in 1971 for the war of liberty; in 1974 for the Famine and in 1975 for the political violence). Once the sequence of integration with ADF had been determined; the ARDL bounds testing technique and Granger causality test were used. Results and Discussion: According to the findings of the ARDL bounds test, there is a long-term correlation between government spending and gross domestic product. Government spending likely contributes significantly to the causes of national income, according to the slope coefficients from long-run equations. Granger causality findings show that government spending and national income have a one-way causal link but not the other way around. Research Implications: One possible explanation for this result is that recent government spending on development projects boost up the national income. Originality/Value: We contribute to the literature in two important ways. The first contribution is that we focus on more robust estimation methodologies. Unlike previous studies of Bangladesh context, we apply ARDL bounds test approach to co-integration. In addition to having advantageous small sample characteristics, the ARDL limits testing approach does not necessitate the same order of integration in the variables. With these considerations, this technique suits better in case of Bangladesh given that data would be of a small span. And second, we examined both of the Wagner’s Law and Keynesian Law for Bangladesh with two separate equations, unlike the previous studies on Bangladesh who investigated the Wagner’s equation only.

Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO) Criteria Influences Diagnostic Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BackgroundCriteria classifying fever of unknown origin (FUO) patients remains subject to discrepancies. A minimal standardized set of investigative tests serves as the foundation for the qualitative criteria, whereas quantitative incorporates the length of evaluation (7 or 3 days). A systematic review of studies would help physicians anticipate the frequency of illness types that could influence management. MethodsProspective studies published in Medline (PubMed), Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science databases from January 1, 1997 to July 31, 2022, were included. A meta-analysis estimated associated pooled proportions between these criteria and diagnostic outcomes adjusted to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition (ICD-10) definitions. ResultsFive qualitative studies corresponded to an increase of 15.3% (95% CI: 2.3%-28.3%, P = .021) in undiagnosed FUO proportions compared to eleven quantitative studies. Quantitative studies had 19.7% (95% CI: 6.0%-33.4%, P = .005) more in adjusted infectious disease proportions than qualitative studies. No significant differences in proportions between FUO defining criteria were noted for adjusted noninfectious inflammatory disorders (P = .318), oncology (P = .901), non-inflammatory miscellaneous disorders (P = .321), diagnostic evaluation process, gross national income (GNI), or World Health Organization (WHO) geographic region. ConclusionsUse of either qualitative or quantitative FUO criteria was associated with a statistically significant risk of over- or under-estimating infectious diseases and undiagnosed illnesses when using an ICD-10 adjusted FUO five-category system. Clinicians should anticipate differences depending on which criteria are used. While further research is warranted, qualitative criteria provide the best framework for study comparisons.

The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth in Zambia: A Comprehensive Analysis

This study examines the relationship between economic growth, government consumption expenditure, gross national income (GNI) per capita, exports and foreign direct investment (FDI) in Zambia from 1994 to 2023. Using secondary data from the World Bank and regression analysis using Jamovi software, the study finds significant positive impacts of GNI per capita, exports and FDI on Zambia's GDP. The findings underscore the critical role of FDI in driving economic growth through technology transfer, managerial expertise and capital formation, while emphasising the importance of macroeconomic stability and diversified economic policies to maximise the benefits of FDI. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers in formulating strategies to leverage FDI for sustainable economic growth in Zambia.

Caries status in 12-year-old children, geographical location and socioeconomic conditions across European countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Understanding of socioeconomic context might enable more efficient evidence-based preventive strategies in oral health. The study assessed the caries-related socioeconomic macro-factors in 12-year-olds across European countries. This systematic review involved epidemiological surveys on the caries status of 12-year-olds from 2011 to 2022. DMFT was analyzed in relation to gross national income (GNI), United Nations Statistical Division geographical categorization of European countries (M49), unemployment rate, Human Development Index (HDI), and per capita expenditure on dental health care. A meta-analysis was performed for countries reporting data on DMFT, stratified by GNI, and geographical location of European countries, using a random-effects model. The study involved 493 360 children from 36 countries in the geographic region of Europe. The analysis confirmed a strong negative correlation between income and caries experience (p < .01). Children living in higher-income countries showed 90% lower odds of poor oral health than in middle-income countries. Children living in West Europe showed 90% lower odds of poor oral health than children living in East Europe. The strong effect of macro-level socioeconomic contexts on children's oral health suggests favoring upstream preventive oral health strategies in countries with economic growth difficulties, Eastern and Southern parts of Europe.

Treatment of Obesity with Thyroid hormones in Europe. Data from the THESIS* Collaboration.

The use of thyroid hormones (TH) to treat obesity is unsupported by evidence as reflected in international guidelines. We explored views about this practice, and associations with respondent characteristics among European thyroid specialists. Specialists from 28 countries were invited to a survey via professional organisations. The relevant question was whether "Thyroid hormones may be indicated in biochemically euthyroid patients with obesity resistant to lifestyle interventions". Of 17,232 invitations 5695 responses were received (33% valid response rate; 65% women; 90% endocrinologists). Of these, 290 (5.1%) stated that TH may be indicated as treatment for obesity in euthyroid patients. This view was commoner among non-endocrinologists (8.7% vs. 4.7%, p < 0.01), private practice (6.5% vs. 4.5%, p < 0.01), and varied geographically (Eastern Europe, 7.3%; Southern Europe, 4.8%; Western Europe, 2.7%; and Northern Europe, 2.5%). Respondents from Northern and Western Europe were less likely to use TH than those from Eastern Europe (p < 0.01). Gross national income (GNI) correlated inversely with this view (OR 0.97, CI: 0.96-0.97; p < 0.001). Having national guidelines on hypothyroidism correlated negatively with treating obesity with TH (OR 0.71, CI: 0.55-0.91). Despite the lack of evidence, and contrary to guidelines' recommendations, about 5% of respondents stated that TH may be indicated as a treatment for obesity in euthyroid patients resistant to life-style interventions. This opinion was associated with (i) respondent characteristics: being non-endocrinologist, working in private practice, treating a small number of hypothyroid patients annually and (ii) national characteristics: prevalence of obesity, Eastern Europe, low GNI and lack of national hypothyroidism guidelines.

Impact of digital tools in oncology: A global analysis of the adoption of ONCOassist and NCCN Chemotherapy Order Templates (NCCN Templates) in collaboration with OncoAlert.

e13662 Background: The integration of digital technology has significantly transformed clinical practice, especially in oncology. ONCOassist, an application that integrates content from the NCCN Templates offers professionals quick and up-to-date access to information crucial for cancer treatment. Methods: To analyze and determine whether factors such as the Human Development Index (HDI) or Gross National Income (GNI) influence the adoption of the NCCN Templates, an in-application survey was distributed to health professionals who accessed NCCN content. The survey asked two questions: (1) would respondents use a specific NCCN protocol for a current patient (2) if not, the reasons why they did not utilize it. Finally, how the acceptance of the NCCN Templates was related to HDI or GNI and specialty was analyzed. Results: The survey was responded to by 2522 health professionals from 122 countries. The NCCN Templates were widely accepted (80%) across different geographic and economic contexts, indicating their global applicability and trust. Generally, GNI is categorized by high income, upper middle income, lower middle income, and low income, while HDI includes very high, high, medium, and low income. For the lowest levels of GNI and HDI, there were few responses (1% by GNI and 8% by HDI), and for purposes of this abstract, they were combined with the next highest level, lower middle income, and medium HDI. Using GNI, the rates of using the NCCN Templates in countries with high income (72%) were lower than those with upper-middle income (83%) and lower middle/low income (86%). In a similar inverse tendency, based on HDI, the utilization rates of the NCCN Templates were 70%, 83%, and 86% in countries with very-high, high, and medium/low HDI, respectively. When stratified by specialty, the absolute numbers showed that most respondents belonged to the field of the breast (36%), followed by gastrointestinal (28%) and lung cancers (10%). However, when we analyzed percentages, we observed that the decision-making process regarding protocol adoption was consistent among specialties despite the variance in specialist population size. When we analyzed the reasons for not utilizing NCCN Templates, “Other reasons” was the primary response (51%). Among the remaining answers, using specific local protocols was the primary reason (47% of the remaining), followed by the lack of drug availability (18% of the remaining) and reimbursement issues (18% of the remaining). Conclusions: There was a general acceptance of the NCCN Templates among healthcare professionals globally. The willingness to utilize NCCN Templates content was not strongly determined by the HDI or GNI, suggesting a perception of their utility beyond economic barriers. The protocol has the potential to be used in daily clinical practice, improving decision-making.