Green Synthesis Of Pd Nanoparticles Research Articles

Environmental Energy Production and Wastewater Treatment Using Synthesized Pd Nanoparticles with Biological and Photocatalytic Activity

AbstractMetallic nanoparticles have attracted great attention in catalytic, medical diagnosis, and treatment research in recent years. The formation of palladium nanoparticles using rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract was carried out using the green synthesis method. The plant was extracted using 70% ethanol by microwave techniques. The novelty of this study is the investigation of the biological activities of green synthesis of Pd nanoparticles, such as DNA cleavage activity, antimicrobial activity, DPPH scavenging activity, and its electro-catalytic performance in alcohol oxidation. Additionally, photocatalytic activities were also evaluated. The characterization of synthesized palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) was performed by UV-spectrometry, XRD, FTIR, and TEM. According to TEM results, Pd nanoparticles were observed to have a spherical shape and an average particle size of 4.91 nm. The Pd NPs showed the photodegradation of MB solution by up to 79.9% at 120 min. The newly synthesized plant-mediated green synthesized Pd NPs showed the max and the min antimicrobial activity at 16 µg/mL and 256 µg/mL against L. pneumophila and C. albicans, respectively. The current density ratio of 48.22 mA/cm2 obtained in the study indicates that the obtained materials may be of interest in different applications. According to the results obtained, a direct relationship of extract use is observed in the synthesis of Pd nanoparticles and is a good way to reduce and stabilize metal salts. It has been determined that green Pd NPs have potential for use in energy production from alcohol oxidation and in medical applications.

Green Synthesis of Pd Nanoparticles for Sustainable and Environmentally Benign Processes

Among transition metal nanoparticles, palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) are recognized for their high catalytic activity in a wide range of organic transformations that are of academic and industrial importance. The increased interest in environmental issues has led to the development of various green approaches for the preparation of efficient, low-cost and environmentally sustainable Pd-nanocatalysts. Environmentally friendly solvents, non-toxic reducing reagents, biodegradable capping and stabilizing agents and energy-efficient synthetic methods are the main aspects that have been taken into account for the production of Pd nanoparticles in a green approach. This review provides an overview of the fundamental approaches used for the green synthesis of PdNPs and their catalytic application in sustainable processes as cross-coupling reactions and reductions with particular attention afforded to the recovery and reuse of the palladium nanocatalyst, from 2015 to the present.

Green synthesis of Pd nanoparticles supported on modified Nonpareil almond shell using almond hull extract: a beneficial nanocatalyst for convenient reduction of organic dyes

In this investigation, palladium nanoparticles were synthesized by green and inexpensive method using Nonpareil almond hull, as a reducing and stabilizing agent without using any toxic solvent or capping agents. In this protocol, two separate methods were used to immobilize Pd NPs on the surface of green-waste Nonpareil almond shell (NAS) and modified Nonpareil almond shell was obtained as an environmentally benign support. The green synthesized nanocatalysts were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and transform electron microscopy (TEM). TEM images revealed that the Pd NPs immobilized on modified Nonpareil almond shell are spherical particles with average size of less than 20 nm without any agglomeration. In order to investigate the catalytic activity of green synthesized Nanocatalyst, it was used in the reduction of Methylene Blue (MB), Rhodamine 6G (R6G) and Methyl Orange (MO) at room temperature. The results showed that the modified nanocatalyst had a high catalytic activity in the reduction of these organic dyes. In addition, the nanocatalyst can be easily recycled and reused several times without losing its activity.

Facile and green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles loaded into cyclodextrin nanofibers and their catalytic application in nitroarene hydrogenation

Facile and green synthesis of Pd nanoparticles using cyclodextrin and their electrospinning into polymer-free nanofibers were reported.

Green synthesis of Pd nanoparticles via extracted polysaccharide applied to glucose detection

Abstract A green innovation strategy is performed to synthesize palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) using Cynomorium songaricum polysaccharide (CSP). The structure and properties of the as-prepared Pd NPs are characterized by a set of techniques, including transmission election microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction and cyclic voltammetry. The results show that Pd NPs are well dispersed with a mean size of 4.2 nm. As-obtained Pd–CSP/C electrode exhibits good stability and anti-interference ability for glucose detection in electrochemical studies. It can completely cover the normal blood glucose concentration with high sensitivities of 17.7 µA mM−1 cm−2, and excellent stability during long-term electrochemical detection. Compared with the commercial glucometer, the relative deviation of the measured samples was equal to 5.0%. Significantly, this study offers an environmental friendly polysaccharide way for fabricating nanomaterials, which would develop more nanomaterials for various application fields in future.

In Situ Green Synthesis of Pd Nanoparticles on Tannic Acid‐Modified Magnetite Nanoparticles as a Green Reductant and Stabilizer Agent: Its Application as a Recyclable Nanocatalyst (Fe3O4@TA/Pd) for Reduction of 4‐Nitrophenol and Suzuki Reactions

AbstractTannic acid, as a humic‐like substance with phenolic hydroxyl and carbonyl functional groups, can modify surface of Fe3O4 NPs. Moreover, it can improve surface properties and capacity of Fe3O4 for adsorption and reduction of palladium ions through complexing with them, in aqueous solutions. Therefore, Fe3O4@TA NPs have potentials of reducing, stabilizing and immobilizing palladium nano particles to generate novel magnetic palladium nanocatalysts. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrum (EDS), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) methods unraveled the catalyst properties. Investigation of Fe3O4@TA/Pd NPs performance illustrated its recycle nature and high catalytic activity towards Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions and reduction of 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP), at room temperature.

Green Synthesis of Pd Nanoparticles Mediated by Thymbra Spicata Leaves Extract and Its Application as a Recyclable Nanocatalyst for Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol and Suzuki Reactions

Green Synthesis of Pd Nanoparticles Mediated by Thymbra Spicata Leaves Extract and Its Application as a Recyclable Nanocatalyst for Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol and Suzuki Reactions

Green synthesis of Pd nanoparticles supported on reduced graphene oxide, using the extract of Rosa canina fruit, and their use as recyclable and heterogeneous nanocatalysts for the degradation of dye pollutants in water.

The current study suggests a convenient synthesis of in situ, ecofriendly and well-dispersed palladium nanoparticles with narrow and small dimension distributions on a graphene oxide (GO) surface using a Rosa canina fruit extract as a stabilizer and reducing agent without the addition of any other stabilizers or surfactants. The as-synthesized nanocatalyst (Pd NPs/RGO) was assessed with XRD, UV-vis, FE-SEM, EDS, TEM, ICP and WDX. The obtained heterogeneous nanocatalyst showed catalytic performance for reducing 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), rhodamine B (RhB) and methylene blue (MB) at ambient temperature in an ecofriendly medium. The catalyst was retained by centrifugation and reused several times with no considerable change in its catalytic performance.

Green synthesis of Pd nanoparticles supported on LDHs and its application in the Suzuki coupling reaction

Palladium nanoparticles supported on layered double hydroxides (PdNPs/LDHs) were prepared via a green route employing Pine needle extract (PNE) as a reducing and capping agent. The prepared PdNPs/LDHs were characterized by XRD, TEM, EDS, N2-adsorption analysis. The PdNPs with an average size of 1.75 nm are uniformly dispersed on the LDHs surface. It exhibits high catalytic activity toward the Suzuki coupling reaction with only 0.05 mol% of the catalyst. And the catalyst could be reused for 8 times without an obvious loss of activity.

Green Synthesis of Pd Nanoparticles Supported on Magnetic Graphene Oxide by Origanum vulgare Leaf Plant Extract: Catalytic Activity in the Reduction of Organic Dyes and Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reaction

A novel and green approach based on the biosynthesis of palladium nanoparticles on modified graphene oxide by Origanum vulgare leaf plant extract have been developed by our group. The prepared magnetically nanocatalyst was characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The heterogeneous catalytic system was investigated for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol, methylene blue and methyl orange in the presence of NaBH4 as a reducing reagent and also for Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reactions between phenylboronic acid and a range of aryl halides (X = I, Br, Cl). Moreover, synthesized catalyst could be readily recycled and reused several times without significant loss of activity.

Aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohols through biosynthesized palladium nanoparticles mediated by Oak fruit bark extract as an efficient heterogeneous nanocatalyst

In this study, green synthesis of Pd nanoparticles (NPs) is outlined through application of Oak fruit bark extract as a reducing, capping and stabilizing agent. The characteristics and properties of the biosynthesized Pd NPs were revealed by FESEM, EDX, XRD, TEM, UV–Vis, and FT-IR spectroscopies. So that, UV–Vis spectroscopy of the Pd colloidal solution confirmed reduction of Pd ions, and XRD and TEM analysis identified fcc unit cell structure forming 5–7nm spherical Pd NPs. Furthermore, catalytic activity of the prepared catalyst was investigated through aerobic oxidation of alcohols, as model reactions. Catalytic evaluations demonstrated achievement of good yields from primary and secondary benzyl alcohols. In general, the devised synthesis method is advantageous from several perspectives. For example, the synthesized catalysts give high product yields and are efficient, they eliminate the need for surfactant, chemical reductants, ligand and organic solvents, the approach is economically inexpensive, it results in cleaner reaction profiles, application of the simply prepared heterogeneous catalyst is convenient, and the catalyst is recoverable and reusable for at least six times without any significant loss of its catalytic activity.

Green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using fenugreek tea and their catalytic applications in organic reactions

In this communication, we present the fenugreek tea aided green synthesis of Pd nanoparticles (PdNPs@FT). The synthesized PdNPs were characterized by UV–Visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), small area electron diffraction (SAED), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). FT-IR manifested that polyol and amide groups present in fenugreek may have participated in the synthesis of palladium nanoparticles. PdNPs@FT exhibited high catalytic activity towards hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol. PdNPs@FT catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction between bromobenzene and phenyl boronic acid gave desired biphenyl in excellent yield.

Green Synthesis of Pd Nanoparticles via Gallic Acid

Green Synthesis of Pd Nanoparticles via Gallic Acid

Green synthesis of Pd nanoparticles at Apricot kernel shell substrate using Salvia hydrangea extract: Catalytic activity for reduction of organic dyes

For the first time the extract of the plant of Salvia hydrangea was used to green synthesis of Pd nanoparticles (NPs) supported on Apricot kernel shell as an environmentally benign support. The Pd NPs/Apricot kernel shell as an effective catalyst was prepared through reduction of Pd2+ ions using Salvia hydrangea extract as the reducing and capping agent and Pd NPs immobilization on Apricot kernel shell surface in the absence of any stabilizer or surfactant. According to FT-IR analysis, the hydroxyl groups of phenolics in Salvia hydrangea extract as bioreductant agents are directly responsible for the reduction of Pd2+ ions and formation of Pd NPs. The as-prepared catalyst was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and UV–Vis spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Elemental mapping, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and transmittance electron microscopy (TEM). The synthesized catalyst was used in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), Methyl Orange (MO), Methylene Blue (MB), Rhodamine B (RhB), and Congo Red (CR) at room temperature. The Pd NPs/Apricot kernel shell showed excellent catalytic activity in the reduction of these organic dyes. In addition, it was found that Pd NPs/Apricot kernel shell can be recovered and reused several times without significant loss of catalytic activity.

Green synthesis of Pd nanoparticles mediated by Euphorbia thymifolia L. leaf extract: Catalytic activity for cyanation of aryl iodides under ligand-free conditions

Pd nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by using aqueous extract of leaves of Euphorbia thymifolia L., a non-toxic ecofriendly material. The catalytic activity of the Pd NPs was investigated in the cyanation of aryl iodides using K4Fe(CN)6 as the cyanating agent under ligand-free conditions. The nitriles were obtained in good to excellent yield and the catalyst can be recovered and reused for five times without significant loss of catalytic activity.

A green synthesis of Pd nanoparticles supported on modified montmorillonite using aqueous Ocimum sanctum leaf extract: a sustainable catalyst for hydrodechlorination of 4-chlorophenol

A green synthesis of Pd nanoparticles on montmorillonite clay using Ocimum sanctum leaf extract and its application in hydrodechlorination of 4-chlorophenol in water.

Pd nanoparticles synthesized in situ with the use of Euphorbia granulate leaf extract: Catalytic properties of the resulting particles

For the first time the extract of the plant of Euphorbia granulate was used to green synthesis of Pd nanoparticles (NPs) as a heterogeneous catalyst for the phosphine-free Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction at room temperature. This method is a facile and eco-friendly way in organic synthesis using the plant extract as biomedia, bioreductant and capping ligand which considerably stabilizes the surface of Pd NPs. The presence of flavonoid and phenolics acids in the extract could be responsible for the reduction of Pd2+ ions and formation of the corresponding Pd NPs.

Honey Mediated Green Synthesis of Pd Nanoparticles for Suzuki Coupling and Hydrogenation of Conjugated Olefins

Honey Mediated Green Synthesis of Pd Nanoparticles for Suzuki Coupling and Hydrogenation of Conjugated Olefins