Gray Forest Soils Research Articles

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ УГЛЕРОДА В ПОЧВАХ И ЛЕСНОЙ ПОДСТИЛКЕ НАСАЖДЕНИЙ УФИМСКОГО ЛЕСНИЧЕСТВА

One of the important forest-climatic research areas is the study of soil carbon level in different types of forest soils with the prospect of developing effective measures to solve the problem of forest management in terms of reducing the effects of climate change. In this regard, monitoring of forest ecosystems for absorption of greenhouse gases and justification of measures to increase this capacity is relevant in carbon polygons and in the establishment of carbon farms. The assessment of carbon stock in the topsoil and structural-aggregate composition was carried out on the basis of field and laboratory studies at the site of carbon polygon No. 4 Forest (19, 20 quarters). In the course of research, the highest carbon content in the upper soil layer 0–20 cm of the studied soils in the profile of chernozem podzolized – 11.31 kg C/m2 , lower content of organic carbon in light gray forest soils – 5.26 kg C/m2 . It was revealed that the total stock of organic carbon in the upper soil layers of the carbon polygon on the territory of Dmitrievskoye forest lot is 8134.19 tons (813.42 kg C/m2 ), the greatest contribution is made by chernozem podzolnyi and dark gray forest soils. As a result of studies on the presence of nitrogen in the forest area fall, it was revealed that the linden stand contains 2.04, and birch stand – 1.43 % per 100 g of dry matter.

Effect of cabbage species on CO2 emission from soils in case of short-term green manuring of fallow fields in the Baikal region

The formation of the seasonal CO2 flux depending on the species of cabbage crops used for short-term summer green manuring of the fallow field in the Baikal forest-steppe zone was studied. In field experiments on gray forest soil during the warm season, CO2 emission rates per day were measured in options with white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and oil radish (Raphanus sativus var. oleifera Metzg). The black follow served as the control. The total CO2 flux from the soil was calculated by identifying different periods in the fallow treatment technology (before sowing green manure crops, vegetation, and the period after biomass plowing). An increase in the intensity of CO2 release from the soil after the plowing of green mass was revealed. The enhancement of mineralization processes due to the newly received organic matter of mustard biomass was 27-100%, and radish - 48-142% in relation to the black fallow. The CO2 emission data corresponded with the yield and quality indicators of the studied cabbage crops. It has been established that from the position of regulation of carbon dioxide fluxes, the use of white mustard for short-term green manure in the conditions of the region is more expedient than oil radish.

Eutrophication of Arable Soil: The Comparative Effect of Mineral and Organic Fertilizer Systems

Agrogenic eutrophication refers to the artificial enrichment of soil with organic carbon and nutrients in result of applying mineral and organic fertilizers to increase soil fertility and plant productivity. Eutrophication of gray forest soils (Luvic Retic Greyzemic Phaeozems (Loamic)) was created by annual application of increasing doses of mineral (N 90–360, P2O5 75–300 and K2O 100–400 kg/ha) and organic (fresh cattle manure from 25 to 100 t/ha) fertilizers under plants of a 5–field crop rotation for 9 years in microplots experiment. The NPK amounts applied with the manure were approximately equal to the corresponding doses of mineral fertilizer. The rates of soil enrichment by Corg under mineral and organic fertilizer systems were, respectively, 0.29–0.38 and 0.76–1.56 g/kg per year, Ntot – 0.04–0.06 and 0.06–0.09 g/kg per year, available P2O5 – 4–57 and 11–55 mg/kg per year, available K2O – 5–44 and 6–31 mg/kg per year. The fertilizer doses under both systems were the most significant factor in the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen, available forms of phosphorus and potassium in the soil, while the Ntot contents was controlled by the duration of fertilizer application. The Corg content in the soil with organic and mineral fertilizers depended on the dose of manure and the duration of NPK application, respectively. Soil eutrophication with mineral fertilizers was accompanied by a decrease in soil pH, and eutrophication with organic fertilizers, on the contrary, led to an increase in pH. It is emphasized that over–fertilization and long–term use of fertilizers are the main factors in the development of soil eutrophication and the concomitant change in soil pH.

Change in capillary moisture capacity of oil-contaminated soil after washing with Tween-80

The change in capillary moisture capacity of gray forest soil was analyzed at various levels of oil and diesel fuel contamination (50, 150 and 300 ml/kg), as well as as a result of reagent treatment of contaminated soil samples using the nonionic surfactant Tween-80. The concentration of Tween-80 in the wash solutions was 1, 5 and 10 g/L. The ratio of the system components was: 100 g of soil: 400 ml of water: 100 ml of washing solution. Treatment of oil-contaminated soil with washing solutions was carried out for 1 hour with continuous stirring (60 rpm) and a temperature of 20 °C. Contamination of gray forest soils with oil and diesel fuel has led to a decrease in capillary moisture capacity. Thus, the moisture capacity indicator moved from the category “best” (40-50% according to the classification of Kaczynski, 1965) to “satisfactory” (25-30%) or “unsatisfactory” (less than 25%). After washing oil-contaminated soils with surfactant solutions, the values of capillary moisture capacity were restored from the level of “unsatisfactory” to “good” or “best”, although they remained somewhat lower than the level of the parameter of the original (uncontaminated) soil. The results obtained demonstrated an improvement in the studied and so important (in terms of yield) agrophysical parameter of oil-contaminated soil after its treatment with Tween-80. This confirms the prospects of using reagent treatment of oil-contaminated soils using this nonionic surfactant. At the indicated ratio soil: aqueous phase : washing solution, and the contamination level is up to 150 ml/kg (oil) and 300 ml/kg (diesel fuel), the optimal concentration for washing contaminated soil is 5 g/l Tween-80. When reclaiming soils contaminated with oil at a concentration of 300 ml/kg, it is recommended to increase the concentration of surfactants in washing solutions to 10 g/l.

Features of crop formation and productivity of legume-festulolium grass mixtures in the Central region of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia

The article presents the results of four years of research in a field experiment conducted on medium-loamy gray forest soil of the Kaluga region. The soil of the experiment was characterized by: humus content - 2.7%, pH – 5.9, gross nitrogen content - 0.12%, mobile phosphorus content - 135, exchangeable potassium - 100 mg/kg of soil. Objects of research: festulolium of the Fest and Allegro varieties, skip-row sown and in mixtures with legumes grasses - meadow clover of the Delets and Orlovsky varieties, alfalfa variable Sarga variety and Eastern galega Gale variety. Legumes-festulolium grass mixtures on average for three years formed the green mass and dry matter yield in the range of 34.5-43.5; 34,8-43,9 and 7,2-9,3; 7,2-9,4 t/ha, respectively, with skip-row and mixed sowing methods. The maximum productivity was obtained in a grass mixture of alfalfa of the hybrid Sarga variety with festulolium of the Allegro variety. The yield of exchange energy in legume-festulolium grass mixtures was in the range of 66.8-90.4 and 68.1-91.3 GJ/ha, respectively, with skip-row and mixed crops. The largest collection was provided by alfalfa-festulolium mixtures. Alfalfa grass mixtures of the Sarga variety with festulolium of the Fest and Allegro varieties provided the collection of crude protein 17.1-17.3 and 16.7-17.2 c/ha, respectively, with skip-row and mixed sowing methods. The collection of crude protein in clover- and galega-festulolium grass mixtures did not exceed 11.7 and 12.0 c/ha. The total energy costs and the energy efficiency coefficient according to the experimental variants were 17.2-17.7 GJ/ha and 3.8-5.1 for skip-row, 17.3-17.8 GJ/ha and 3.9-5.1 for mixed crops, respectively. Grass mixtures with the participation of alfalfa of the Sarga variety and festulolium of the Fest and Allegro varieties had the highest total energy costs and the maximum energy efficiency coefficient.

Microelements in the agricultural landscapes of the Altai region

The aim of the study was to assess ecological, biogeochemical and sanitary-hygienic aspects of arable soils of the Altai region and spring wheat grain produced there. Location and time of the study. The representative study sites of arable land were located in various agroecological zones of the Altai region: Kulundinskaya (dry steppe on chestnut soils of the Kulunda lowland), Rubtsovskoye (arid steppe on chernozems of the southern Priobskoye plateau), Zarinskaya (deciduous forests and steppe meadows on leached chernozems of the Bie-Chumyshskaya elevated plain and podzolized chernozems and dark gray forest soils of the Salair Foothills), Piedmont (meadow steppe on the chernozems of the Prealtai Plain), Priobskaya (split steppe on ordinary chernozems of the Priobsky plateau), Aleiskaya (moderately arid steppe on ordinary chernozems of the Priobsky plateau), Biyskaya (forest steppe on leached and gray forest soils of the Bie-Chumysh Upland). The research was carried out in 2018. Methods. The content of trace elements in soils and wheat grain was determined by atomic emission and atomic absorption spectrometry according to PND F 14.1:2:4. 139; 140-98; НСАМ №450С; РД 52.24.479-95. Results. It was found that in the arable soils of the Altai region the elements, necessary for plants, animals, and humans, were contained in optimal quantities (average content of Mn 714, Zn 65, Cu 25.7, Co 12.3 mg/kg), maintaining the normal functioning of living organisms. Most toxic elements were found at the levels, comparable with average concentrations in soils of the world and with the data for uncontaminated soils in West Siberia, not exceeding the maximal permissible concentrations. The average concentrations of Cd, Pb, As and Hg in the studied soils were 0.089, 13.6, 5.0, 0.037 mg/kg, respectively. No biogeochemical province had been identified for any of the elements. The studied soils have a fairly high buffering capacity for heavy metals. The chemical elements’ content in the spring wheat grain, the main crop in the region, was close to the corresponding world data for grain. The amount of regulated substances (lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic) meets domestic standards and the requirements of the Technical Regulations of the Customs Union "On Grain Safety". Conclusions. The arable soils of the Altai region are not contaminated with heavy metals. Trace elements such as manganese, zinc, copper, cobalt are contained in soils in optimal quantities for living organisms. However, using the grain as monofeed can result in Co deficiency in animals. The content of chemical elements is soils resulted from the initial content of elements in soil-forming parent rocks. The degree of heavy metals’ buffering by the studied arable soils, depending of the metal, ranged from medium to high.

Innovative aspects of stimulating the growth and development of grain and leguminous crops in Western Siberia

The results of three-year studies (2020-2022) on the effectiveness of pre-sowing seed treatment of grain crops (spring soft wheat, spring barley and oats) and legumes (soybeans) in terms of stimulating growth and development, increasing productivity and product quality are presented. The experiments were carried out on leached chernozem and gray forest soil of the Novosibirsk and Orda districts of the Novosibirsk region. In the experiments, we used the variety of spring soft wheat Likamero, spring barley Paustian, oats - Max and soybeans - SibNIIK 9. The largest leaf area parameters were noted in spring wheat against the background of presowing seed treatment with Lignohumate 80 g/t, followed by spraying in the tillering phase with Energia M 20 g/ha. The applied growth regulators significantly increased the yield of grain crops and soybeans. The highest yield was established in the variants with seed treatment with Lingvohumate followed by the use of Energia M in the tillering phase. The increase was 21% for spring wheat, 23% for barley and 24% for soybeans. The preparations used improved the yield structure of all crops.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ОРГАНИЧЕСКИХ, ОРГАНОМИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ И МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ НА ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ И БИОХИМИЧЕСКИЙ СОСТАВ ЗЕЛЕНОЙ МАССЫ ВИКО-ОВСЯНОЙ СМЕСИ

The article presents the results of the influence of organic, organomineral and mineral fertilizers on the growth, development, productivity of the oat-vetch mixturе, as well as on the quality of the obtained feed on gray forest soils of the southern part of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia. A significant increase in linear growth was noted in the variant with the use of humic fertilizer 8 ml/container with N0,15P0,15K0,15 and biohumus 50 g/container. The applied complex of organomineral fertilizers contributes to friendly and early shoots. Shoots of vetch and oats were noted 1–4 days faster than in the control variant. In vetch, the beginning of the branching phase of the stem was noted on the 18th day, on the control variant – on the 20th day, budding was noted on the 46th day, on the control variant on the 49th day. The maximum difference was noted in the budding phase – 3 days. In oats, tillering began on the 19th day, on the control variant on the 23rd day, emergence into the tube on the 33rd day, on the control variant on the 35th day. The maximum difference was noted in the tillering phase. The best yield was noted in the variant with the use of humic fertilizer 8 ml/container with N0,15P0,15K0,15 and biohumus 50 g/container, which amounted to 46.1 % (green fodder) and 45.8 % (hay). At the same time, the feed yield met the quality standards.

Soil-ecological assessment of soils of abandoned lands of diggerent age in the southeast of West Siberia

The aim of the study. Assessment of the current state of agrophysical properties of soils, their soil-ecological status by calculating the soil-ecological index (SEI), as well as the study of vegetation cover of different-age abandoned lands in the forest-steppe zone of West Siberia within the Novosibirsk region. Location and time of the study. Novosibirsk Region, 2017–2022. Methods. Soils of the Predsalair drained plain (right-bank part of the Novosibirsk region) were studied. Twelve soil sections were studied on leached and podzolized chernozems, as well as on dark gray forest soils. Some of the studied soils had different degrees of washout prior to abandonment. The abandoned lands were young (2–4 years), middle (5–15 years) and old (more than 15 years). The age of these lands, i.e. the duration of their spontaneous self-revegetation, was determined based on satellite imagery data, information from local authorities and the methodology developed by the Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The study of vegetation cover was carried out according to standard methods. Soil samples were collected as a solid column; humus content, acidity, mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium, granulometric composition were determined. Samples were also taken to determine soil density (volumetric mass). For soil-ecological assessment the methodology of soil-ecological index (SEI) calculation was used. The methodology for SEI calculating combines soil fertility, climatic and geomorphologic soil factors. The SEI was calculated according to the methodology developed at the В.V. Dokuchaev Soil Institute by I.I. Karmanov. The following soil properties were also measured: granulometric composition by the sieve-pipette method, organic carbon (humus) by potassium dichromate digestion and pH by potentiometric method. Results. The article presents the agrophysical properties of soils, their soil-ecological assessment (SEI) and describes the vegetation cover of different-aged abandoned and revegetating lands in the forest-steppe zone of West Siberia within the Novosibirsk region. The vegetation revealed a smooth change in the species composition of plants, including a decrease in the proportion of annual and biennial species. The total aboveground production increased during the first 5–7 years of revegetation, afterwards reaching a plateau depending on the type of the formed community and conditions. Low values of SEI (38–41) were obtained for young and middle-aged abandoned lands in comparison with the virgin land (63), being caused by the lower content of nutrient elements and humus. In the long-term abandoned lands soils, that were not washed away, had an average SEI value of 55, while soils of old fallow lands previously washed away had an average 45. Conclusions. Based on the soil ecological condition in the studied abandoned lands, it can be concluded that the return of young and middle-aged lands to agricultural turnover makes sense as pastures and hayfields. Their use as arable land is inexpedient, mostly because of different degrees of washout due to their location on slopes of different length and steepness, as well as insufficient restoration of their properties. The old abandoned lands (in case of the absence of soil erosion) may well be returned to agricultural use, including as arable land.

ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ ПОЧВЕННОГО ФАКТОРА УРОЖАЙНОСТИ – ОСНОВНОЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЕ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОГО ПЛОДОРОДИЯ ПОЧВ В АГРОЛАНДШАФТАХ СРЕДНЕГО ПОВОЛЖЬЯ

The article provides optimal indicators of the most important soil fertility regimes (food, air, water, microbiological, chemical, physical, temperature). Particular attention is paid to improving soil loosening. Based on long-term research (1988–2015), it was revealed that the optimal density of gray forest soils for cultivating crops for grain is in the range of 1.1–1.3 g/cm3 , for technical soils – 1.0–1.2 g/cm3 . For heavy loamy leached chernozem 1.2–1.3 g/cm3 and 1.1–1.3 g/cm3 , respectively. The fundamental condition for crop formation in the northern part of the Middle Volga region is productive moisture. In wet years, the amount of precipitation due to uneven distribution during the growing season, ensuring optimal soil water regime is crucial. Relatively long periods of low precipitation and high temperatures are usually observed in spring and the first half of the growing season. A very good way to improve the moisture supply of plants is to create sufficient moisture reserves in the soil using available agrotechnical and other methods and ensure their productive use throughout the entire growing season of agrocenoses. In order to optimize the indicators of the elements of the soil factor of productivity, the leading measures for their improvement are given. The connection with other productivity factors (biological, biosphere, atmospheric, cosmic) and their mutual impact on increasing the potential for their manifestation is shown. It is emphasized that the leading factor in yield is biological.

Влияние низкорослого кустарника в стокорегулирующей лесополосе комбинированной конструкции на факторы стока и элементы водного баланса в лесостепи Центрального Нечерноземья

The purpose of the research is to identify and evaluate the role of a low-growing shrub in the flow-regulating forest belt of a combined design in the formation of the levels of natural factors of the surface runoff of meltwater and their influence on the elements of the water balance in the forest-steppe on the basis of knowledge of the patterns of interaction of meltwater with frozen soil. The studies were carried out on gray forest soils of the Orel region using the balance method on runoff sites. The main natural factors that need to be affected in order to regulate the slope of spring runoff are snow reserves, freezing depth and soil moisture. The high efficiency of flow-regulating forest belts of a combined (openwork-tightly-blown) design and the role of placing low-growing shrubs in them have been established. The most effective was its placement in the lower and upper rows of 4-row forest belts. They contribute to optimal snow deposition in the field and accumulation of the necessary amount of snow in the forest belts to prevent deep freezing and additional accumulation of moisture for their functioning. An important conclusion is made that when creating new anti-erosion and measures, it is necessary to apply techniques that affect the natural factors of the formation of runoff: snow reserves, freezing depth and soil moisture.

The use of developed mushroom compost in crop cultivation technology

The scientific work analyzes experimental data on the cultivation of potatoes and rapeseed using elements of biologization in conditions of Ryazan region. Two-year studies have been carried out to study the effect of developed mushroom compost on the yield of potato tubers and rape of various varieties cultivated on dark gray forest soils of Ryazan region. The use of spent mushroom compost is a promising technique that allows to increase the productivity of crops and obtain environmentally friendly products. When cultivating potatoes and spring rape, first, bare fallow was used as a precursor, and then the introduction of 84 t/ha of fresh mushroom compost for the main processing of potatoes and 80 t/ha for spring rape, immediately after harvesting mushrooms in the form of developed blocks. In the second option, 95 t/ha of mushroom compost was used for potatoes and 89 t/ha was used for spring rape, after a year of storage of spent mushroom blocks. As a result of the use of two types of mushroom compost, the foliage of plants improved: on average, the largest increase in leaves was obtained in the option with fresh compost. Its use immediately after harvesting mushrooms exceeded the control by 12.8%, and the use of compost after a year of storage caused 7.6% increase. The highest average marketability of tubers for all varieties was noted in the option with fresh mushroom compost and averaged 80.8% for all varieties, which was 9.1% more than the control. The productivity of spring rape seeds increased when using mushroom compost as a fertilizer. The introduction of fresh compost under the main tillage increased the rape productivity by 2.9 dt/ha, and rotted compost by 1.9 dt/ha compared with the control. For all varieties of potatoes, the yield with fresh mushroom compost increased by 37.8 dt/ha or 20.1% compared to the control, and for the variant after a year storage of mushroom compost, the yield increased by 23.8 dt/ha or 11.3 %.

Features of the use of growth regulators in the cultivation of corn for grain in Western Siberia

The results of three-year studies (2020-2022) on the effectiveness of the use of various growth regulators in the cultivation of corn hybrids for grain in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia are presented. The studies were carried out on leached chernozem of the Novosibirsk region of the Novosibirsk region and on gray forest soil of the forest-steppe zone of the Novosibirsk Ob region. It is shown that in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia it is effective to use modern innovative growth regulators and chelate fertilizers in the process of corn grain production. It has been shown that on soil types it is effective to apply growth regulators Ecofus 0.001%, Epin-Extra 0.04% l/ha and chelated organosilicon fertilizer Siliplant 0.01% with a working solution flow rate of 300 l/ha in the phase of four to six maize leaves on six hybrids. It was statistically determined that the yield of corn grain depended on the element of technology by 33, genotype - 27 and the conditions of the year 23% and green mass, respectively, 35, 29 and 25%. It was shown that growth regulators and chelate fertilizers improved the parameters of the yield structure of corn hybrids.

Assessment of ecosystem functions of urban forests in terms of soil and trees

Forests in the cities of the Angara region (Irkutsk, Angarsk, Usolye-Sibirskoye), exposed to aerotechnogenic pollution and recreational load of varying degrees of intensity, were surveyed. In pine and pine-birch forests on natural gray forest soils, 27 sample plots were studied. The current state of the urban environment was assessed by a set of morphostructural, physico-chemical and toxicological indicators of tree plantations (pine, larch, birch) and gray forest soils - the main habitat-forming components. For the first time on the basis of the obtained data and assessment of ecosystem functions of soil cover and tree plantations the results of studies on purification of atmospheric air and preservation of phyto-pedocenoses in the urban environment are presented. The study of biogeochemical redistribution of flows of aerotechnogenic pollutants in urban forests revealed the degree of manifestation of the most important ecosystem function of the soil cover - the ability to accumulate and detoxify man-made pollutants and the function of woody plants - the ability to clean atmospheric air by accumulating toxicants in the needles and leaves. The results obtained made it possible to judge about the sustainability of woody plants and soils of urban forests, about the possibility of purification and restoration of the urban environment.

ОТЗЫВЧИВОСТЬ ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ НА ПОДКОРМКИ КОМПЛЕКСНЫМ КОНЦЕНТРИРОВАННЫМ УДОБРЕНИЕМ В УСЛОВИЯХ ПРЕДКАМЬЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН

This article presents the results of studying the effect of foliar fertilizing with concentrated complex liquid fertilizer Ultramag Combi in the phase of tillering and earing of winter wheat with doses of 1 l/ha and 2 l/ha, in 2021-2022. The studies were carried out with winter soft wheat of the Scepter variety on the basis of Agrobiotechnopark LLC at the Kazan State Agrarian University on gray forest soils with a humus content of more than 3.0%, mobile phosphorus of more than 250 mg/kg according to Kirsanov, exchangeable potassium of 121-170 mg/ kg, the reaction of the soil medium close to a neutral pH of 6.6. Accounting for the density of seedlings, the structure of plant yield was carried out by the method of sites. Accounting for the actual yield of winter wheat grain was carried out for all variants by a continuous method, followed by conversion to standard (14%) humidity and 100% purity [GOST 13586.5-2015; GOST 30483-97], determination of the quantity and quality of gluten in wheat grain – according to GOST R 54478-2011. The use of complex concentrated fertilizer Ultramag Combi with foliar top dressing in the tillering phase of winter wheat with doses of 1 and 2 l / ha increased the growth of dry biomass, productive bushiness, the safety of seedlings for harvesting, the mass of 1000 grains and the mass of grain from 1 ear, which eventually increased the biological yield compared with the control. Foliar top dressing with Ultramag Combi preparation in the phase of tillering and earing of winter wheat with a dose of 1 l / ha on average over the years of research increased grain yield by 9.5%, and when using a dose of 2 l/ha in the same phases of winter wheat development, the yield increase reached 16.8%.

ВЛИЯНИЕ БИОСТИМУЛЯТОРА БИОДУКС И МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ НА ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ ПРОСА

The aim of the study was to determine the optimal dose of the «Biodux» biostimulator, containing a complex of biologically active polyunsaturated fatty acids of the fungus Mortierellaalpina, for presowing treatment of millet (Panicum miliaceum) seeds. The study was conducted in 2019-2020. in the conditions of the Pre-Kama region of the Republic of Tatarstan. The experimental plot is located on light gray forest soil, which has a slightly acidic reaction (pHsalt. = 5.3), an increased content of mobile forms of phosphorus (142-148 mg/kg) and potassium (153-162 mg/kg), the average content of organic matter (3.6-3.8%). Agrochemical analyzes of the soil were performed by generally accepted methods: GOST 26213-91 (organic matter content); GOST 26207-91 (content of mobile compounds of phosphorus and potassium according to the Kirsanov method in the modification of TsINAO); GOST 26483-85 (pH value). The effect of the biostimulator on the yield of millet variety Varyag was studied against the background of a complete mineral fertilizer, calculated to obtain 3.0 t/ha of grain (N78-84P69-74K88-94). The doses of «Biodux» for seed treatment were 1, 3, 4 and 6 ml/t. The agrometeorological conditions of the vegetation periods during the years of the study were favorable for the growth and development of millet. The presence of a close curvilinear correlation between the increments of the millet yield and increasing doses of the biostimulant was established. For the description of this dependence for two years, a polynomial equation of the second degree was better suited: in both cases, the coefficient of determination (R2) of the increase in millet grain yield from the doses of the tested biostimulant «Biodux» was 0.97. The greatest increase in the yield of millet was provided by the average (3 ml/t) dose of «Biodux», which increased the yield of grain by 14-15% compared to the background level. Increases in grain yield from mineral fertilizers exceeded the maximum increase from the «Biodux» biostimulator by 3.1-3.6 times.

УПРАВЛЕНИЕ ФАКТОРАМИ ПОЧВЕННОГО ПЛОДОРОДИЯ В УСЛОВИЯХ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАТАРСТАН

The article presents the results of long-term research in the field of management of soil fertility factors in the northern part of the forest-steppe of the Middle Volga region. The preservation of productive moisture reserves and the rational use of soil fertility, as well as its reproduction, remains a necessary condition for optimizing agricultural landscapes and increasing the productivity of agrocenoses. Improving the technology of cultivation of agricultural crops plays an important role in increasing the sustainability and yield of cultural cenosis. Precursors and crop rotation remain one of the most important elements in crop cultivation technologies. Despite the importance of these elements, there is a weakening of attention to the introduction and development of crop rotations, both in our republic and in the whole country. The studies conducted over 23 years have shown the influence of precursors in crop rotation on the phosphate regime of gray forest soil in the conditions of the Ancestral region of the Republic of Tatarstan. Thus, when placing rye after peas on grain, there was an increase in the content of mobile phosphorus during the growing season against the average background of fertilizers applied (the planned yield level is 2.5 grains/ha). The influence of various precursors on the incidence and development of the most common diseases of winter rye has been established; Pucciniarecondite Robergeex Desmas. f.sp. secales, Bipolarissorokiniana Shoemaker. Conducted long-term studies have also established the influence of precursors on the yield of winter rye and spring wheat in the conditions of gray forest soils of the Ancestral region of the Republic of Tatarstan.

State of water-stable soil structure in the Central Forest-Steppe under agrogenic and postagrogenic maintenance

Aim. To determine the regularities in the formation of water-stable structure and to obtain the objective integral information about the process of break-up and consolidation of the water-stable structure under agrogenic and postagrogenic load on the main soil types of the Central Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The field method – the soils of chernozem type were investigated (seven chernozem-like soil types of different granulometric composition and humus content) in the central part of the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, the laboratory analytical method (wet sieving of soil structure), the mathematical-statistical method (non-parametric statistics, factor, cluster, and fractal analyses). Results. The analysis of the water stability of the structure of chernozem-like soils in the Forest-Steppe demonstrates the perspectives of using modern statistical methods: fractal, factor, cluster methods, and the method of non-parametric statistics, which demonstrates their sensitivity to insignificant changes in the distribution of water-stable aggregates within the agronomically valuable interval. The soil types of postagrogenic maintenance form the distribution of water-stable aggregates, making up “prevailing” sizes of aggregates in the interval of sizes of 5–3 and 2–1 mm, which ensures the persistent state of the re-distribution where the index of Hurst has the values of H > 0.75. The agrogenic impact on soils changes the re-distribution of water-stable aggregates, destroying their natural distribution and ensuring the antipersistent state of the distribution with low stability (D > 1.43 and Н < 0.58). Under postagrogenic maintenance of soil types, there is a stable mutual connection between water-stable aggregates, structural units, and ESP (R = +0.78), and in the total of correlation relations, the direct and inverse correlation relations of R> ± 0.55 level are >30 % with the 1.5 to 1 ratio in favor of inverse proportion relations which ensures a high level of self-regulation for the hierarchical organization of the structural and water stable state. Conclusions. The determining index, characterizing the stability level of the water-stable structure, was found to be the content of water-stable aggregates of 3–1 mm and > 0.25 mm and the weighted average diameter of water-stable aggregates within the agronomically valuable interval of sizes that demonstrated a strong correlation (R = ± 0.76–0.96 ± 0.02) with fractal dimensionality (D > 1.4) and the index of Hurst (Н) which allowed for forming a gradation scale for the evaluation of the water-stable structure and the degree of agrogenesis manifestation of soils in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. In terms of the rate of agrogenesis manifestation via the formation of the degree of the water-stable structure, the soils of chernozem type were divided as follows: gray forest low-humus heavy-loamy light-clay soil on carbonate loess-like clay < typical low-humus heavy-loamy light-clay chernozem on loess-like clay < meadow-chernozem low-humus carbonate heavy- loamy soil on loess-like clay < typical medium-humus heavy-clay chernozem on loess.

Relationships between the number of microorganisms and indicators of potential and effective fertility of gray forest soil for cultivation of white lupine and winter wheat

Aim. The study of the regularities of the formation of connections between separate groups of microorganisms in the composition of gray forest soil groups for the cultivation of white lupine and winter wheat with the use of different systems of fertilization, liming, plowing by-products of crop production and indicators of potential and effective fertility. Methods. Microbiological, laboratory-analytical, statistical. The research was carried out in the polygon monitoring system on the basis of the stationary experiment of the department of agro-soil science and soil microbiology of the NSC «Institute of Agriculture of NAAS» «Development and improvement of intensive technologies for growing agricultural crops on the basis of extended reproduction of soil fertility». Results. It was established that the number of microorganisms of many eco-trophic, systematic and functional groups, their physiological and biochemical activity, the intensity and direction of mineralization processes are correlated with the indicators of the potential fertility of the gray forest soil. The number of ammonifiers in the 0-20 cm soil layer correlates with the value of saline pH (r = 0.385), the content of nitrogen (–0.445), phosphorus (0.774), potassium (0.804); in the soil layer 20−40 cm: with hydrolytic acidity (–0.710), pH of salt (0.730), the content of mobile compounds of aluminum (–0.430), phosphorus (0.640), exchangeable calcium (0.506) and humus (0.505). The number of immobilizers of mineral nitrogen correlates in the 0–20 cm soil layer with the value of exchangeable acidity (0.338), the content of phosphorus (0.440), potassium (0.410), mobile compounds of aluminum (–0.386); in the 20-40 cm soil layer: with hydrolytic acidity (–0.403), saline pH (0.355), exchangeable acidity (–0.542), content of mobile compounds of aluminum (–0.575), nitrogen (–0.365). The total number of microorganisms in the 0–20 cm soil layer correlates with the content of nitrogen (–0.434), phosphorus (0.481), potassium (0.522), exchangeable magnesium (–0.418); in the soil layer 20-40 cm: with hydrolytic acidity (–0.493), pH of salt (0.520), the amount of exchangeable acidity (–0.359), the content of mobile aluminum compounds (–0.465), the content of phosphorus (0.368), exchangeable magnesium (–0.412), humus (0.352). The inverse nature of the relationship between the total number of microorganisms and the content of nitrogen compounds in the soil indicates that the legume culture of white lupine in the flowering stage no longer depends on the nitrogen content in the soil, consuming symbiotrophic nitrogen for growth and development. Conclusions. It has been established that the systems of diagnostic indicators of effective soil fertility for winter wheat and white lupine differ significantly, and it may be necessary to create different systems of diagnostic indicators for grain and leguminous crops, since they differ in plant physiology.

The optimization of elements of growing technology of narrow-leafed lupine (Lupines Angustifolius L.) in the Northern Forest Steppe

Aim. To assess the impact of the elements of the narrow-leaved lupine growing technology, as well as their combination, in today's weather conditions in order to determine the optimal technology model in the Northern Forest Steppe, which will ensure the stable maximum possible realization of the genetic potential of the varieties, obtaining quality products. Methods. The field (to study the interaction of the object of research with biotic and abiotic factors); the morphophysiological (for biological control of the development of productivity elements according to the stages of organogenesis); the weight (for setting the parameters of the indicators of the elements of the crop structure and determining the grain yield); the statistical (statistical processing of research results). Results. In the article analyzes the results of research conducted on gray forest soil in the conditions of the Northern Forest Steppe. The influence on the growth, vegetative and generative development of plants, the formation of productivity of such agricultural measures as fertilizers, timing, methods of sowing and sowing rates of narrow-leaved lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L.) Pelikan variety, biological preparations and plant growth stimulants are shown. With a different combination of elements in the growing technology, it is possible to obtain a grain yield of narrow-leaved lupine from 2.15 to 2.82 t/ha. The most favorable conditions for the formation of the maximum grain yield (2.82 t/ha) and the collection of raw protein (1.02 t/ha) were in the version with the application of N68Р48K66, sowing by the wide-row method (width between rows 45 cm), the rate of seed sowing 1.2 million units/ha), treated with a preparation based on a strain of nodule bacteria and a plant growth stimulator. When sowing by the usual row method with a row spacing of 15 cm and a seeding rate of 1.4 million units/ha, the productivity decreased by 4.0–8.2%. Conclusions. To maximize the potential of narrow-leaved lupine varieties, the cultivation technology must take into account the peculiarities of the impact of agrotechnical measures and hydrothermal conditions during the growing season of the crop on the process of crop formation and its quality in order to reduce risks and losses.