Graphene-based Surface Plasmon Resonance Research Articles

Graphene-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance–Based Solar Thermal Absorber Using Cr-TiN-W Multilayer Structure

Graphene-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance–Based Solar Thermal Absorber Using Cr-TiN-W Multilayer Structure

Investigation and Analysis of Graphene-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Solar Absorber Design Using Au-GaAs-Cr Structure for UV and Visible Region

Investigation and Analysis of Graphene-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Solar Absorber Design Using Au-GaAs-Cr Structure for UV and Visible Region

Investigation of a Novel Graphene-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Solar Absorber to Achieve High Absorption Efficiency Over a Wide Spectrum of Wavelengths, from Ultraviolet to Infrared

Investigation of a Novel Graphene-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Solar Absorber to Achieve High Absorption Efficiency Over a Wide Spectrum of Wavelengths, from Ultraviolet to Infrared

Ultra-broadband tunable terahertz absorber based on graphene metasurface with multi-square rings

In recent years, thinness, lightness, broadband, high absorption, and tunability have become five important elements for electromagnetic (EM) absorbers. This article proposes a novel single-layered graphene metasurface absorber (GMSA) that perfectly achieves all of the above elements. The GMSA differs from common hybrid patterns in that it adopts a graphene layer with a simple multi-square ring structure. The simulation results show that Fabry-Perot resonance (FPR) and graphene-based surface plasmon resonance (GSPR) can be combined to produce the broadband absorption of 3.04 THz in the terahertz (THz) frequency range. The proposed GMSA is completely polarization-insensitive because of its symmetrical configuration, and it exhibits wide-angle oblique incidence properties for both TE and TM-polarized waves, allowing it to achieve broadband absorption with at least 90% absorption in the range of incident angles from 0° to 45°. In addition, the chemical potential of graphene can be altered to change the effective absorption bandwidth, which can be easily tuned by the applied external voltage. The GMSA has broad application prospects in THz detection, imaging, and object cloaking due to its flexible and straightforward construction, polarization insensitive, wide-angle incident, broadband, and high absorption qualities.

Graphene-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor for Water Salinity Concentration Detection Using Multiple Light Source Techniques

Graphene-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor for Water Salinity Concentration Detection Using Multiple Light Source Techniques

Graphene-based integrated plasmonic sensor with application in biomolecule detection

Much effort is being made to improve the performance of the techniques currently used to detect biomolecules. One of the new fields that has attracted the attention of researchers is the use of graphene-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR), a real-time, label-free technique. In this field, there is still a need to introduce low-cost sensors that offer higher sensitivity. In this paper, to reduce the cost to fabricate the grating for phase matching, we use a low-cost 1D grating extracted from a digital video disc (DVD) without any lithography process. In addition, to improve the performance of the graphene-based SPR sensors after describing the plasmonic response, we use the surface plasmon enhanced by ellipsometry as a strong and sensitive characterization method. Using Ψ can help enhance the quality factor of the 2D materials-based SPR biosensor and the study of the delta parameter leads to a significant improvement in the sensitivity and minimum detectable concentration. The response of the delta parameter indicates that a slight change in miRNA-21 concentration, about 30 fM, leads to a sensitivity of 44.4 deg/100 fM, which is a significant change in the delta parameter. The results show that if appropriate complementary bioreceptors for the target’s biomolecules are used, the proposed sensor is attractive for use in biodetection and to measure a very small concentration of biomolecules.

Hemoglobin detection in blood samples using a graphene-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor

In the proposed work, the detection of hemoglobin has been carried out using an SPR biosensor. The detection of hemoglobin is necessary because excessive concentration can cause severe disorders like anemia or polycythemia. The proposed device can detect hemoglobin concentration in blood samples. The performance of the proposed biosensor is numerically analyzed using the angle interrogation method. A hemoglobin increment of 6.1025 g/L caused by a refractive index increment of 0.001 in the blood samples in the sensing medium has been detected using an SPR biosensor. The proposed configuration consists of layers of bimetallic silver layers (45 nm and 7 nm), MXene (2D transition metal carbides, carbonitrides, and nitrides), graphene, and zinc oxide (ZnO), along with a sensing medium to analyze biomolecule. The MXene, graphene, and ZnO thickness has been taken as 0.998, 0.34, and 2 nm, respectively. The analysis of the proposed sensor has been carried out using the transfer matrix method. The sensitivity attained is 161 deg/RIU with other performance parameters computed: full-width half maximum of 2.37 deg, detection accuracy of 0.4219 deg−1, and figure of merit of 67.93 RIU−1 for two MXene and three graphene layers.

Single-Layer-Graphene-Coated and Gold-Film-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Prism Coupler Sensor for Immunoglobulin G Detection.

A graphene-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) prism coupler sensor is proposed for the rapid detection of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. The feasibility of the proposed sensor is demonstrated by measuring the IgG concentration in phantom mouse and human serum solutions over the range of 0–250 ng/mL. The results show that the circular dichroism and principal fast axis angle of linear birefringence increase in line with increases in IgG concentration over the considered range. Moreover, the proposed device has a resolution of 5–10 ng/mL and a response time of less than three minutes. In general, the sensor provides a promising approach for IgG detection and has significant potential for rapid infectious viral disease testing applications.

Improving the Detection Accuracy of an Ag/Au Bimetallic Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor Based on Graphene

A theoretical study was conducted with the aim of improving the detection accuracy of graphene-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors. We studied the effect of applying a bias voltage to the sensor surface on its detection accuracy. The optimum thicknesses of silver and gold layers in the biosensor of 47 nm and 3 nm, respectively, were determined. Graphene layers deposited on these thin silver and gold films formed a sensor surface system, on which the surface plasmons were excited. The real and imaginary parts of the refractive index of graphene were controlled by the bias voltage. When the chemical potential was increased from 36 meV to 8 eV, the detection accuracy of the sensor was correspondingly increased by 213%.

Bio-sensing application of chalcogenide thin film in a graphene-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor

Bio-sensing application of chalcogenide thin film in a graphene-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor

A Review of Graphene-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Biosensors: Current Status and Future Prospects.

The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor has become a powerful analytical tool for investigating biomolecular interactions. There are several methods to excite surface plasmon, such as coupling with prisms, fiber optics, grating, nanoparticles, etc. The challenge in developing this type of biosensor is to increase its sensitivity. In relation to this, graphene is one of the materials that is widely studied because of its unique properties. In several studies, this material has been proven theoretically and experimentally to increase the sensitivity of SPR. This paper discusses the current development of a graphene-based SPR biosensor for various excitation methods. The discussion begins with a discussion regarding the properties of graphene in general and its use in biosensors. Simulation and experimental results of several excitation methods are presented. Furthermore, the discussion regarding the SPR biosensor is expanded by providing a review regarding graphene-based Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) biosensor to provide an overview of the development of materials in the biosensor in the future.

Behaviour of Poynting vector for dielectric-metal-dielectric optical waveguides and applications

In this paper, we derive analytical expressions for the spatial evolution of the instantaneous Poynting vector for the transverse magnetic (TM) surface plasmon (SP) modes of a symmetric planar dielectric-metal-dielectric optical waveguide. We discuss the behaviour of the Poynting vector in the metal film due to the optical absorption of electromagnetic waves propagating through the medium to excite the surface plasmons in a resonant manner in the metal film at the interface. This optical absorption of the electromagnetic waves results in a finite propagation length of SP modes. We derive an analytical formula for the penetration depth of the instantaneous Poynting vector in the dielectric cladding regions and show that it is different as compared to the penetration depth of the average Poynting vector. We utilize this analytical formula to calculate the optimum thickness of the affinity layer in a graphene-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor and analyze its performance in terms of sensitivity and Figure-of-Merit. We also show that our analytical formula can be used to calculate the optimum thickness of a thin high-index dielectric layer which is added to any conventional SPR based sensor to enhance its sensitivity. The optimum thickness thus calculated correlates closely with the experimental results that have been published previously. The analysis done in this paper can also be utilized in calculating the separation between any two adjacent waveguides/optical films which are coupled together evanescently, such as directional couplers and TE/TM polarisers.

A comparative study among WS2, MoS2 and graphene based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor

In the present paper, we propose a new design of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor having better performance parameters by employing the well-known transfer matrix method. The proposed SPR sensor is comprised of BK-7 prism-ZnO-Ag-BaTiO3-Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs, mainly WS2 and MoS2)/Graphene. A comparison is made among their performance parameters i.e. sensitivity, detection accuracy, quality parameter with other traditional reported SPR sensor. We have also analysed full width at half maxima (FWHM) and electric field intensity enhancement factor (EFIEF) for the proposed SPR sensor. On comparison, it is found that the proposed SPR sensor with monolayer WS2 configuration has better sensitivity of 180°/RIU as compared to monolayer MoS2 and graphene which are 174°/RIU and 157°/RIU respectively. However, the proposed SPR sensor with graphene layer shows small FWHM, higher quality parameter and detection accuracy. We have found that maximum sensitivity of 2350/RIU corresponds to the two-layer WS2 configuration. Our proposed SPR sensor shows better performance as compared to the other reported works.

Enhanced sensitivity in graphene-based SPR biosensors using electrical bias.

A theoretical framework to increase the sensitivity of graphene-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors by the application of electrical bias voltage across the sensor surface is presented. Graphene layers deposited on thin gold film (50 nm) form the sensor surface system where the surface plasmon is excited. The real and imaginary parts of the refractive index of this gold-graphene system can be controlled by tuning its chemical potential using electrical modulation. Numerical calculations show a promising method to enhance the sensitivity of graphene-based SPR biosensors.

Single-layer graphene-based surface plasmon resonance sensor with dynamic evanescent field enhancement for biomarker study

ABSTRACTIn this work, we have developed a kind of single-layer graphene-based surface plasmon resonance (SLG-SPR) biosensor to detect C-reactive protein (CRP) and Prostate-specific antigen (PSA). In the experiment of testing CPR, the results obtained revealed that the changes in resonance wavelength of SLG-SPR biosensors are higher than that of the gold-film based SPR (Au-SPR) biosensors. Moreover, for the experiment of testing PSA, due to the dynamic evanescent field enhancement produced by a strong electric field coupling between the localized SPR (LSPR) of AuNPs and SPR of single-layer graphene-based film (SLG-film) that further amplify the evanescent field signal. We verified the SLG-SPR biosensors exhibited higher sensitivity than the Au-SPR biosensors and the SLG-SPR biosensor exceeded the traditional biosensor detection limit. Accordingly, the SLG-SPR biosensor based on dynamic optical enhancement can realize high sensitivity detection of low concentration biomarkers and can be applied to most of the trace biomarkers in theory.

Performance analysis of graphene-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor for blood glucose and gas detection

The present study exhibits excellent sensing characteristics of graphene-based prism-coupled surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor for effectual sensing of both glucose concentrations in human blood samples in the range 25–175 mg/dl and gas with refractive index variations from 1.0000 to 1.0007 at a wavelength of 589 nm. The foremost attractiveness of the proposed SPR biosensor lies with excellent optical properties of N-FK51A-based glass prism along with the inclusion of a gold layer and a thin graphene layer. Transfer matrix method and angular interrogation technique are employed to envisage sharp SPR reflectance curves by optimizing the thickness of the gold layer and number of graphene layers. Aside this, an excellent electric field enhancement factor is accomplished near the graphene and sensing layer interface, which dramatically escalates the absorption of glucose and gas analytes. Subsequently, several performance measuring factors such as sensitivity, detection accuracy, resonance angle shift, and quality factor are thoroughly scrutinized and compared with other conventional SPR sensors. Moreover, simulation results reveal some noteworthy upshots like sensitivity of 275.15°/RIU, detection accuracy of 1.41/°, and quality factor of 76.2 that are obtained for glucose analytes, whereas sensitivity of 92.1°/RIU, detection accuracy of 2.55/° and quality factor of 230.2 are attained for gaseous analytes. Interestingly, it is found that the aforementioned parameters fitted excellently with a linear trend line, which leads to accurate investigation of glucose concentration as well as gaseous analytes. Hence the suggested structure opens up an avenue for suitable biomedical application.

Design, optimization and critical analysis of graphene based surface plasmon resonance sensor for DNA hybridization

In this paper, the design, optimization and critical analysis of Surface Plasmon Resonance sensor is presented, which works on angular interrogation method. It comprises of five layers which are “Prism–Copper–Germanium–Graphene–Sensing medium”. The influence of the chemical potential (µc) of graphene on the sensor performance has been studied in detail. Thickness of all the layers has been optimized. Remarkable results are achieved for the optimal thickness of copper and germanium layers as 50 nm and 6 nm respectively, while two layers of graphene having µc of 0.5 eV are introduced to boost-up the performance. Best results in terms of detection accuracy, sensitivity and quality factor have been achieved that fulfill the necessary requirements for good sensing applications.

Development of a Graphene-Based Surface Plasmon Resonance Optical Sensor Chip for Potential Biomedical Application.

The emergence of unintentional poisoning and uncontrolled vector diseases have contributed to sensor technologies development, leading to the more effective detection of diseases. In this study, we present the combination of graphene-based material with surface plasmon resonance technique. Two different graphene-based material sensor chips were prepared for rapid and quantitative detection of dengue virus (DENV) and cobalt ion (Co2+) as an example of typical metal ions. As the fundamental concept of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor that relies on the refractive index of the sensor chip surface, this research focused on the SPR signal when the DENV and Co2+ interact with the graphene-based material sensor chip. The results demonstrated that the proposed sensor-based graphene layer was able to detect DENV and Co2+ as low as 0.1 pM and 0.1 ppm respectively. Further details in the detection and quantification of analyte were also discussed in terms of sensitivity, affinity, and selectivity of the sensor.

Sensitivity analysis of graphene multilayer based surface plasmon resonance biosensor in the ultraviolet, visible and infrared regions

The sensitivity of a gold–graphene-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor with angle scanning was numerically analyzed in the ultraviolet, visible and infrared regions. By comparing the sensitivities of the proposed SPR biosensor for different wavelengths of incident light, we find that there is an optimal wavelength of incident light for the proposed SPR biosensor to achieve the highest sensitivity (called peak sensitivity) in the ultraviolet, visible and infrared regions. In addition, with the increases of the number of graphene layers, the optimal wavelength becomes larger (red shift), but the peak sensitivity increases first, and then decreases. When the number of graphene layers equals to 7, the maximum of peak sensitivity shows at 550 nm and reaches to 76.80°/RIU, which is 40% higher than the sensitivity at 630 nm (near a common-used wavelength 633 nm). Furthermore, the sensitivity decreases with the number of graphene layers increases at the wavelength less than 540 nm, while increases at the wavelength more than 570 nm. Moreover, the origin of sensitivity enhancement is also determined by analyzing the electric field intensity inside the proposed SPR biosensor.

Sensitivity comparison of graphene based surface plasmon resonance biosensor with Au, Ag and Cu in the visible region

In this paper, the sensitivities of graphene based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors with gold (Au), silver (Ag) and copper (Cu) layers are numerically analyzed and compared in the visible region. As the wavelength of the incident light increases, the sensitivity of a monolayer graphene based SPR biosensor with a specific metal (Au, Ag or Cu) layer firstly increases to a maximum value (called peak sensitivity), and then decreases. It is found that the peak sensitivity of a monolayer graphene based SPR biosensor with Ag layer (300.26°/RIU) is 119% or 200% higher than the one of SPR biosensor with Au (137.02°/RIU) or Cu (136.24°/RIU) layer. In addition, with the increase of number of graphene layers, the peak sensitivity of the proposed SPR sensor with different metal layer decreases, but the resonance wavelength increases. Moreover, the origin of sensitivity enhancement is also investigated by analyzing the electric field intensity inside the proposed SPR biosensors. It is believed that a sensitivity comparison of graphene based SPR biosensors with Au, Ag and Cu layer is important and can be helpful for highly sensitive biosensors development.