Graphical Classification Research Articles

An integrated geomechanical and petrophysical multiparameter approach for gas reservoir evaluation

Integrating petrophysical and geomechanical parameters is an efficient approach to evaluating shale gas reservoir potential. The high cost of corings and their limited number, coupled with time-intensive investigation, led researchers to use this alternative combination approach. In the Jiaoshiba area, from single-pilot well core data and log measurements, petrophysical and geomechanical parameters such as shale volume, total organic carbon, gas content, as well as pore pressure, stress components, and mineral brittleness were first estimated using established methods. In the second phase, based on logging curves, the reservoir electro-facies (EF) classification was performed using the unsupervised multi-resolution graph-based clustering method on a series of twenty wells, identifying five EF with different intrinsic characteristics. Unsupervised analyses were developed using the multilayer artificial neural network while incorporating the K-nearest neighbors and graphical classification algorithms. The results from the first and second phases indicate reservoir richness in organic matter, with the best reservoir exhibited by EF2 and EF3. In addition, effective stress components (SV, SH, and Sh) evaluation shows a normal stress regime with hydraulic fracture systems perpendicular to the minimum horizontal stress at each measured depth of the reservoir (Sv > SH > Sh). This research workflow can efficiently evaluate shale reservoirs with a realistic approach for identifying favorable fracturing positions while reducing errors due to human interference.

Classification of geotechnical units and their associated slope movements for application to civil engineering in volcanic territories

Slope movements are one of the natural hazards that most affect volcanic islands and often cause alarm to society, as they produce considerable material losses, affect communications and basic community services and, on occasion, involve the loss of human lives. Based on the classification of geotechnical units of the Canary Islands and the characteristic slope movements observed in each of them, the main goal of this article has been to elaborate a classification of movements versus units, as a tool for the management landslides hazards in volcanic environments. The applied methodology was based on the types of slope movements defined by the USGS, and on the research team three decades of experience of the study of geotechnical characterisation and slope instability of volcanic formations. A graphical classification of the possible movements affecting the volcanic geotechnical units has been prepared to make a preliminary estimate of the types of movements that will affect a slope or hillside.

Подходы к картографированию термического режима почв в условиях контрастного рельефа Забайкалья

Long-term temperature conditions of 3,2 m thick soil layer are studied based on the data of Transbaikalian weather stations. Among all the thermal factors, the most informative one, the smallest monthly mean temperature in the annual cycle at the standard measurement depth, is used. Its vertical profiles reflect the depth variations of the temperature and its spatial diversity. They constitute the base for a newly developed graphical classification scheme for wintery thermal conditions of soils. It includes five types of the thermal conditions

A Systematic Literature Review on the Automatic Creation of Tactile Graphics for the Blind and Visually Impaired

Currently, a large amount of information is presented graphically. However, visually impaired individuals do not have access to visual information. Instead, they depend on tactile illustrations—raised lines, textures, and elevated graphics that are felt through touch—to perceive geometric and various other objects in textbooks. Tactile graphics are considered an important factor for students in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics fields seeking a quality education because teaching materials in these fields are frequently conveyed with diagrams and geometric figures. In this paper, we conducted a systematic literature review to identify the current state of research in the field of automatic tactile graphics generation. Over 250 original research papers were screened and the most appropriate studies on automatic tactile graphic generation over the last six years were classified. The reviewed studies explained numerous current solutions in static and dynamic tactile graphics generation using conventional computer vision and artificial intelligence algorithms, such as refreshable tactile displays for education and machine learning models for tactile graphics classification. However, the price of refreshable tactile displays is still prohibitively expensive for low- and middle-income users, and the lack of training datasets for the machine learning model remains a problem.

Cryotolerance of equine spermatozoa correlates with specific fatty acid pattern: A pilot study

Sperm cryopreservation represents a powerful tool for horse breeding. To improve the efficiency of artificial insemination in the horse using cryopreserved spermatozoa, an adequate understanding of the underlying biophysical properties that affect sperm cryosurvival needs to be reached yet. In this pilot study, we described isolation and analysis of the main fatty acids from sperms of stallions classified as good and poor freezers (7 GF and 5 PF, according to sperm motility and viability, before and after cryopreservation). Fatty acid profiles were only assessed in pre-thaw sperms. Eight main fatty acids were identified, using gas chromatography, and their contents were expressed as percentage of the total lipid content. We found that lauric, myristic and oleic acid (C12:0, C14:0 and C18:1n9c) turned out to be about 2-fold more abundant in the sperm cells of the GFs compared with PFs. Moreover, we described for the first time the presence of a very high amount of a trans geometrical isomer of linoleic acid, linolelaidic acid (C18:2n6t), in pre-thaw PF spermatozoa. Notably, we found in fresh sperms of PF stallions a ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids which was twice that of those of GF group, suggesting a positive effect of a high saturated-to-unsaturated fatty acid ratio for the “freezability” of equine spermatozoa. Finally, principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed the relationships between specific fatty acids and cryotolerance of equine spermatozoa, also providing a graphical classification and additional information about the dominant variables governing the classification process.

Критический анализ методов оценки инновационного потенциала предприятия

The starting point of research on assessing the innovative capacity of an enterprise is the question of definitions. In this regard, authors initially turned to review of scientific literature on the subject of definitions variety for the term "enterprise innovative capacity". These data show that the wording of this term by both foreign and Russian researchers differs significantly. Authors propose a systematization of approaches to the definition and a corresponding graphical classification model, which highlights the evolutionary, resource, functional and process approaches. Further, a critical analysis of approaches to assessing enterprise innovative capacity is carried out. At the first stage, the content of modern assessment methods was studied, and at the second stage, the mathematical tools used were studied. Authors have formed a graphical representation of critical analysis results and based on it, they have concluded that among the approaches to assessing enterprise innovative capacity, the evolutionary approach should be recognized as promising, and among the methods of quantitative assessment – tools of economic statistics.

Cancer data classification using binary bat optimization and extreme learning machine with a novel fitness function.

Cancer classification is one of the crucial tasks in medical field. The gene expression of cells helps in identifying the cancer. The high dimensionality of gene expression data hinders the classification performance of any machine learning models. Therefore, we propose, in this paper a methodology to classify cancer using gene expression data. We employ a bio-inspired algorithm called binary bat algorithm for feature selection and extreme learning machine for classification purpose. We also propose a novel fitness function for optimizing the feature selection process by binary bat algorithm. Our proposed methodology has been compared with original fitness function that has been found in the literature. The experiments conducted show that the former outperforms the latter. Graphical Abstract Classification using Binary Bat Optimization and Extreme Learning Machine.

In silico evaluation of 5-hydroxypyrazoles as LSD1 inhibitors based on molecular docking derived descriptors

The lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) overexpression is linked to a lung, breast and prostate cancers. In order to explore significant biochemical features affecting LSD1 inhibition mechanism and help design new potent inhibitors, molecular docking, classification and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) were performed based on 5-hydroxypyrazole analogs. The molecular docking studies indicate residues of Arg316, Thr810 and Tyr761 with total binding energy more than 75 kcal mol-1 located in LSD1 receptor play main rules in inhibitory mechanism by making strong polar interactions. Furthermore, there are two backbone donor hydrogen bonds (Ser760 and Val333), two backbone acceptor hydrogen bonds (Val288 and Gly287) and three nonpolar interactions (Ala331, Trp751 and Val811) which have key roles in inhibition. The actual inhibitors' conformations in the main binding pocket of LSD1 with the minimum binding free energies were used to generate molecular descriptors and performing further QSAR models. As a simple to use graphical classification tool, the PLS-DA (partial least squares-discriminant analysis) was effectively implemented to classify the inactive and active LSD1 inhibitors. The robust and valid QSAR analysis were done through the stepwise MLR (Multiple Linear Regression) based on the breakpoint procedure and SVM (Support Vector Machine) methods as variable selection and mapping tools, respectively. The QSAR model (R2p = 0.837, Q2LOO = 0.871, R2LSO = 0.790 and r2m = 0.758) shows that the descriptors of JGI1, MATS3e and Mor20v are major inhibitors’ features affecting inhibition activities. The performed molecular docking, PLS-DA classification and breakpoint stepwise MLR/SVM analysis may provide a guideline to design new potent 5-hydroxypyrazole analogs as LSD1 inhibitors.

The Handbook of Minerals on a Gluten-Free Diet.

The importance of a gluten-free diet (GFD) in the treatment of celiac disease and other gluten-related disorders is undisputable. However, strict GFD often lead to nutritional imbalances and, therefore, to deficiencies. One of the most common deficiencies from a GFD are an insufficient amount of Ca, Fe, Mg, and Zn. This is mainly because the most of popular gluten-free (GF) raw materials are poor in minerals. Although the popularity of GFD is constantly growing, the data on minerals in GF products are still limited. More importantly, an access to the data is even more restricted. Therefore, the paper reviews the Ca, Fe, Mg, and Zn contents in hundreds of grain GF products available worldwide. The data for 444 products from categories of flours, mixes for cooking, bakery products, cereals, groats, rice, and pasta are obtained from research papers and nutritional databases. The calculation of the realization of mineral requirements from a portion of each product with its graphical classification as rich/average/poor source of each mineral is given. The review is a handbook of minerals for people on a GFD, dietitians, and food producers.

Graphical Classification in Multi-Centrality-Index Diagrams for Complex Chemical Networks

Various sizes of chemical reaction network exist, from small graphs of linear networks with several inorganic species to huge complex networks composed of protein reactions or metabolic systems. Huge complex networks of organic substrates have been well studied using statistical properties such as degree distributions. However, when the size is relatively small, statistical data suffers from significant errors coming from irregular effects by species, and a macroscopic analysis is frequently unsuccessful. In this study, we demonstrate a graphical classification method for chemical networks that contain tens of species. Betweenness and closeness centrality indices of a graph can create a two-dimensional diagram with information of node distribution for a complex chemical network. This diagram successfully reveals systematic sharing of roles among species as a semi-statistical property in chemical reactions, and distinguishes it from the ones in random networks, which has no functional node distributions. This analytical approach is applicable for rapid and approximate understanding of complex chemical network systems such as plasma-enhanced reactions as well as visualization and classification of other graphs.

Statistical approaches to the discrimination of crust- and mantle-derived low-Cr garnet – Major-element-based methods and their application in diamond exploration

In diamond exploration, the accurate distinction between garnets from the crust or mantle, or from those having a cognate origin with kimberlite (low-Cr megacrysts), is important for the assessment of indicator mineral samples; misclassifications potentially result in costly misdirection of exploration efforts. Existing literature databases and graphical classification schemes for garnets suffer from a paucity of craton-derived, lower-crustal garnets that – as shown here – are among the most difficult to distinguish from garnets of mantle origin. To improve this situation, a large database of new and literature garnet major element analyses has been compiled. Using this dataset, it is shown that the conventionally used Mg# (Mg/(Mg+Fe)) vs. Ca# (Ca/(Mg+Ca)) plot (Schulze, 2003) for discrimination of crust and mantle garnets results in significant overlap (39.2% crustal failure rate using our dataset). We propose a new graphical classification scheme that uses the parameters ln(Ti/Si) and ln(Mg/Fe) to discriminate low-Cr garnets of crust origin from those of a mantle eclogite-pyroxenite origin with an error rate of 10.1±2.1% at the 95% confidence level (assessed via K-fold cross-validation with ten random test datasets), significantly lower than existing methods.Multivariate statistical solutions, which incorporate a wide selection of geochemical variables, represent additional possibilities for discrimination. Using our new database, logistic regression (LR) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) approaches are evaluated and new crust-mantle garnet discrimination schemes derived. The resulting solutions, using a wide variety of cations in garnet, provide lower misclassification rates than existing literature schemes. Both LR and LDA are successful discrimination techniques with error rates for the discrimination of crust from mantle eclogite-pyroxenite of 7.5±1.9% and 8.2±2.3%, respectively. LR, however, involves fewer stipulations about the distribution of training data (i.e., it is more “robust”) and can return an estimate for probability of classification certainty for single garnets. New data from diamond exploration programs can be readily classified using these new graphical and statistical methods. As the discrimination of low-Cr megacrysts from mantle eclogite-pyroxenite is not the focus of this study, we recommend the method of Schulze (2003) or Grütter et al. (2004) for low-Cr megacryst discrimination to identify megacrysts in the “mantle” suite. Runstreams for our LDA and LR approaches using the freeware “R” are provided for quick implementation.

Arrhythmia and ischemia classification and clustering using QRS-ST-T (QT) analysis of electrocardiogram

The objective is to propose a collective analytical model for QRS complex, ST segment and T wave (i.e., QT complex) of electrocardiogram to evaluate the onset or occurrence of cardiovascular abnormalities. The proposed methodologies also classify healthy subjects, arrhythmic and ischemic patients. The idea is to extract the QRS-ST-T features; where, QT interval and 99% occupied bandwidth (Hz) features are extracted from QT complex and QRS versus ST-T interval ratio (%) is also formulated after segmenting the QT complex into QRS complex and ST-T segment by localizing the inflection points. The evaluation of this proposed approach has been carried out using the selected 36 recordings (true positive (TP) beats) from each standard databases i.e., MIT-BIH arrhythmia database, FANTASIA and European ST-T database. The method is initiated with the preprocessing stage and then the inflection points (i.e., $$Q,S,T_{\mathrm{offset}})$$ are detected using Pan-Tompkins method and curve analysis techniques. Then the time-frequency domain features (e.g. QT interval (s) and 99% occupied bandwidth (Hz)) are extracted from the segmented mean QT complex and the QRS versus ST-T interval (%) ratio is extracted from the segmented mean QRS versus ST-T segments simultaneously. These features are introduced to the classifier like decision tree, support vector machine and K-means for clustering operation. The classification success rate is 97.03% and resubstitution error rate is 2.97% among the arrhythmia, ischemia and healthy classes using QT interval and QRS versus ST-T interval ratio (%) features. The evaluations of other features are also analyzed along with graphical classification results. Allied evaluation of segments belonging to ventricular depolarization (QRS complex) and repolarization (ST segment and T wave) i.e., QT complex, will certainly improve the detection probability of ischemia and arrhythmia with further correlative parametric features. This also leads to automatic detection and classification of arrhythmia and ischemia by avoiding visual inspection and error free decison making.

Mapping air quality zones for coastal urban centers

ABSTRACTThis study presents a new method that incorporates modern air dispersion models allowing local terrain and land–sea breeze effects to be considered along with political and natural boundaries for more accurate mapping of air quality zones (AQZs) for coastal urban centers. This method uses local coastal wind patterns and key urban air pollution sources in each zone to more accurately calculate air pollutant concentration statistics. The new approach distributes virtual air pollution sources within each small grid cell of an area of interest and analyzes a puff dispersion model for a full year’s worth of 1-hr prognostic weather data. The difference of wind patterns in coastal and inland areas creates significantly different skewness (S) and kurtosis (K) statistics for the annually averaged pollutant concentrations at ground level receptor points for each grid cell. Plotting the S-K data highlights grouping of sources predominantly impacted by coastal winds versus inland winds. The application of the new method is demonstrated through a case study for the nation of Kuwait by developing new AQZs to support local air management programs. The zone boundaries established by the S-K method were validated by comparing MM5 and WRF prognostic meteorological weather data used in the air dispersion modeling, a support vector machine classifier was trained to compare results with the graphical classification method, and final zones were compared with data collected from Earth observation satellites to confirm locations of high-exposure-risk areas. The resulting AQZs are more accurate and support efficient management strategies for air quality compliance targets effected by local coastal microclimates.Implications: A novel method to determine air quality zones in coastal urban areas is introduced using skewness (S) and kurtosis (K) statistics calculated from grid concentrations results of air dispersion models. The method identifies land–sea breeze effects that can be used to manage local air quality in areas of similar microclimates.

New σ-phases in the Nb-X-Ga and Nb-X-Al systems (X = Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt, and Au).

Previously unreported σ-phases in the ternary niobium-based systems Nb-X-Ga for X = Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt, Au, and Nb-X-Al for X = Ir, and Pt are presented, prepared by arc-melting followed by annealing at 1000 °C for 1 week. The phases are primitive tetragonal (P42/mnm, no. 136) with lattice parameters of a = 9.8336(2)-9.9432(1) Å and c = 5.1098(1)-5.1718(1) Å. Refinements of the single crystal X-ray diffraction data for the Ru and Ir containing materials gave the formulas Nb20Ru5Ga5 and Nb20Ir4Ga6, showing mixing of X/Ga on the crystallographic 8i2 and 2a sites of the structure, a type of disorder frequently found in σ-phases. We present a graphical classification for ternary σ-phases that places our materials in context with previous materials. The materials do not show evidence of bulk superconductivity above 2 K. Synthesis of equivalent Ta-based σ-phases was attempted but they were not found.

Decision-tree analysis of clinical data to aid diagnostic reasoning for equine laminitis: a cross-sectional study

The objective of this cross-sectional study was to compare the prevalence of selected clinical signs in laminitis cases and non-laminitic but lame controls to evaluate their capability to discriminate laminitis...

Subjective Grading of Subclinical Vitreous Floaters.

PurposeThis study aimed to objectively grade the perception of subclinical floaters in an asymptomatic cohort.DesignA prospective observational cohort study.MethodsOne hundred eighty-two volunteers (49 men, 133 women) with ages ranging from 17.7 to 78.6 years were recruited for floater assessment. Participants were assessed by a light box and by vitreoscope, after which they graded the floaters using a graphic classification system. They also completed a questionnaire to estimate the impact of floaters on daily life. In addition, biometric and refractive data were documented for all participants.ResultsUsing the light box method, 67.6% of participants reported seeing transparent floaters, which increased to 84.1% when using the vitreoscope. Opaque floaters were seen by 15.9% (light box) and 6.5% (vitreoscope). Reported levels of floater discomfort varied between participants, with 80.2% of participants reporting no discomfort and 6.6% reporting moderate to manifest discomfort. The perceived discomfort was weakly correlated with the amount of visualized floaters (light box: Pearson r = 0.323, P < 0.001; vitreoscope: r = 0.174, P < 0.001). Both floater perception and discomfort increased with age (r = 0.203, P = 0.006; r = 0.194, P = 0.009, respectively), although neither changed with axial length or refraction (P = 0.131, P = 0.070, respectively).ConclusionsThe light box and the vitreoscope demonstrate that subclinical floaters are very common, even in nonsymptomatic subjects. The amount of perceived floaters in this cohort correlates only weakly with floater-related discomfort.

A Graphical Classification of European Countries According to Physical Activity Level of Its Citizens

Data on self-reported frequency of exercising or playing sport of adults aged 15 and above in 27 EU countries were collected, from the European Commission’s Special Eurobarometer. A graphical output was obtained using classical a statistical methodology known as metric Multidimensional Scaling method to better define the interrelationships between a large set of variables for the data from the 27 European countries and “average” country included in the study. People in Sweden, Denmark and Finland had the highest level of exercise and playing sport level. High level of exercise and play sport level were detected in Slovenia, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg, the United Kingdom and France while low level of exercise and play sport level were found in Romania, Hungary, Italy, Poland and Portugal. The lowest level of exercise and play sport was observed in Bulgaria and Greece. The groups of countries that result from this classification also are characterized by the extent of the difference between the lowest levels of activity (never practising) and the highest (regularly practising); Austria, Czech Republic and Slovakia, have the highest proportion of people who seldom practising. In 4 countries, Ireland, Malta, Republic of Cyprus and Portugal, the proportion of citizens who practice exercise or play sport regularly or never (extreme behaviour) is high. This study shows what a high level and regularly of exercise and playing sport are associated with adults participating in education and training, satisfaction with household financial situation and kind of work activity.

Typal and typological reasoning: a diagrammatic practice of architecture

The twentieth-century accounts of typology are often both historiographically problematic and conceptually imprecise. They reinforce an understanding of typology as mainly an interchangeable functional and graphic classification, and present Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand as a key figure of the discourse, despite him dealing with buildings according to their genre and not their organisational and structural diagrams of typology. In contrast, one can posit that all theories of type are foremost epistemological and discursive arguments. Although not prescriptive in a formal sense, they are concerned with a rational synthesis of form by thinking through conceptual and diagrammatic organisation. This diagrammatic abstraction had already become instrumental to architectural theory and history in the eighteenth century, long before the modern discourse on the diagram was consolidated in the 1990s.While the architectural diagram is regularly explained as a generic and generative description, it can equally be defined as a typological diagram specific to the architectural discipline and its production of knowledge. Clarifying the concept of type as emerging in parallel with ideas of abstraction and diagrammatic reasoning reveals a richer set of connected problems deriving from architectural practice, pedagogy and disciplinary knowledge, which permits a different framing of the historical discourse. This is explored by discussing its meaning for a distinction between typal and typological reasoning, how this arises from a problem of history and theory, and how the evolving typological discourse relates to the concepts of invention, disposition and style. Whereas historiography commonly recognises the French academics Antoine-Chrysostome Quatremère de Quincy and Durand, the often-overlooked Gottfried Semper and Julien-David Le Roy were central to a modern conception of architecture that developed ideas of typal and typological abstraction through historicist processes of cultural and diagrammatic reduction.

Distribution and physico-chemical data of Italian bottled natural mineral waters

ABSTRACTIn recent years, the consumption of bottled natural mineral water (BNMWs) has grown enormously in Italy. This trend and the importance of the market were supported by the proliferation of brands with very different physico-chemical properties, and related to very different geological scenarios. In this paper, label data of more than 400 BNMWs are reviewed by using graphical and geospatial analyses in order to relate their hydrochemical characterization to geographical distribution. For this purpose, a large geodatabase covering the Italian peninsula was constructed, including geographical, geochemical and lithological data. A graphical classification based on hydrochemical characteristics, as well as distribution maps of some physical parameters were also reported. The results were evaluated within the context of the geological scenarios that control groundwater evolution. This information may be used by experts for both an evaluation of the potential market demand, and for health care use.

Methodologies to obtain aerosol property profiles from three-wavelength elastic lidar signals

The Lidar/Radiometer Inversion Code (LIRIC) and the Constrained Iterative Inversion (CII) procedure combined with a graphical aerosol classification framework (GF) have been used to analyse their ability in characterizing the altitude dependence of aerosol properties and evaluate their benefits and weaknesses. LIRIC and the CII technique rely on elastic lidar signals at 355, 532, and 1064 nm and collocated Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Sun/sky photometer measurements to retrieve aerosol parameter profiles at the lidar wavelengths. The aerosol GF relies on the combined analysis of the Ångström exponent at the wavelength pairs 355 and 1064 nm (A(355, 1064)) and its spectral curvature (ΔA = A(355, 532) – A(532, 1064)) to estimate the fine-modal radius and the 532 nm fine-mode fraction. The application of the LIRIC and CII-GF techniques to three selected case studies representative of Central Mediterranean aerosol scenarios has revealed that the differences between the aerosol products from LIRIC and the corresponding ones from the CII-GF procedure varied with altitude, increased with the lidar wavelength decrease, and were significantly large when aerosol from different sources and/or from different advection routes was located at the altitudes sounded by the lidar. The plot on the aerosol GF of A(355, 1064) versus the spectral curvature has indicated that the LIRIC constraint that the fine-modal radius is height independent may represent a weakness if aerosol types and hence aerosol size distributions vary with altitude. The use of lidar ratios (LRs) constant with altitude could represent one of the main weaknesses of the CII-GF technique. The combined use of both techniques should allow obtaining a better characterization of the altitude dependence of aerosol properties from three-wavelength elastic lidar signals.