Green Residues Research Articles

Linking biochars properties to their capacity to modify aerobic CH4 oxidation in an upland agricultural soil

Aerobic soils are the largest biotic sink for atmospheric methane (CH4). Although agricultural intensification is known to adversely impact soil CH4 uptake, the application of organic amendments (e.g. composts, green residues) in agricultural soils has been found to stimulate the activity of CH4 oxidizers. However, little is known about the influence of biochar (a carbonaceous by-product of biomass pyrolysis) on the soil CH4 sink function. This study analyzes, through a series of laboratory incubation assays, how ten well-characterized biochars with contrasting properties influence CH4 oxidation rate constants (k) in an aerobic high-pH agricultural soil. Through the use of 13C-CH4, we demonstrated that both CH4 soil oxidation and CH4 assimilation were responsible for the decrease in CH4 concentration. A principal component regression (PCR) of the results suggested that the physico chemical properties of biochars were directly linked to their ability to enhance or inhibit the oxidation of CH4. Biochars from wood feedstocks and pyrolysed at 600 °C, characterized by a high pore area, led to the highest CH4 oxidation rates whereas biochars with high ash concentrations and electrical conductivity significantly diminished CH4 oxidation rates. Biochar redox properties were not found to be relevant for CH4 oxidation in soil.

Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Microwave-Extracted Phenolic Compounds from Biomass Residues

The present work deals with the extraction of phenolic compounds from biomass through microwave-assisted processes. In this case, green walnut shell residues have being studied for the extraction o...

The N,S co-doped carbon dots with excellent luminescent properties from green tea leaf residue and its sensing of gefitinib

The green tea leaf residue was used as the carbon source to produce carbon dots (named as T-CDs) by combining pyrolyzation at high temperature and oxidation by concentrated H2SO4. Owing to the co-doping of S and N, T-CDs possessed high fluorescence quantum yield up to 14.8%. The fluorescence of the T-CDs was stable to the environmental pH, ionic strength and ultraviolet radiation, but sensitive to temperature with switchable intensity between 15 °C and 65 °C. The fluorescence of T-CDs was also found to be quenched by gefitinib via the inner-filter effect. Thus, T-CDs were used as the fluorescence sensor for gefitinib determination with good linearity in the range of 0.1 μg/mL to 20 μg/mL with satisfactory accuracy. The proposed T-CDs were obtained based on waste recycling of tea leaf residue for sustainability, and this strategy widened the applications of CDs.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy with partial least squares regression for rapid and accurate detection of malachite green in aquaculture water using large-size gold nanoparticles

Malachite green is not used in aquaculture owing to its severe toxic effects on humans and other living organisms. The presence of this compound in fishery water should be quantified and reported in all water quality reports. In this paper, a method based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering combined with partial least squares regression for rapid, accurate, reliable, and sensitive detection of trace malachite green in fishery water is described. A prepared sol of 100-nm-size gold particles was used as an active substrate for Raman spectral data acquisition. Three parameters that affect detection, namely, the volume of gold nanoparticles (400 µL), the volume of sodium chloride (300 µL), and the adsorption time (8 min) were optimized in single-factor experiments. Under the optimal condition, the proposed method demonstrated a wide linear range of detectable concentrations (0.01–5.0 µmol/L) and the limit of detection was 2.7 × 10−9 M. The proposed method successfully detected spiked malachite green in fishery water samples, with satisfactory recoveries and relative standard deviations. Thus, this study suggests a rapid, simple, accurate, and sensitive approach for detecting malachite green residues in fishery water samples, which is promising for wide applications in environmental monitoring and food safety.

Potential of Green Ceramics Waste for Alkali Activated Foams.

The aim of the paper is to research the influence of foaming and stabilization agents in the alkali activation process of waste green ceramics for future low cost up-cycling into lightweight porous thermal insulating material. Green waste ceramics, which is used in the present article, is a green body residue (non-successful intermediate-product) in the synthesis of technical ceramics for fuses. This residue was alkali activated with Na-water glass and NaOH in theoretically determined ratio based on data from X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) that was set to maximise mechanical properties and to avoid efflorescence. Prepared mixtures were compared to alkali activated material prepared in theoretically less favourable ratios, and tested on the strength and density. Selected mixtures were further foamed with different foaming agents, that are Na-perborate (s), H2O2 (l), and Al (s), and supported by a stabilization agent, i.e., Na-dodecyl sulphate. The goal of the presented work was to prepare alkali activated foam based on green ceramics with density below 1 kg/l and compressive strength above 1 MPa.

Fallow preceding crops of spring wheat on black soils of Western Transbaikal territory

The article presents the materials of the study of various preceding crops on the yield of spring wheat in the conditions of black soils in steppe zone of the Republic of Buryatia. The research is a comparative study of next forecrops: summer fallow, green manured fallow and seeded fallow. Crops sown on a seeded fallow are oil radish crops and pea-oat mixture. It was established that the yield of spring wheat on summer fallow for three years in average was – 15.9 c/ha, on the sown fallow (oil radish) – 13.3 c/ha, on the sown fallow (peas – oat) – 14.5 c/ha, green-manured fallow (oil radish) - 15.2 c/ha, and green-manured fallow (peas - oat) – 15.3 c/ha. In steppe zone of the Republic of Buryatia the best forecrop of spring wheat of breeds Buryatskaya 79 on black soil is summer fallow, both in dry and humid years. The best yield of top soil green mass and plant residues provides a pea - oat mixture among the crops in field test that were for seeded fallow crops.

Long-Term Influence of Nutrient Management on Carbon and Nutrients In Typic-Ustochrept Soils

ABSTRACTContinuous incorporation of green manure (GM) and rice straw residue (RSR) over a long period of time generally improved soil physico-chemical properties. To generate this information, laboratory studies were conducted during 2014 on the soil samples collected from an on-going long-term experiment on rice–wheat sequence in progress since 2001. The results of the study reported improvement in bulk density, water holding capacity, and total porosity with green manuring. The maximum organic carbon build up was recorded in manure @ 15 t ha−1 which was applied through GM. The application of fertilizers, GM and RSR incorporation improved the buildup of the available and total N, P, and K contents of surface soil. The data further indicated that the DTPA-extractable and total Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn in soil increased significantly in all the fertilizer and manurial treatments over recommended practice. The integrated use of GM and RSR in combination with chemical fertilizers improved the soil fertility status, as well as its physical environment. To sustain the soil health of rice–wheat system in loamy sand soil, it is imperative to apply GM and RSR in combination with chemical fertilizers. Also the increase in DTPA-extractable and total Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn may be attributed to chelating action of organic compounds released from manures applied in the form of GM and RSR under rice–wheat system.

Characteristics of the emulsion stabilized by polysaccharide conjugates alkali-extracted from green tea residue and its protective effect on catechins

Alkali-extracted tea polysaccharide conjugates, termed TPC-A, are obtained from the residue derived from tea after water extraction. Oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by different concentrations of TPC-A (0.5 wt%, 1.0 wt %, 1.5 wt %, 2.0 wt %, and 3.0 wt%) were prepared using medium chain triglycerides (MCT). The optimal concentrations of TPC-A were 2.0 wt % and 3.0 wt %. We investigated the effects of the storage time of 10 days, pH 2.0–10.0, and metal ions (Na+ and Ca2+) on the emulsion stabilized using 2.0 wt % TPC-A at 25 ℃. During the 10-day storage period, the mean particle diameter (MPD) (d32) of the emulsion stabilized using 2.0 wt % TPC-A slightly increased from 0.31 μm to 0.37 μm, and the absolute value of the zeta potential increased from 44.9 mV to 41.4 mV. Under neutral or alkaline conditions, the emulsion stabilized using TPC-A had the MPD (d32) of less than 0.30 μm and the absolute value of the zeta potential ranging from 40.52 to 41.53 mV. The MPD (d32) of the emulsion in different Na+ concentrations from 0 mmol/L to 500 mmol/L, increased from 0.30 μm to 2.80 μm, and their absolute value of zeta potential decreased from 41.0 mV to 37.7 mV. The emulsion stabilized using TPC-A had a favorable protective effect on EGCG and EGC, and the retention rates of EGCG and EGC during the 10 days were 7 and 6 times higher than those without TPC-A emulsion protection, respectively. TPC-A extracted from tea residue, which is abundantly available and cheap, can be used as a natural emulsifier, in order to develop a milky food or beverage products with excellent health benefits.

Reviews and syntheses: Review of causes and sources of N<sub>2</sub>O emissions and NO<sub>3</sub> leaching from organic arable crop rotations

Abstract. The emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O) and leaching of nitrate (NO3) from agricultural cropping systems have considerable negative impacts on climate and the environment. Although these environmental burdens are less per unit area in organic than in non-organic production on average, they are roughly similar per unit of product. If organic farming is to maintain its goal of being environmentally friendly, these loadings must be addressed. We discuss the impact of possible drivers of N2O emissions and NO3 leaching within organic arable farming practice under European climatic conditions, and potential strategies to reduce these. Organic arable crop rotations are generally diverse with the frequent use of legumes, intercropping and organic fertilisers. The soil organic matter content and the share of active organic matter, soil structure, microbial and faunal activity are higher in such diverse rotations, and the yields are lower, than in non-organic arable cropping systems based on less diverse systems and inorganic fertilisers. Soil mineral nitrogen (SMN), N2O emissions and NO3 leaching are low under growing crops, but there is the potential for SMN accumulation and losses after crop termination, harvest or senescence. The risk of high N2O fluxes increases when large amounts of herbage or organic fertilisers with readily available nitrogen (N) and degradable carbon are incorporated into the soil or left on the surface. Freezing/thawing, drying/rewetting, compacted and/or wet soil and mechanical mixing of crop residues into the soil further enhance the risk of high N2O fluxes. N derived from soil organic matter (background emissions) does, however, seem to be the most important driver for N2O emission from organic arable crop rotations, and the correlation between yearly total N-input and N2O emissions is weak. Incorporation of N-rich plant residues or mechanical weeding followed by bare fallow conditions increases the risk of NO3 leaching. In contrast, strategic use of deep-rooted crops with long growing seasons or effective cover crops in the rotation reduces NO3 leaching risk. Enhanced recycling of herbage from green manures, crop residues and cover crops through biogas or composting may increase N efficiency and reduce N2O emissions and NO3 leaching. Mixtures of legumes (e.g. clover or vetch) and non-legumes (e.g. grasses or Brassica species) are as efficient cover crops for reducing NO3 leaching as monocultures of non-legume species. Continued regular use of cover crops has the potential to reduce NO3 leaching and enhance soil organic matter but may enhance N2O emissions. There is a need to optimise the use of crops and cover crops to enhance the synchrony of mineralisation with crop N uptake to enhance crop productivity, and this will concurrently reduce the long-term risks of NO3 leaching and N2O emissions.

Allelopathic effects account for the inhibitory effect of field-pea (Pisum sativum L.) shoots on wheat growth in dense clay subsoils

The deep-placement of nutrient-rich organic amendments in poorly-structured subsoils can improve subsoil structure and increase grain yields, but its widespread adoption by farmers is limited by the availability and cost of animal manures, the current choice of amendment. Three glasshouse experiments investigated the effectiveness of dried field pea (Pisum sativum L.) shoots (green chop), as green manure, on wheat growth in three subsoils with contrasting soil chemical and physical properties. The growth of wheat plants was greatly suppressed when the green chop was placed in Sodosol and Chromosol subsoils. In contrast, there was a twofold increase in shoot biomass in response to the addition of green chop to Vertosol. Three allelopathic compounds, pisatin, anhydropisatin, and maackian, were identified at higher concentrations in the extracts of remaining green chop residues in the Sodosol and Chromosol, compared to the Vertosol, directly supporting phytotoxicity as the cause of observed inhibitory effects of green chop in these soils. The persistence of the phytotoxicity in the Sodosol might be attributed to its poor aeration caused by poor structure or compaction. Nevertheless, pre-incubation led to microbial decomposition of the allelochemicals in the Sodosol, though at a much slower rate than in the Vertosol. Further studies are needed to determine the time period required for the disappearance of the phytotoxic effects in soils with different physico-chemical properties.

Application of UPLC-MS/MS for Simultaneous Determination of Malachite Green and Metabolites Residues in Tilapia

In this work, a convenient, sensitive method for simultaneous monitoring of malachite green, leucomalachite green in tilapia samples was developed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The tilapia samples were extracted by acetonitrile, separated withacetonitrile-5mmol/L ammonium acetate as mobile phase, and then detected under ESI+ mode. The method showed a good linearity for all the analysts over the range of 0.1-100 μg kg-1 with r2≥0.998. And the detection limits both were 0.10 μg kg-1 for Malachite green and leucomalachite green. Tests for recovery were made by addition of standards at four different concentration levels (0.5, 2.0, 10.0, 20.0 μg kg-1) to the blank sample. The recoveries of the four spiked concentrations were ranged from 81.5% to 104%, with the relative standard deviations lower than 5%. The sensitivity, accuracy and precision of this method were able to meet the requirements for malachite green and leucomalachite green residue analysis.

Bamboo particle reinforced polypropylene composites made from different fractions of bamboo culm: Fiber characterization and analysis of composite properties

AbstractDifferences in anatomical structure and chemical composition of bamboo fractions have an obvious influence on the properties of bamboo thermoplastic composites (BPCs). Six fractions of bamboo particles including bamboo culm (BC), bamboo green (BG), bamboo timber (BT), bamboo yellow (BY), bamboo node (BN), and bamboo processing residue (BR) were prepared and compounded with polypropylene (PP) to fabricate BPCs using extrusion. The anatomical structure, chemical composition, crystallinity, and morphology of the bamboo particles were characterized. The processability, mechanical properties, creep‐recovery, and dynamic viscoelasticity of the BPCs were evaluated. The results show that the anatomical structure and composition of the bamboo fractions influenced the crystallinity, morphology, and aspect ratio (L/D) of the bamboo particles, as well as the performance of the resulting composites. BG had the largest crystallinity, length, and L/D, followed by BC and BT. BY was the shortest with the smallest L/D. The BC/PP composites exhibited the best processability and optimal mechanical properties. The BG/PP composites had the highest modulus and creep resistance. The BY/PP composites had the poorest processability and mechanical performance. These results indicate that BG from processing residues can be recycled into high‐value composites and provide a scientific basis for further research on BPCs made from bamboo processing residues.

Effect of Green Manuring Crops on Carbon Mineralization, Dehydrogenase and β-Glucosidase Activities in Inceptisols

Pot culture and incubation studies were conducted to assess the carbon mineralization and soil enzyme activities with green manure crop residue in Inceptisols. The studies were undertaken with six green manure crop residues viz., sunhemp (Crotolaria juncea), cluster bean (Cymopsis tetragonaloba), cow pea (Vigna unguiculata), mutant dhaincha (Sesbania rostrata), green gram (Vigna mungo) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) which were grown up to 50 per cent flowering in the pot along with control at Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Pune during 2020-21 in completely randomized design with three replications. Carbon mineralization and soil enzyme activities i.e. dehydrogenase and β- glucosidase were studied by incorporating green manure crop residues in soil. In the incubation study, the mutant dhaincha recorded significantly higher release of CO2-C throughout the incubation period than othertreatments. The rate of release of CO2-C was slow at 0 and 15 days after incubation but increased at 45 days after incubation and thereafter, gradual decline in all green manures incorporated treatments was observed. Higher dehydrogenase and β- glucosidase activity were recorded in sun hemp treated pots.

The effects of different soil nutrient management schemes in nitrogen cycling

It is imperative for sustainable agriculture to explore practices and inputs creating low N2O emission capacity without reducing the productivity of the agricultural system. To evaluate different nutrient management schemes, a microcosm study was conducted to assess the direct N2O emission from soil. Four different treatments were used to provide a preliminary assessment of N2O emissions, as well as the concentrations of nitrates (NO3−) and ammonium (NH4+) produced in soil: compost (derived from green plant residues), chickpea residues (green manure) in two different N concentrations (2.6% and 5.5%, respectively) and ammonium nitrate (fertilizer). The soil was thoroughly mixed with the organic amendments and ammonium nitrate and incubated for 31 days. The emissions of N2O were higher in green manure with high-N content, as a source of nitrogen in the soil, and were similar to the emissions measured from the chemically fertilized soil. In particular, chickpea residues, with high-N content, exhibited cumulative N2O emissions, equal to 266.17 μg N/m2, whereas in fertilized soil the emissions were 267.10 μg N/m2. On the contrary, the incorporation of chickpea plant residues with low-N content can be an efficient way to minimize the N2O emissions at 21.63 μg N/m2. The emissions of N2O when compost was applied, remained relatively low, equal to 5.47 μg N/m2, and in comparison to soil without any treatment. Overall, a positive association between NH4+, NO3− in soil and N2O emissions were observed. However, this response was treatment depended, and the significant positive correlation between NH4+ and N2O emissions were noticed in soils treated with ammonium nitrate, chickpea residues with low N content, as well as untreated controls. On the contrary, the positive correlation observed between NO3− and N2O emissions in soils receiving compost and high N chickpea residues, suggest that the different treatments are differentially affecting the processes that are contributing to N2O emissions in agricultural soils. These findings, emphasize that the different nutrient management schemes are differentially affecting the main process contributing to N2O emissions in agricultural soils.

A methodology for estimating the ammonia emission from crop residues at a national scale

Abstract Crops and crop residues contribute to pollution of the environment by ammonia (NH3) volatilization. This study focusses on the volatilization from crop residues, defined as residues after a management action or frost i.e. residues that are left on the field after harvest, after killing by use of herbicides or after frost. The objective of this study was to develop a general methodology to calculate the volatilization from crop residues and to estimate their contribution to the NH3 volatilization at a national scale. A regression model was developed to assess the NH3 volatilization from crop residue based on the nitrogen (N) content of the residue (emission factor). Information on farm practices (degree of incorporation of residues, the application of crop killing and mowing frequency of grass), harvested crop areas, and N load in crop was used to calculate the emission from crop residues at national scale. The contribution of crop residues to the national NH3 volatilization in the Netherlands was substantial and calculated at 1.9 million kg NH3-N. Grassland contributed about three quarters of total NH3 volatilization from crop residues. Most volatilization occurs from the mowing losses (54%) and renovation of grassland (14%). Residues of arable crops also have a contribution of 14% to total volatilization. Within arable crops, potatoes are responsible for more than half of the NH3 volatilization, with the largest contribution from seed potatoes, followed by sugar beet and cabbage crops. NH3 volatilization from green manure crop residues (killed by freezing or spraying herbicides) is about half the volatilization from arable crop residues (7%). The developed general approach for estimating the NH3 volatilization from crop residues was applied for the Netherlands but may also be applicable to other countries, taking into account their site specific emission factors and farm practices statistics.

Rapid detection of malachite green residues in fish using a surface-enhanced Raman scattering-active glass fiber paper prepared by in situ reduction method

Food safety issues, especially those related to drug residues, have caused concern in recent years. Malachite green (MG), which is frequently used as ectoparasiticide, fungicide, and antiseptic in fish farming, is poisonous and carcinogenic. Several technologies and methods have been developed to accurately detect MG, but they can be time-consuming and expensive. Herein, we prepared a glass fiber paper as a surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate for rapid and convenient detection of MG residues in fish. Uniform silver nanoparticles were deposited on the glass fiber paper by two in situ reduction steps of silver nitrate. The Raman signal of MG was detected and recorded using a portable Raman spectrometer in 10 s. There was a good linear relationship between the surface-enhanced Raman scattering signal intensity and the concentration of MG between 1 × 10−7 and 1 × 10−5 mol/L and the limit of detection was 5 × 10−10 mol/L. Residual MG in fish samples was extracted and detected with a recovery rate range of 98.9–119.4%. This method provides a novel way to detect MG in fish.

Rice–wheat productivity and profitability with residue, tillage and green manure management

The rice–wheat system (RWS) practiced in northwestern parts of the Indo-Gangetic plains of India is highly productive, but conventional practices are resource (water, labour and energy) and cost intensive. A 4-year field study evaluated the effects of green manure (GM), crop residue and tillage on crop yields, economic profitability and soil fertility in a RWS. Four main plot treatments in rice included combinations of wheat stubble and Sesbania aculeata GM management: (1) puddled transplanted rice (PTR) with no wheat stubble, (2) PTR with 25% wheat stubbles (15–20 cm high) retained, (3) PTR with no wheat stubble plus GM, and (4) PTR with wheat stubble splus GM. Three sub-plots treatments in subsequent wheat included (1) conventional till wheat with rice straw removed (CTWR0), (2) zero till wheat with rice straw removed (ZTWR0) and (3) zero till wheat with 100% rice straw retained as surface mulch (ZTWR100). The results showed that main rice yield was significantly higher (8.0%) with 50% less fertilizer N application in GM compared with conventional PTR with no GM. Rice treatments did not affect the grain yield of subsequent wheat. ZTWR100 produced significantly higher mean wheat grain yield by 7.3% and 17.5% compared with CTWR0 and ZTWR0, respectively. System productivity was 11.5% higher in PTR with wheat stubble + GM followed by ZTWR100 compared with the conventional RWS and resulted in Rs 24,075 ha−1 more net returns. Significant increases in soil organic carbon, available P and available K contents were recorded in ZTWR100 over CTWR0. Recycling rice and wheat stubble in the field in RWS is also environment friendly as it avoids ill effects of straw burning.

OPTIMASI EKSTRAKSI DAN PENENTUAN KANDUNGAN KATEKIN DALAM TEH HIJAU (Camellia sinensis) MENGGUNAKAN METODA HPLC

This research was designed to determine the optimum period extraction time for catechin green tea using boiling water and ethyl acetate as a solubilizing agent, whereas the composition and the content of catechin green tea were measured using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). A single factor experiment design was used. The period extraction time of green tea using boiling water and ethyl acetate were 5, 20, 35 and 60 minutes. The proportion of green tea at the extraction process was 1:15 (weight/volume). The extraction process using boiling water was done twice to get the maximum extracted catechin yield. The extracted catechin of green tea were, therefore, compared with epi-catechin as standard solution. The research’s results show that the optimum period for extraction time of green tea using boiling water and ethyl acetate were 35 and 20 minutes, respectively. The extracted green tea using boiling water was 41.39 % of its dry weight, and those extracted green tea contained catechin as high as 60.62-61.78 %. Catechin compound in green tea residues extracted using ethyl acetate was 5.31 % from 58.35 % the total green tea residues. The composition of catechin in the first boiling water extraction, the second boiling water extraction and pressure extraction consisted of epigallocatechin (EGC), epigallocatechin-gallat (EGCG), epicatechin (EC) and epicatechin-gallat (ECG). ECG was only found in green tea residue extracted using ethyl acetate. The total catechin compound in green tea extracted using boiling water and ethyl acetate was 27.73 % of dry weight, consisted of EGC, EGCG, EC and ECG were 14.74, 1.73, 8,35 and 2.91 % of green tea dry weight, respectively

Application of lactic acid bacteria in green biorefineries

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have extensive industrial applications as producers of lactic acid, as probiotics, as biocontrol agents and as biopreservatives. LAB play a large role in food fermentation and in silage processes, where crops such as grass, legumes, cereals or corn are fermented into high-moisture feed that is storable and can be used to feed cattle, sheep or other ruminants. LAB also have great applications within green biorefineries, with simultaneous production of protein-rich feed for monogastric animals, silage or feed pellets for ruminants and production of lactic acid or specific amino acids. In green biorefineries, fresh or ensiled wet biomass is mechanically fractionated into green juice and solid residues (press cake), where the plant juice, for example, can be used for production of lactic acid using LAB. In a process named 'ENLAC', recovery of protein and chlorophyll from silage by simultaneous lactic acid fermentation and enzyme hydrolysis has been developed. Furthermore, a process for protein recovery was recently developed by applying a specific LAB starter culture to green juice from freshly harvested crops. This paper focuses on reviewing LAB for their applications within biorefining of 'green' crops such as clover, alfalfa, grasses and other green plant materials.

Application of lactic acid bacteria in green biorefineries.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have extensive industrial applications as producers of lactic acid, as probiotics, as biocontrol agents and as biopreservatives. LAB play a large role in food fermentation and in silage processes, where crops such as grass, legumes, cereals or corn are fermented into high-moisture feed that is storable and can be used to feed cattle, sheep or other ruminants. LAB also have great applications within green biorefineries, with simultaneous production of protein-rich feed for monogastric animals, silage or feed pellets for ruminants and production of lactic acid or specific amino acids. In green biorefineries, fresh or ensiled wet biomass is mechanically fractionated into green juice and solid residues (press cake), where the plant juice, for example, can be used for production of lactic acid using LAB. In a process named 'ENLAC', recovery of protein and chlorophyll from silage by simultaneous lactic acid fermentation and enzyme hydrolysis has been developed. Furthermore, a process for protein recovery was recently developed by applying a specific LAB starter culture to green juice from freshly harvested crops. This paper focuses on reviewing LAB for their applications within biorefining of 'green' crops such as clover, alfalfa, grasses and other green plant materials.