Green Nanoparticles Research Articles

Growth and metabolism of pea (Pisum sativum) via biostimulants based on greener ZnO nanoparticles

The purpose of this study was to identify the most important physiological and biological effects of green synthesis ZnO nanoparticles at a size of 65 nm, biostimulant (Folcare) and interaction biostimulant ZnO NPs on plant growth and metabolism. As our understanding of biostimulants’ preventive and restorative modes of action has increased, it is critical to maintain the best crop output and quality possible. The reduction of fertilizers must be substituted by strategies that improve the nutrients uptake or their utilization by the plants. New processing methods are required as an efficient green process or an integrated (hybrid) process for different new technologies of interest. The effects of NPs, biostimulant, and combination ZnO NPs biostimulant on plant cell metabolism were examined in cytosol, chloroplast, and mitochondria of cells from the stems, roots, and leaves. The interaction NPs/biostimulant had a beneficial effect on the morphological and physiological indicators of plant health than when nanoparticles and biostimulant are applied separately. Folcare biostimulant coupled with zinc oxide nanoparticles improved pea crops growth. The improved of the quality of pea plants can be explained at least, in part, by increase in antioxidant activities during plant growth phenophase.

EVALUATION OF NANOPARTICLES BASED GELS FROM EXTRACTION OF DIFFERENT FRUIT PEELS

Nanoparticles are particles ranging in size from 1 nm to 100 nm. Triangles, spheres, irregular shapes, etc. They come in different sizes such as. In recent years, the synthesis of nanoparticles has received widespread attention due to their unique properties and potential applications. The powder sample (100gm) was extracted with 800ml ethanol using Soxhlet extraction method for 6 hours. The resulting extract is used in the preparation of nanoparticles. The main objective of the present work was to prepare green apple and orange peel extract based nano particles by chemical complexation method. Ethanol extracts of green apple and orange peel were prepared using Soxhlet extractor and analyzed for their phytochemical composition. qualitative analysis of green apple peel showed positive results for alkaloids, anthraquinones, saponins and terpenoids, while orange peel showed positive. Good results for alkaloids, tannins and saponins. The moisture percentage of two fruits (green apple and orange) is 72% and 96.12% respectively. Green apples and oranges have a pH of 3.6 and 3.8 respectively. The zeta potential of green apple extract nanoparticles is -24.6 mV to -34.5 mV (P20 and P50), and the zeta potential of orange extract is -21.4 mV to 32.0 mV (O20 and O50). For nanoparticles these values are higher, indicating less potential for aggregation. The size of the apple extract varies from 118.6 nm to 231.7 nm (P20 and P30), while the size of the orange extract varies from 178.8 nm to 191.6 nm (O20 and O50). This line confirms that the obtained particles are in the nanometer range, i.e. <500 nm in size. SEM results show the formation of nanoparticles and their shape is spherical. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis confirmed the presence of silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles were prepared using green and orange juice peels. Computability studies FT-IR showed that there was no change in the functional group of the shell in the prepared nanoparticles. Zeta potential indicates higher efficiency and therefore less particle aggregation. The prepared nanoparticles are spherical in shape and have a particle size of approximately 200 ± 20nm. Further the study will be extended for anti- microbial and wound healing activities. KEYWORDS: Orange peel extract, Qualitative analysis, Nano particles, Zeta potential, Particle Size

Dual tracer navigation for lymph node dissection in laparoscopic radical gastrectomy (DANCE trial): a protocol for a prospective, randomized clinical trial

BackgroundLymph node (LN) metastasis is the most common metastasis route in gastric cancer. Extensive dissection of LNs can significantly improve the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. Recently, multiple clinical studies have demonstrated that either indocyanine green (ICG) or carbon nanoparticles (CNs) can assist to promote the dissection of LNs during laparoscopic radical gastrectomy. Considering the pros and cons of the two tracers, this study proposed a novel method of dual tracer (ICG combined with CNs) for lymphatic tracing in laparoscopic gastric cancer surgery.MethodsThis trial is a prospective, randomized controlled trial (RCT) with an estimation of 516 participants that randomize into 4 groups (1:1:1:1), namely control group, ICG group, CNs group, and dual tracer group. The primary outcome is the number of dissected LNs. The secondary outcomes include positive rate, false positive rate, negative rate, false negative rate, number of metastatic LNs, relationship between LN metastasis and tracer stained, operation duration, blood loss, incision length, morbidity and mortality rate, 3-year DFS (disease free survival), PFS (progression-free survival), and OS (overall survival).DiscussionThis study will investigate the efficacy and safety of a novel strategy using dual tracers for laparoscopic gastrectomy. The protocol has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (2021-361-02). The trial findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2100051309). Registered 18 September 2021, https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=133764.

Green Lead Nanoparticles Induced Apoptosis and Cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 Cells by Inducing Reactive Oxygen Species and Caspase 3/7 Enzymes

Nanoparticles are widely used in the pharmaceutical, agriculture, and food processing industries. In this study, we have synthesized green lead nanoparticles (gPbNPs) by using an extract of Ziziphus spina-christi leaves and determined their cytotoxic and apoptotic effect on the human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell line. gPbNPs were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The toxicity of gPbNPs was determined on the MDA-MB-231 cell line using MTT and NRU assays and as a result cell viability was reduced in a concentration-dependent manner. MDA-MB-231 cells were more sensitive at the highest concentration of gPbNPs exposure. In this experiment, we observed the production of intracellular ROS in cells, and induction of caspase 3/7 was higher in cells at 42 µg/ml of gPbNPs. Moreover, the Bax gene was upregulated and the Bcl-2 gene was downregulated and increased caspase 3/7 activity confirmed the apoptotic effect of gPbNPs in cells. Our observation showed that gPbNPs induced cell toxicity, increased generation of intracellular ROS, and gene expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that gPbNPs executed toxic effects on the MDA-MB-231 cell line through activating caspase 3/7 activity.

Green Development of Titanium Dioxide Using Astragalus boeticus for the Degradation of Cationic and Anionic Dyes in an Aqueous Environment

Wastewater discharge from the textile industry poses significant health problems for humans. As a result, the effluent waters are often rich in dyes, whose low natural decomposition capacity makes their treatment complex, thus contributing to environmental degradation. It becomes imperative to implement effective solutions for treating these contaminated waters, with a primary goal: to make them fit for human consumption. The present study focuses on the development of green TiO2 nanoparticles (TiO2-NP) using titanium (IV) isopropoxide as a precursor, along with the extract of Astragalus boeticus (A.B). These green TiO2 nanoparticles have been developed for use as highly efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of two types of dyes: Reactive Yellow 161 (RY161), an anionic dye, and Crystal Violet (CV), a cationic dye. The structural, microstructural, and optical properties of the synthesized material were characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and UV-Vis methods. The results of these analyses revealed that the nanoparticles have a size of approximately 68 nm, possess an anatase structure, exhibit a spherical surface morphology, and have a band gap of 3.22 eV. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized material demonstrated a 94.06% degradation of CV dye in a basic environment (pH = 10) within 30 min, with an initial CV concentration of 10 mg/L and a catalyst mass of 1 g/L. Additionally, it achieved a 100% degradation of RY161 dye in an acidic environment (pH = 4) within 90 min, with an initial RY161 concentration of 30 mg/L and a catalyst mass of 1 g/L. Furthermore, the recycling study indicated that the green TiO2 NPs catalyst could be effectively reused for up to five cycles. These experimental findings suggest that the developed TiO2 catalyst holds significant potential as an eco-friendly solution for remediating aqueous media polluted by both anionic and cationic dyes.

Synthesis and characterization of eco-friendly TiO2 nanoparticle from combine extract of onion and garlic peel

Plant extracts are increasingly being used to make green nanoparticles since they are harmless and environmentally friendly. The process provides a cheap technique to create nanoparticles. TiO2 nanoparticles were created in this work using titanium isopropoxide and a combination of onion and garlic peel extracts. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to analyze the green-generated TiO2 nanoparticles containing the extract. The sharp and potent peaks at 2 values of 27.45°, 37.97°, 44.07°, 54.40°, and 69.85° have been used to confirm the configuration of the crystalline nanoparticles (NPs) of TiO2. With the exception of the inescapable adsorption of moisture on the surface in the open air, calcined TiO2 NPs exhibit FT-IR absorption bands that show the purity of the produced nanoparticles. The bactericidal activity of green TiO2 NPs and unprocessed extracts of onion and garlic peels were examined using the disc diffusion method. In comparison to a crude mixed extract, NP is more efficient against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria because to its smaller average crystalline size and consistent shape, which are visible in SEM pictures.

Biochemical Screening, Fabrication of Green Nanoparticles and Its Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Studies of Endophytic Fungus Phlebia Species.

Endophytes are organism dwelling totally dynamic and novel biotopes this makes them able to produce novel biochemicals that may become assets to the future. This study aims at understanding the biochemical components of the endophytic fungus Phlebia sp. synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles from it, and the antimicrobial as well as antioxidant ability of these green synthesised nanoparticles. Aqueous fungal extract was subjected for HRLCMS analysis which revealed 34 biochemicals within the extract. Silver and gold nanoparticles were also produced from the fungal extract. UV-vis analysis revealed a peak at 450nm for silver nanoparticle and 550nm for gold nanoparticles. FESEM analysis confirmed the presence of these nanoparticles with its spherical shape. Both of these nanoparticles were able to produce a conspicuous zone of inhibition in the antimicrobial tests against Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi. For both of the organisms under study, a concentration-dependent expansion of the zone of inhibition was discovered in the nanoparticles. However, with silver nanoparticles, a relatively high zone of inhibition and vulnerability of the organism was discovered. Four in vitro free radical scavenging assays, including the DPPH, Hydroxyl, Superoxide, and Nitric oxide radical scavenging assays, were used for antioxidant analysis. The results of every test demonstrated that green synthesisedsilver nanoparticles had higher activity than gold nanoparticles. All of the tests showed that silver nanoparticles were more active than gold nanoparticles with the maximum value of 86.254 ± 0.296% being discovered at the greatest concentration of superoxide radical scavenging assay.

From synthesis to fabrication: Engineering thin translucent films with green persistent luminescent nanoparticles

Green-emitting ZnGa2O4:Mn2+ persistent luminescent nanoparticles were synthesized via a solvothermal method followed by a microwave-assisted sintering at 1150 °C. The obtained cubic-like particles averaged 62 ± 16 nm by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and presented afterglow for up to 2 h after a 5 min excitation in the UV. By Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), it was observed that the Mn2+ dopant replaces uniquely Zn2+ sites during synthesis. The obtained particles were dispersed with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) in water to create thin films by drop-casting. The films with different concentrations of nanoparticles (1 g/m2, 10 g/m2 and 100 g/m2) had average visible transmittances between 20% and 24%, and presented persistent luminescence after UV excitation, with longer duration by increasing nanoparticle concentration. By synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) nanomapping of these films it is possible to see clusters of up to 6 μm of the nanoparticles in the film due to water pockets during film-casting. The X-ray Excited Optical Luminescence (XEOL) showed only Mn2+ emission and the XEOL-XRF mapping proved the integrity of the nanoparticles after film fabrication. By combining the solvothermal method, microwave-assisted sintering, and drop casting, this study establishes a promising pathway for the development of advanced flexible and translucent persistent luminescent composites.

A comparative study on the malachite green dye adsorption of chemically synthesized and green MgFe2O4 nanoparticles using gerbera floral waste extract.

The situation of discharging a large amount of dyes from the textile industries has caused many adverse effects on human health and the ecosystems. Emerging bio-nanomaterials represent a new trend in efficient dye removal in aqueous media. Herein, we mention that MgFe2O4 bioprepared using gerbera extract has been successfully used to adsorb malachite green (MG) in water. A comparison was made to determine the dye removal efficiency between biogenic MgFe2O4 (MFOB) and chemical MgFe2O4 (MFOC). The spherical MFOB material exhibited a large surface area of 85.0 m2 g-1 and high crystallinity. The obtained outcomes showed that the highest adsorption capacity of MG dye was 584.49 mg g-1 at a MFOB dose of 0.05 g L-1 and MG concentration of 10 mg L-1. Higher correlation coefficients in the Langmuir isotherm suggested monolayer adsorption of MG. The Box-Behnken design and response surface method were established to optimize MG removal percentage under the conditions, i.e., initial MG concentration (10-30 mg L-1), adsorbent dose (0.02-0.08 g L-1), and pH of dye solution (6-8). MFOB had good reusability with high removal efficiencies after three continuous cycles. Post reuse, this adsorbent still showed excellent stability through the verification of their structural properties in comparison with fresh MFOB, showing potential for practical applications.

Microwave synthesis of Chitosan-stabilized selenium nanoparticles: Intrinsic oxidant scavenging capabilities, hemocompatibility, anticancer, and antibacterial potency

Chitosan-stabilized selenium nanoparticles (Ch-St-SeNPs) were produced using Chitosan (Ch) in conjunction with microwave technology. Based on the morphological analysis, it was determined that the Ch-St-SeNPs were spherical and had sizes that varied between 8.0 and 17.0 nm. In addition, the DPPH radical scavenging test was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant effectiveness. The results showed that the green nanoparticle, prepared at 100.0 mg/mL, exhibited the highest scavenging capacity (297.1 ± 10.2 mg g−1). The concentrations of Ch-St-SeNPs reach 500 mg/ml, and the in-vitro cell viability of Ch-St-SeNPs via human breast cancer MCF-7 cell lines will decrease to 41.2 ± 3.1 % within a day of exposure. The evaluation of Ch-St-SeNPs included an analysis of their hemolytic strength, which was found to be significant. According to the findings, Ch-St-SeNPs exhibited excellent results, with no noticeable effect on RBCs and a considerably lower toxicity rate (7.2 %) compared to Triton-X-100, which showed a toxicity rate of 98.1 %. The effectiveness of Ch-St-SeNPs was evaluated by testing its antibacterial properties against various types of bacteria, including Escherichia coli (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis). Results showed thatCh-St-SeNPs had a more significant impact on E. coli with a ZOI of 23.2 ± 1.3 mm compared to the standard antibiotic, which only had a ZOI of 15.0 ± 0.7 mm. According to prior research, Ch-St-SeNPs have potential applications in healthcare due to their ability as anticancer, antioxidants, and impact bacteria. In addition, the compatibility of human red blood cells is also a factor to consider.

Green Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles Mediated Fumaria officinalis L. Plant as Sustainable and Renewable Adsorbing Materials

Magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) have been utilized to mediate Fumaria officinalis L., a plant known for its rich source of various phytogredients such as diterpenes, nor-diterpenoids, tri-terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. These natural compounds act as capping, reducing, and stabilizing agents, offering an affordable and safer approach to synthesize nanoparticles in line with sustainable and eco-friendly concepts, such as green nanoparticles. The cost-effective synthesized nanoparticles were employed to adsorb Pb(II) from an aqueous solution. For investigating the surface characteristics of the adsorbent, a range of techniques were employed, including Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and X-ray Diffraction. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was specifically applied to discern the functional groups present within the compounds. To optimize the adsorption process and achieve the best removal efficiency (R%), several parameters, including pH, initial concentration, temperature, and contact time, were optimized using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The experimental results indicated that the Langmuir isotherm provided a well-fitted model, suggesting a monolayer of Pb(II) capping on the surface of magnetite nanoparticles, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 147.1 mg/g. Moreover, the kinetic findings demonstrated a strong alignment with the pseudo-second-order model. The computed (qe) and observed outcomes associated with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model exhibited a commendable concurrence, underscoring the model’s remarkable precision in forecasting the adsorption mechanism of Pb(II) within the examined parameters. The antioxidant activity and green nanocomposite properties were determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and standard analytical methods. The phytochemical profile exhibited a total phenolic content of 596 ± 0.001 mg GAE/g dry weight and a total flavonoid content of 18.25 ± 0.001 mg QE/g dry weight. The DPPH radical’s inhibition showed potent antioxidant activity at various concentrations (44.74, 73.86, 119.791, and 120.16% at 200, 400, 600, and 800 μg/mL, respectively), demonstrating the potential of the plant as a natural capping and reducing agent during the green process of nanoparticle formation.

Folate-receptor-targeted co-self-assembly carrier-free gemcitabine nanoparticles loading indocyanine green for chemo-photothermal therapy.

The carrier-free chemo-photothermal therapy has become a promising strategy to improve anti-cancer therapeutic efficacy owing to the combination of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy, with improved chemotherapy drug pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, high drug loading, and reduced toxicity. We designed a novel carrier-free targeting nanoparticles, co-self-assembled amphiphilic prodrugs 3',5'-dioleoyl gemcitabine (DOG), and tumor-targeted γ-octadecyl folate (MOFA), with encapsulated US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved photosensitizer indocyanine green (ICG) for synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy. The DOG linking oleic acid to the sugar moiety of gemcitabine (GEM) showed better self-assembly ability among GEM amphiphilic prodrugs linking different fatty acids. The readily available and highly reproducible 3',5'-dioleoyl gemcitabine/γ-octadecyl folate/indocyanine green (DOG/MOFA/ICG) nanoparticles were prepared by reprecipitation and showed nano-scale structure with mono-dispersity, great encapsulation efficiency of ICG (approximately 74%), acid- and laser irradiation-triggered GEM release in vitro and sustained GEM release in vivo after intravenous administration as well as excellent temperature conversion (57.0°C) with near-infrared laser irradiation. The combinational DOG/MOFA/ICG nanoparticles with near-infrared laser irradiation showed better anti-tumor efficacy than individual chemotherapy or photothermal therapy, with very low hemolysis and inappreciable toxicity for L929 cells. This co-self-assembly of the ICG and the chemotherapy drug (GEM) provides a novel tactic for the rational design of multifunctional nanosystems for targeting drug delivery and theranostics.

A Comprehensive Review on Catalytic Activities of Green-Synthesized Selenium Nanoparticles on Dye Removal for Wastewater Treatment

The increase in economic activities and the industrialization of countries have caused the growth of pollution created by waste and sewage. In particular, the textile industry produces large amounts of liquid contaminants due to the large amounts of water employed during the production of fabrics. In addition, dyes are another category of organic compound used in many industries, such as pharmaceuticals and rubber making. The presence of limitations in physico-chemical methods for the degradation of various dyes has stimulated the interest of researchers worldwide. One of the most economical ways is the use of photocatalytic decomposition under UV light radiation by green nanoparticles (NPs). In recent years, various metal NPs have been made using the green method that is cost-effective, eco-friendly, safe, and simple. Selenium (Se) is a crucial semiconductor metal that is widely utilized for its outstanding photovoltaic and optoelectronic attributes. Due to the excellent physical characteristics of Se, such as thermo-conductivity, anisotropy, and high photoconductivity, it has been used for removing various organic dyes. Hence, green SeNPs have attracted much attention in the catalytic decomposition process. The current review focuses on providing comprehensive studies concerning the degradation or reduction of various organic dyes through green SeNPs as an effective and efficient method and their mechanisms. It highlights the importance of utilizing green chemistry and catalytic properties. The aim is to benefit researchers from both academic and industrial backgrounds.

Investigating hazardous 4-aminoantipyrine with functionalized Eco-friendly Fe3O4 nanoparticles decorated nontoxic Molybdenum disulfide nanosheet sensor

In the current study, a new sensor for sensing AAP in pH 3.0 is being developed employing Hydrocerol-A coated green magnetite nanoparticle (HCA-Fe3O4) wrapped MoS2 nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode (HCA-Fe3O4/MoS2@GCE). The electrode material was characterized by CV, SEM, EDX, XRD, and EIS. The proposed sensor showed strong electrocatalytic activity and electrooxidation towards 4-aminoantipyrine with higher peak shift compared to the bare electrode. A plausible mechanism has been suggested to account for the participation of protons and electrons in the oxidation reaction of 4-aminoantipyrine. The quantification of the sensor was conducted using SWV studies under optimized conditions. The obtained results demonstrated that the sensor exhibited a low limit of detection of 9.8 nM and a quantification limit of 30 nM. Additionally, the sensor displayed a wide linear dynamic range spanning from 0.08 to 20 μM. The sensor that was developed demonstrated favorable selectivity for the electrochemical detection of AAP, even in the presence of interferants. Moreover, the artificially created sensor was evaluated for its feasibility in contaminated biological and water samples.

The Antimicrobial and Mosquitocidal Activity of Green Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized by an Aqueous Peel Extract of Punica granatum

An aqueous extract of Punica granatum peel was used as a biocatalyst for magnesium oxide nanoparticle (MgO-NP) synthesis, which was characterized via UV-Vis spectroscopy, TEM, EDX, FT-IR, XRD, DLS, and zeta potential. Data showed the efficacy of the plant aqueous extract in forming spherical, crystalline-nature, well-arranged MgO-NPs with sizes in the range of 10–45 nm with average sizes of 24.82 ± 8.85 nm. Moreover, EDX analysis revealed that the highest weight and atomic percentages were recorded for Mg and O ions. The green synthesized MgO-NPs showed antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans in a concentration-dependent manner with clear zones in the range of 8.7 ± 0.6 to 19.7 ± 0.5 mm with various concentrations. Also, the MIC value was varied to be 25 µg mL−1 for Gram-negative bacteria, B. subtilis, and C. albicans and 50 µg mL−1 for S. aureus. Moreover, MgO-NPs showed high activity against the 3rd-instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus. The mortality percentages were concentration- and time-dependent. Data analysis showed that the highest mortality was 88.3 ± 3.2%, attained at a concentration of 100 µg mL−1 after 72 h. Also, all originated pupae were malformed and did not hatch to adults, with mortality percentages of 100% at all concentrations. Overall, the P. granatum-mediated MgO-NPs showed promising activity in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microbes and the hatching of C. quinquefasciatus larvae to adults.

Comparison of green and synthetic silver nanoparticles in zein-based edible films: Shelf-life study of cold-stored turkey breasts.

This study aimed to compare the effect of zein edible film containing silver nanoparticles produced by green tea leaf extract (Z-gAgNPs) with zein film containing synthetic silver nanoparticles (Z-AgNPs) on the shelf life of turkey breast during refrigerated storage. The produced silver nanoparticles were analyzed using dynamic light scattering (DLS), UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and atomic force microscope (AFM). According to the obtained results, the green fabricated silver nanoparticles (gAgNPs) showed higher polydispersity index (PDI), stability, homogeneity, spherical shape without cavity, and lower size compared to the synthetic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The studied treatments were divided into four groups, including 1- control (C) (turkey breast meat without packaging), 2- Z (turkey breast meat packaged with zein film), 3- Z-AgNPs (turkey breast meat packaged with zein film containing 0.5% (w/w) of AgNPs), and 4-Z-gAgNPs (turkey breast meat packaged with zein film containing 0.5% (w/w) of gAgNPs). The treatments were analyzed for 12 days with 3-day intervals in refrigerator conditions. In general, the measurement of total viable count, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), and pH values showed that Z-gAgNPs film significantly (p ≤ .05) delayed the spoilage of the studied samples until the end of the 12th day of storage and Z-AgNPs, Z, and C treatments were in the next ranks, respectively. It is concluded that the biofabricated silver nanoparticles using green tea leaf extract have more appropriate physicochemical features and higher efficiency compared to the synthesized silver nanoparticles using chemical methods in zein edible films in improving the shelf life of the cold-stored turkey breast meat and can be introduced as a promising alternative to the plastic packaging.

Sustainable Nanoparticles from Stephania glabra and Analysis of Their Anticancer Potential on 2D and 3D Models of Prostate Cancer.

In pursuit of a novel effective treatment for prostate cancer, methanolic extract of Stephania glabra tubers (Sg-ME) was utilized to fabricate silver (Sg-AgNP), copper oxide (Sg-CuONP), and silver-copper bimetallic nanoparticles (Sg-BNP). The characterization of the nanoparticles confirmed spherical shape with average diameters of 30.72, 32.19, and 25.59 nm of Sg-AgNP, Sg-CuONP, and Sg-BNP, respectively. Interestingly, these nanoparticles exhibited significant cytotoxicity toward the prostate cancer (PC3) cell line while being non-toxic toward normal cells. The nanoparticles were capable of inducing apoptosis in PC3 cells by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial depolarization. Furthermore, the shrinkage of 3D prostate tumor spheroids was observed after 4 days of treatment with these green nanoparticles. The 3D model system was less susceptible to nanoparticles as compared to the 2D model system. Sg-BNP showed the highest anticancer potential on 2D and 3D prostate cancer models.

Assessment of the Decontamination and Disinfecting Potentials of C. Papaya Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles on Water and Wastewater Samples

The presence of organic, inorganic and biological pollutants in natural water supply are the major indices of water pollution. The application of green nanoparticles in water treatment is one of the promising ways of eradicating these pollutants and providing safe and quality water for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes. Our research was intended to evaluate the decontamination and disinfecting potentials of C. papaya silver nanoparticles on water and wastewater samples. The green silver nanoparticles were formed using aqueous C. papaya leaf extract and characterized using standard nanotechnological techniques while decontamination and disinfecting potentials of the green silver nanoparticles were examined through physicochemical, heavy metal and bacteriological analysis. The results revealed the spectral and morphological profiles were in conformity with the characteristics of silver nanocrystals. There were significant reductions (P < 0.05) in physicochemical, heavy metal and bacterial qualities of the four water samples at higher (0.5 mg/L) and lower (0.25 mg/L) doses of the green silver nanoparticles and their decontamination and disinfection efficiencies were comparable to the positive control calcium hypochlorite. These findings suggest that C. papaya silver nanoparticles could be exploited in restoring the quality of water and wastewater.

Optical Conductivity Analysis of Green CuO Nanoparticles Using Plant Leaf Extract

The optical properties of green synthesized CuO nanoparticles such as absorption coefficient, refractive index, band gap, dielectric constant and optical conductivity were analyzed. XRD shows that upon temperature treatment of green CuO nanoparticles, the crystal size increases and thus the crystallinity increases due to the decrease in the number of crystals per unit area. Due to the high crystallinity, the absorption coefficient exhibits a high electronic shift and the refractive index exhibits good polarization of the ions. Thus the dielectric constant of the real and imaginary regions decreases as the photon energy increases. Higher temperatures exhibit higher photon energy levels. Optical conductivity has induced electron annihilation due to the absorption coefficient of increased photo energy light; Hence the optical conductivity analysis of Lantana camara capped CuO nanoparticles indicated the stability of electrical conductivity with increase in photo power.

Degradation of Organic pollutant by Green Tea Iron Nanoparticles

Eco Friendly green synthesis method with the use of green tea leaves is used in preparation of Iron nano particles in this research. This method is rarely ever used. Green synthesis methods are one of the recently developed environmentally favorable methods. Green process methods indeed play a crucial role in the advancement of nanotechnology by offering several benefits such as minimizing environmental impact and ensuring the safety of both researchers and end-users. Green manufacturing of catalysts supports sustainable advanced oxidation processes for degradation of organic products. Polyphenol contents which are already in plants prepare the metal nano particles and are revived by non-harmful biodegradable chemical components. High temperature and energy is not required in green synthesis method. The are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterized the synthesized nanoparticles. UV-vis spectrophotometer was used for calculating degradation efficiency of Nanoparticles (NPs). Degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) dye was investigated under sunlight with respect to time and catalyst concentration. MB dye was used as a model dye.