ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ ПОЧВЕННОГО ФАКТОРА УРОЖАЙНОСТИ – ОСНОВНОЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЕ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОГО ПЛОДОРОДИЯ ПОЧВ В АГРОЛАНДШАФТАХ СРЕДНЕГО ПОВОЛЖЬЯ

Abstract

The article provides optimal indicators of the most important soil fertility regimes (food, air, water, microbiological, chemical, physical, temperature). Particular attention is paid to improving soil loosening. Based on long-term research (1988–2015), it was revealed that the optimal density of gray forest soils for cultivating crops for grain is in the range of 1.1–1.3 g/cm3 , for technical soils – 1.0–1.2 g/cm3 . For heavy loamy leached chernozem 1.2–1.3 g/cm3 and 1.1–1.3 g/cm3 , respectively. The fundamental condition for crop formation in the northern part of the Middle Volga region is productive moisture. In wet years, the amount of precipitation due to uneven distribution during the growing season, ensuring optimal soil water regime is crucial. Relatively long periods of low precipitation and high temperatures are usually observed in spring and the first half of the growing season. A very good way to improve the moisture supply of plants is to create sufficient moisture reserves in the soil using available agrotechnical and other methods and ensure their productive use throughout the entire growing season of agrocenoses. In order to optimize the indicators of the elements of the soil factor of productivity, the leading measures for their improvement are given. The connection with other productivity factors (biological, biosphere, atmospheric, cosmic) and their mutual impact on increasing the potential for their manifestation is shown. It is emphasized that the leading factor in yield is biological.