Green Tea Leaf Extract Research Articles

Protein-Protected Gold Nanocluster-Based Biosensor for Determining the Prooxidant Activity of Natural Antioxidant Compounds.

In this work, chicken egg white protein (CEW)-protected gold nanoclusters (CEW-AuNCs) were prepared from CEW and HAuCl4 to measure the Cu(II)-induced prooxidant activity of antioxidant compounds such as epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, catechin, rosmarinic acid, resveratrol, ascorbic acid, and glutathione. These compounds reduced Cu(II) to Cu(I), and the latter was mainly bound to thiol groups in the CEW-AuNC structure. As the protein-bound Cu(I) may act as a catalytic center for generating reactive oxygen species, the Cu(II) reducing ability of antioxidants is an indirect measure of their prooxidant potency. The bound Cu(I) may be released with the cuprous-selective ligand neocuproine (Nc), forming the basis of a spectrophotometric method measuring absorbance at 450 nm wavelength of the Cu(I)–Nc chelate. The developed method involved a one-pot synthesis and determination without preseparation and was applied to binary synthetic mixtures of studied antioxidant compounds and to certain herbal plant (green tea, linden, echinacea, and artichoke leaf) extracts to determine the total prooxidant activities. The obtained results were statistically compared with those of the literature Cu(II)–Nc assay using a calcium proteinate-based solid biosensor. The developed biosensor was durable, reliable, easily applicable, and of low cost and wide linear range and could determine the prooxidant activities of natural antioxidant samples with high reproducibility.

EVALUASI SEDIAAN MASKER ANTIOKSIDAN DARI EKSTRAK DAUN TEH HIJAU (CAMELLIA SINENSIS)

Abstract
 Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) has the main efficacy as an antioxidant and contains polyphenol compounds in green tea leaves with the main component of polyphenol fraction namely Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) which has strong activity to prevent free radicals that cause premature aging. Research has been carried out on the formulation of maskantioxidant preparations containing green tea leaf extract. The study begins with testing the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of green tea leaves with a free radical reduction method of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl using visible spectrophotometry. Testing of antioxidant activity showed that the ethanol extract of green tea leaves gave an IC50 value of 3.17µg / mL. Formulations of gel masks made were F0 (base without active substances), F1 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for IC50 (0,000317%)), F2 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for 50xIC50 (0, 0158%)), F3 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for 100xIC50 (0.0317%)), F4 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for IC50), F5 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves worth IC50), F6 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for IC50. Evaluation of gel mask preparations include, organoleptic examination and homogeneity,
 pH, viscosity, dry time of preparation and testing of antioxidant stability. F2 provides better and higher free radical reduction activity than products on the market. F4, F5, F6 shows an increase in free radical reduction activity.
 
 Keywords: Green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis L.), DPPh, IC50 gel mask.

UJI AKTIVITAS SEDIAAN MASKER ANTIOKSIDAN DARI EKSTRAK DAUN TEH HIJAU (CAMELLIA SINENSIS)

Abstract
 
 Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) has the main efficacy as an antioxidant and contains polyphenol compounds in green tea leaves with the main component of polyphenol fraction namely Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) which has strong activity to prevent free radicals that cause premature aging. Research has been carried out on the formulation of maskantioxidant preparations containing green tea leaf extract. The study begins with testing the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of green tea leaves with a free radical reduction method of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl using visible spectrophotometry. Testing of antioxidant activity showed that the ethanol extract of green tea leaves gave an IC50 value of 3.17µg / mL. Formulations of gel masks made were F0 (base without active substances), F1 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for IC50 (0,000317%)), F2 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for 50xIC50 (0, 0158%)), F3 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for 100xIC50 (0.0317%)), F4 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for IC50), F5 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves worth IC50), F6 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for IC50. Evaluation of gel mask preparations include, organoleptic examination and homogeneity,
 pH, viscosity, dry time of preparation and testing of antioxidant stability. F2 provides better and higher free radical reduction activity than products on the market. F4, F5, F6 shows an increase in free radical reduction activity.
 
 Keywords: Green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis L.), DPPh, IC50 gel mask.

FORMULASI SEDIAAN MASKER ANTIOKSIDAN DARI EKSTRAK TEH HIJAU (CAMELLIA SINENSIS)

Abstract
 
 Research has been carried out on the formulation of maskantioxidant preparations containing green tea leaf extract. The study begins with testing the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of green tea leaves with a free radical reduction method of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl using visible spectrophotometry. Testing of antioxidant activity showed that the ethanol extract of green tea leaves gave an IC50 value of 3.17µg / mL. Formulations of gel masks made were F0 (base without active substances), F1 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for IC50 (0,000317%)), F2 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for 50xIC50 (0, 0158%)), F3 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for 100xIC50 (0.0317%)), F4 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for IC50), F5 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves worth IC50), F6 (base + concentration of ethanol extract of green tea leaves for IC50. Evaluation of gel mask preparations include, organoleptic examination and homogeneity,
 pH, viscosity, dry time of preparation and testing of antioxidant stability. F2 provides better and higher free radical reduction activity than products on the market. F4, F5, F6 shows an increase in free radical reduction activity.
 
 Keywords: Green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis L.), DPPh, IC50 gel mask.

NOVEL TRANSETHOSOME CONTAINING GREEN TEA (CAMELLIA SINENSIS L. KUNTZE) LEAF EXTRACT FOR ENHANCED SKIN DELIVERY OF EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE: FORMULATION AND IN VITRO PENETRATION TEST

Objective: This study aimed to formulate a transethosome cream (TEC) to increase skin penetration of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in green tealeaf extract and evaluate their physicochemical characteristics and skin penetration capacity.Methods: Transethosomes were prepared through thin-layer hydration method in three formulations (F1−F3) with different Span 80 and ethanol concentrations.Transethosome morphology was characterized using transmission electron microscopy, particle size, polydispersity (PDI), and zeta potential using a particlesize analyzer and entrapment efficiency (EE). Penetration was tested using an in vitro Franz diffusion cell with female Sprague-Dawley rat skin as themembrane.Results: Transethosome F2 containing green tea extract equivalent to 3% EGCG, 4% Lipoid P30, 0.75% Span 80, and 30% ethanol had the bestcharacteristic including spherical shape, smallest particle size (35.35 nm), 0.319 PDI, zeta potential of −29.97±3.05 mV, and highest EE of45.26%±8.15%. TEC permitted greater flux than non-TEC (first phase: 60.56±4.52 vs. 25.69±0.83 μg•cm−2•h−1 and second phase: 23.13±1.38 vs.7.36±1.59 μg•cm−2•h−1).Conclusion: Transethosome can increase the skin penetration of green tea leaf extract.

FORMULATION AND DISSOLUTION PROFILE STUDY OF TRANSFERSOME-LOADED MICROSPHERES FROM GREEN TEA LEAF EXTRACT

Objective: The aim of this study was to prepare transfersome-loaded microspheres which had good characteristics and physicochemical stability toincrease bioavailability of the polyphenol component of green tea leaf extract in the body.Methods: Transfersomes were prepared using a thin-layer hydration method. Green tea leaf extract transfersomes were formulated in the ratio of95:5, 90:10, and 85:15 based on their phospholipid and Span 80 content.Results: The most successful formula produced transfersomes of a spherical shape, 78.75 nm in size with a polydispersity index of 0.187, zetapotential of −37.5 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 47.96±5.81%. Subsequently, the transfersome was loaded into a microsphere using the spray-drymethod. The microspheres had a non-spherical, wrinkled shape, their size was 2058.44 nm, their polydispersity index was 0.545, their entrapmentefficiency was 59.27±0.59%, their moisture content was 5.21%, and their swelling index was 289.36% after 4 h. The total cumulative amount ofEpigallocatechin-3-gallate after a dissolution test was 69.15±7.66%.Conclusion: The physicochemical stability of transfersome-loaded microspheres was not significantly different from that of transfersome powder.

FORMULATION OF A CREAM CONTAINING ETHOSOMAL GREEN TEA (CAMELLIA SINENSIS L. KUNTZE) LEAF EXTRACTS FOR IMPROVED DERMAL PENETRATION

Objective: This study aimed to formulate the epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) from green tea into ethosomes and measure the resulting increases inskin penetration using a rat model.Methods: Ethosomes were formulated using ethanol concentrations of 25% (F1), 30% (F2), and 35% (F3), and those with favorable characteristicswere then incorporated into a cream for the determination of penetration into Franz diffusion cells.Results: We showed that the formulation F3 had the best spherical morphology, a Z-average value of 73.01 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.26, azeta potential of −47.77±3.93 mV, and the highest percentage of drug entrapment (49.46%±0.62%) compared with the other formulas. The totalcumulative EGCG penetration from the resulting ethosomal cream was 905.75±49.47 μg/cm2, whereas that from the cream containing green tea leafextract was only 413.92±52.83 μg/cm2.Conclusion: These data indicate a higher penetration of EGCG from ethosomal green tea cream than from cream containing non-ethosomal green teaextract.

Green synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles by the main reduction component of green tea (Camellia sinensis L.).

Recently the use of medicinal plants potential in the production of nanoparticles has received serious attention. Here, the main component of Camellia sinensis L. (green tea) extract was detected by spectroscopy and the optimal conditions were determined for their performance in green synthesis of silver nanoparticles at room temperature. Epigallocatechin gallate was identified as the dominant component in the extract as determined by spectroscopy, and it was established that its oxidation was a function of the solution pH. Transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and visible absorption spectroscopy (UV-Vis) confirmed the reduction in silver ions to silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). Controlling over Ag NPs shape and narrow size distribution was achieved with 10 ml green tea leaf extract solution and in different reaction pH. Spherical colloidal Ag NPs with well-defined hydrodynamic diameters (with average hydrodynamic size of 27.9-50.2 nm) were produced. Silver nitrate concentrations used in this study were lower than that of reported in similar works, and synthesis efficiency was also higher. Nanoparticles were perfectly spherical and their uniformity, compared to similar studies, was much higher. These NPs showed higher degree of stability and were aqueously stable for >10 months in dark glasses at 4°C.

Acute Hepatitis Associated with “Thermogenic Fat Burner” Weight Loss Supplementation: A Case Report

Thermogenic fat burner treatments are used to increase an individual’s basal metabolic rate, thus mimicking exercise and inducing weight loss. In rare circumstances, these supplements are associated with hepatotoxicity. We describe the case of a 21-year-old male who presented with painless jaundice and a weight loss of 25% of body weight following 8 weeks of thermogenic fat burner supplementation. Laboratory investigations revealed a severe transaminase and bilirubin elevation (AST/ALT>2000 IU/L, total bilirubin=148 μmol/L). An otherwise extensive workup, including a liver biopsy, did not identify a precise cause. Two weeks after discharge, his condition stabilized with a significant improvement in his laboratory abnormalities. In this report, we discuss the likely ingredients that contributed to the patient’s condition, including Garcinia cambogia and green tea leaf extract, and review similar cases documented in the literature.

Formulation and Evaluation of Phytosome-Loaded Maltodextrin-Gum Arabic Microsphere System for Delivery of Camellia sinensis Extract

Background: Phytosome is a nanovesicle that combines plant extracts and phospholipids to produce more soluble fat complex and provide better absorption. The Camellia sinensis (green tea leaf) extract has an abundant amount of polyphenol-containing Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). However, its absorption properties are poor due to its high polarity, and it is unstable to heat, light, and pH. The purpose of this study was to formulate and produce a phytosome-loaded microsphere of green tea leaf extract with good physicochemical properties, so it can improve the stability and delivery of phytosome. Methods: Phytosome was made using thin layer hydration method. It was formulated with green tea leaf extract equal to 3% of EGCG, and different concentrations of 97% phospholipids containing 30% phosphatidylcholine (lipoid P 30), i.e. 2% (F1); 3.5% (F2); and 4% (F3). The selected phytosomes were formulated into a microsphere using maltodextrin and gum arabic as a carrier, then their stability and dissolution profile were evaluated. Results: The results showed that F3 was the best formula with spherical shape, Dmean volume of 42.58 nm, polydispersity index at 0.276, zeta potential at -48.2 ± 1.78 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 50.61±0.93%. Total cumulative amount of EGCG after 4 h dissolution test was 85.21%. Furthermore, it showed a good physicochemical stability through organoleptic, water content, and physicochemical properties study which was conducted for 6 weeks at various temperatures. Conclusion: In conclusion, phytosome-loaded maltodextrin and gum arabic microsphere of green tea leaf extract could increase the stability of EGCG. Key words: Camelia sinensis extract, Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), Gum arab, Maltodextrin, Microsphere Phytosome.

English

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is considered toxic and has other life-threatening side effects including dyslipidemia. There is no research report on the health effects of Ethiopian highland green tea. Previous work data from elsewhere suggest that lipid abnormalities are associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective effect of green tea (Ocimum gratissimum) hydro-ethanolic leaf extract on highly active antiretroviral therapy induced dyslipidemia in albino Wistar rats. Thirty rats of age 10 to 12 weeks and similar weights were selected and divided in to 5 groups of six rats each. Group-I (normal control group) were given distilled water, Group II were given HAART only, Groups III, IV and V were given antiretroviral therapy and 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of extract, respectively for sixty days. The dissolved crude extracts of different doses were given to rats using oral gavage. On experiment day, the rats were fasted overnight, sacrificed by cervical dislocation and blood was taken by cardiac puncture for lipid profile investigation. Lipid profile was measured spectrophotometrically using standard kits and procedures. Elevated levels of serum total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol were observed in highly active antiretroviral therapy treated group. The rats that received HAART+400 mg of O. gratissimum showed a significant decrement of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (p<0.05) with no alteration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. The green tea leaf extract with a dose of 400 mg/kg has a good protective effect against HAART induced dyslipidemia which might be due to its antioxidant property. Key words: Highly active anti-retroviral therapy, green tea leaf extract, dyslipidemia, rats.

Cashew gum and maltrodextrin particles for green tea (Camellia sinensis var Assamica) extract encapsulation

Cashew gum and maltodextrin microcapsules containing green tea leaf extracts were made using a spray-dryer. Green tea extracts were submitted to cytotoxicity analysis and characterization of bioactive compounds. Three formulations of microcapsules were performed, which were then submitted to characterization through morphological study, particle diameter and distribution, zeta potential, Exploratory Differential Calorimetry, entrapment efficiency, dissolution test and X-ray diffraction. The extract had a high bioactive compound content and no cytotoxicity was observed. The amorphous microcapsules presented irregular shapes with a circular predominance and dentate surface, mean diameters varying from 2.50 to 3.64 μm, solubility ranging from 63% to 72.66%. Low values of microencapsulation efficiency, zeta potencial and dissolution profile were observed. The microparticles based on the dry extract of green tea present potential as a food ingredient and as a promoter of health benefits.

Investigate the effect of silica on improvement electrochemical storage of hydrogen in ZnAl2O4 spinel

In this work, different morphologies of pure ZnAl2O4 nanostructures and ZnAl2O4/SiO2 nanocomposites were successfully synthesized via a simple co-precipitation method. Two green reagents namely green tea and olive leaf extracts were used to the synthesis of these nanostructures. The products were examined by different analysis such as X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found all samples have pure structures and there are no impurities in the products. The porosity of samples was investigated by BET analysis. The results showed that the reagents have a significant role in the product size and morphology and by changing the extracts, they growth in different directions. Also, it was found that the products are composed of very tiny particles and due to their high active surface area, they aggregated together and some big particles are obtained. The electrochemical hydrogen storage performance of ZnAl2O4 and ZnAl2O4/SiO2 nanocomposite were investigated by the galvanostatic charge-discharge method in 6 M KOH aqueous medium under 1 mA current. The discharge time of ZnAl2O4, ZnAl2O4/SiO2 (synthesized using green tea extract), ZnAl2O4, ZnAl2O4/SiO2 (synthesized using olive leaf extract) is 1750, 2800, 3900 and 5000s, respectively. EIS indicates that the resistance of CU-foam electrodes increases with the addition of samples. The ZnAl2O4 and ZnAl2O4/SiO2 is a good candidate for hydrogen storage due to the electrochemical hydrogen storage performance suitable. The green synthesis and hydrogen storage are very useful for prevent environmental pollution that were used in this work.

Development of Anti Acne Cream (w/o/w Multiple Emulsion) Containing Green Tea Leaf Waste

Background: To date, green tea leaf waste is not well utilized, the waste is remain considered as a waste. Previous studies found that green tea leaf waste still have a fairly high EGCG content. EGCG has benefits as an antibacterial. Utilization of green tea leaf waste started from formulation until the diversification of multiple emulsion w/o/w products has not been reported.Objective: To develop anti acne cream (W/O/W) multiple emulsion containing green tea leaf waste and evaluate its antibacterial activity against acne-inducing bacteria of Propionibacterium acnes (P.acnes).Methods: Phase one of this research was green tea leaves was extracted by infundation and fractionation method using ethyl acetate and prepared in different concentration (1% to 6%). The second stage was ethyl acetate fraction of green tea leaf extract was tested for its antibacterial activity against P.acnes. Third stage was tested physical properties of formulation with w/o/w multiple emulsion.Results: The optimal antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate fraction of green tea leaf extract against P.acne was at the concentration of 6%, with inhibition zone of 32.6 mm ±0.57. The formula of w/o/w multiple emulsion loaded with green tea leaves waste of 6% active substance demonstrated a good physical properties which can spread 90.4 cm2 ± 0.03, pH 5.00 ± 0.02 and microscopic analysis showed multiple emulsion w/o/w.Conclusion: The concentration of 6% green tea leaf waste formulated in multiple emulsion had a good physical and antibacterial activity for a referred standard. It is necessary to test the stability of multiple emulsion formula.

Effects of bay leaf (Laurus nobilis) and green tea (Camellia sinensis) extracts on the physicochemical properties of the marinated anchovies with vacuum packaging

ABSTRACTGreen tea and bay leaf extracts are natural preservatives for increasing the shelf life of food products. Effects of green tea and bay leaf extract on anchovy marinades were determined by measuring microbiological, sensory, and physical properties. Marinated anchovies were prepared with 4.2% wine vinegar, 9% salt solution and ripened for 24 h at 10°C in a fish processing factory. Green tea extract (1%, 2% w/v), bay leaf extract (0.1%, 0.2 w/v) were added to the marination solution. Following the draining procedure, marinated anchovies were vacuum packaged and stored at 4°C for 240 days. The addition of green tea and bay leaf extract reduced microbial load, TVB-N (total volatile basic nitrogen) level, and TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) value. Green tea extract was most effective on lipid peroxidation and yielded a darker color, which is not preferred by customers. Biogenic amines amount in all of the samples were very low due to low acidity level and good manufacturing practices. Plant extracts had no significant effect on biogenic amine accumulation in marinated anchovies.

Influence of Ingesting a Flavonoid-Rich Supplement on the Metabolome and Concentration of Urine Phenolics in Overweight/Obese Women.

This study evaluated the effect of ingesting a flavonoid-rich supplement (329 mg/d) on total urine phenolics and shifts in plasma metabolites in overweight/obese female adults using untargeted metabolomics procedures. Participants (N = 103, 18-65 y, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) were randomized to flavonoid (F) or placebo (P) groups for 12 weeks with blood and 24 h urine samples collected prestudy and after 4 and 12 weeks in a parallel design. Supplements were prepared as chewable tablets and included vitamin C, wild bilberry fruit extract, green tea leaf extract, quercetin, caffeine, and omega 3 fatty acids. At 4 weeks, urine total phenolics increased 24% in F versus P with similar changes at 12 weeks (interaction effect, P = 0.041). Groups did not differ in markers of inflammation (IL-6, MCP-1, CRP) or oxidative stress (oxLDL, FRAP). Metabolomics data indicated shifts in 63 biochemicals in F versus P with 70% from the lipid and xenobiotics superpathways. The largest fold changes in F were measured for three gut-derived phenolics including 3-methoxycatechol sulfate, 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid sulfate, and 1,2,3-benzenetriol sulfate (interaction effects, p ≤ 0.050). This randomized clinical trial of overweight/obese women showed that 12 weeks ingestion of a mixed flavonoid nutrient supplement was associated with a corresponding increase in urine total phenolics and gut-derived phenolic metabolites.

Cytotoxic effect of green tea leaf extract on tumor cell line

The study was conducted to evaluate antitumor effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) extracts (aqueous and methanolic) on Rhabdomyosarcoma; cell line and a normal cell line; mouse embryo fibroblast; Chemical detections of green tea extracts revealed that the aqueous and methanolic extracts were positive for flavonoids, alkaloids, phenol and glycosides. The percentage growth inhibition of five plant concentrations (50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 µg/ml) were assessed in vitro using tumor cell lines Rhabdomyosarcoma and normal cell line mouse embryonic fibroblasts. The results revealed that the five concentrations of the plant extracts showed anti-tumor properties in a concentration-dependent manner, and the methanolic extract recorded better values of percentage growth inhibition than the aqueous extract in Rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines, while, less percentage growth inhibition values were recorded in the mouse embryo fibroblast cell line.

The Effect of Green Tea Leaf Extract on Spatial Memory Function and Superoxyde Dismutase Enzyme Activity in Mice with D-galactose Induced Dimentia

Background:�Oxidative stress�and�inflammation�play�an important role in�pathogenesis of�brain aging�and neurodegenerative diseases such as�Alzheimer. Green tea�has been shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective�activity. Objectives: to determine the effect of green tea extract on�spatial memory function and superoxide dismutase�enzyme activity in mice with D-galactose induced dementiaMethods:�An experimental study using "post test only control group design".�Twenty male�BALB/c Mice aged 6-8�weeks were divided into�4�groups.�Negative control group�(NG)�was induced by subcutaneous injection of�D-galactose�(150�mg/kg BW)�once�daily for�6�weeks.�GT-90, GT-270,�GT-540�were induced by�D-galactose�and orally administered with 90, 270, and 540 mg/kg BW of�green tea extract�once daily for 6 weeks.�The spatial memory functions were assessed using Morris water maze and�SOD enzyme activities�were evaluated using ELISA.�One-way Anova and Kruskal-Wallis were used for statistical analysis.�Results: mean�percentage of latency time in the GT-90�(35.29�(SD=�2.69)%),�GT-270�(35.28 (SD= 2.62)%), and�GT-540�(35.62�(SD=5.05)%)�were�significantly�higher compared to that of NG�(20.38�(SD =�3.21)%), p�&lt;0.05). SOD enzyme activity in the�GT-270�(0.78 (SD = 0.07) U/ml)�was�significantly�higher�compared to that of NG�(0.51 (SD = 0.01) U�ml), p= 0.004).Conclusion:�Green tea extract�may�improve�spatial memory�function�and�the activity of�superoxide dismutase�enzyme in mice�with D-galactose induced�dementia.

The Effect of Green Tea Leaf Extract on Spatial Memory Function and Superoxyde Dismutase Enzyme Activity in Mice with D-galactose Induced Dimentia

Background: Oxidative stress and inflammation play an important role in pathogenesis of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer. Green tea has been shown to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and neuroprotective activity.Objectives: to determine the effect of green tea extract on spatial memory function and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity in mice with D-galactose induced dementiaMethods: An experimental study using "post test only control group design". Twenty male BALB/c Mice aged 6-8 weeks were divided into 4 groups. Negative control group (NG) was induced by subcutaneous injection of D-galactose (150 mg/kg BW) once daily for 6 weeks. GT-90, GT-270, GT-540 were induced by D-galactose and orally administered with 90, 270, and 540 mg/kg BW of green tea extract once daily for 6 weeks. The spatial memory functions were assessed using Morris water maze and SOD enzyme activities were evaluated using ELISA. One-way Anova and Kruskal-Wallis were used for statistical analysis. Results: mean percentage of latency time in the GT-90 (35.29 (SD= 2.69)%), GT-270 (35.28 (SD= 2.62)%), and GT-540 (35.62 (SD=5.05)%) were significantly higher compared to that of NG (20.38 (SD = 3.21)%), p &lt;0.05). SOD enzyme activity in the GT-270 (0.78 (SD = 0.07) U/ml) was significantly higher compared to that of NG (0.51 (SD = 0.01) U ml), p= 0.004).Conclusion: Green tea extract may improve spatial memory function and the activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme in mice with D-galactose induced dementia.

Influence of Ingesting a Flavonoid‐Rich Supplement On the Human Metabolome and Concentration of Urine Phenolics

A variety of polyphenol‐rich supplements (juices, extracts, purified flavonoids) have been tested at low to high doses for varying lengths of time, typically with study participants at high disease risk. Results have been mixed, perhaps because of short dosing periods, low subject numbers, and the lack of focus on whole body metabolic responses. This study evaluated the effect of ingesting a flavonoid‐rich supplement (329 mg/d) on total urine phenolics and shifts in plasma metabolites in overweight/obese female adults using untargeted, global metabolomics procedures. Participants (N=103, 18–65 y, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) were randomized to flavonoid or placebo groups for 12 weeks, with blood and 24‐h urine samples collected pre‐study, 4‐ and 12‐weeks in a parallel design. Supplements were prepared as chewable tablets, and included vitamin C, wild bilberry fruit extract, green tea leaf extract, quercetin, caffeine, and omega 3 fatty acids. One serving (4 chewable tablets) contained 50 kilocalories, 100 mg vitamin C, 60 mg n3‐PUFA (24 mg docosahexaenoic acid, 36 mg eicosapentaenoic acid), 107 mg caffeine, and 329 mg total flavonoids. Analysis of pre‐ and post‐study 3‐day food records revealed the flavonoid supplement increased dietary intake by 217% (138±23.0 to 437±20.1 mg/day) compared to placebo (interaction effect, p&lt;0.001). At 4‐weeks, urine total phenolics increased 24% in the flavonoid group above placebo, with similar changes at 12‐weeks (interaction effect, P=0.041). Groups did not differ in traditional markers of inflammation (IL‐6, MCP‐1, CRP) or oxidative stress (oxLDL, FRAP). Metabolomics data indicated shifts in 63 plasma metabolites in the flavonoid versus placebo group, with 70% of these from the lipid and xenobiotics super pathways. The largest fold changes were measured for three gut‐derived phenolics including 3‐methoxycatechol sulfate, 3‐(3‐hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid sulfate, and 1,2,3‐benzenetriol sulfate (interaction effects, p≤0.050). Small group differences in 29 metabolites from the lipid super pathway were more than likely related to the combined influence of green tea extract and caffeine. This randomized clinical trial of overweight/obese women showed that 12‐weeks ingestion of a mixed flavonoid‐nutrient supplement was associated with a corresponding increase in urine total phenolics and gut‐derived phenolic metabolites. The lack of change in traditional measures of inflammation and oxidative stress in this study is consistent with other 10‐ to 12‐week polyphenol supplementation investigations, and supports the strategy of using metabolomics procedures to better define physiological responses in humans.Support or Funding InformationSupported by funding from Reoxcyn Innovation Group LLC, Salt Lake City, UT