Gram Of Weight Research Articles

Load attachment for honeycomb panels in racing cars

Lightweight, honeycomb core, sandwich panels form the major part of the body structure of Formula One racing cars. Key properties include high specific stiffness and specific strength, ease of fabrication, and the ability to tailor impact resistance. The engine and gearbox, which in current designs are placed at the rear of the car, are load-bearing components and must be attached to the sandwich body shell. Although techniques for introducing loads into the skins of sandwich panels, via inserts, are well established, for Grand Prix cars, where every gram of weight must be saved, efficiency is at a premium. Thus the shape of the insert is critical and the choice of the bonding adhesive and insert's material important. While it is possible to undertake preliminary design using simple methods, if a complex insert geometry is used, recourse to finite element (FE) analysis is inevitable. However, particular difficulties arise when using FE methods in these circumstances, notably the relatively small thickness of the panel skins and the discontinuity at the insert boundary. In the current paper these issues are addressed for a particular application. To assess the efficiency of load transfer, three different insert geometries are considered. The influence of element type, mesh size and boundary conditions are addressed and their influence on stress levels and discontinuities assessed. Ways of representing the honeycomb core are also considered, as is the need to involve non-linear effects, such as the shear stress-strain properties of the adhesive. The FE results are compared with experimental data obtained from testing a representative panel to which a photoelastic coating had been applied. Encouraging agreement between prediction and experiment was obtained, together with guidance as to the optimum insert shape.

INTRAVENOUS IMMUNOGLOBULIN FOR TREATMENT OF SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM INFECTIONS IN PRETERM NEONATES

Preterm neonates are for more susceptible than term neonates to severe infections. We planned to determine the role of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) administration in the preterm neonates with Salmonella typhimurium infections. 47 preterm neonates between 33-37 weeks of gestational age and 1170 to 2100 grams in weight were included in this study. All neonates had Salmonella typhimurium infection progressing with intestinal or extraintestinal involvement. The neonates divided into two groups at randomly. Both groups were treated with Cefoperuzone. Neonates in group I (n=22) did not receive IVIG. Neonates in group II(n=25) received IVIG at a dose of 500 mg/kg on the 1st,2nd,3rd and 8th day of infection. Blood samples were obtained before and after treatment for monitoring serum IgG.Bacteremia occurred in 7/22 (31.0 %) neonates who had not given IVIG and 2/25 (8%) neonates given IVIG, resulting in a statistically significant difference (p<0.05). Complications developed in 10/22 (81.8%) Group I and 4/25 (16%) Group II, the difference between two groups was significant (p<0.01). The mortality rate was 40.9 percent in Group I and 12.0 percent in group II; the difference was also significant (p<0.05). The durations of antimicrobial therapy and recovery were reduced in group II. The differences between group I and II were significant (p<0.01 and p<0.01). The eradication of Solmonela from intestine was evaluated, it was not different between the two groups within 3 months (p>0.05).We conclude that IVIG treatment in combination with antibiotics in preterm neonates with S.typhimurium infections reduces the complications, mortality rate and the duration of therapy.

鼻中隔原発多形腺腫例

A 63-year-old man complained of right epistaxis. Rhinoscopy revealed a white-gray tumor in the right nasal cavity. It was resected surgically via Denker's approach under general anesthesia. The tumor arising from the nasal septum was 4.6u2.6u2.1cm in size and 14 grams in weight. Histologically, it was diagnosed as a pleomorphic adenoma. He has been clinically free of recurrent disease for six months. Fifty-seven cases reported in the Japanease literature are reviewed.

PARATHYROIDECTOMY FOR SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM IN CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON PREOPERATIVE CALCIUM INFUSION STUDY

In order to clarify whether or not the preoperative calcium infusion study is useful for determination of an indication for parathyroidectomy on renal hyperparathyroidism, 50 patients were analyzed retrospectivley. Forty three patients (group 1) demonstrated that weight of the removed parathyroid was more than 1 gram (mean weight: 3.87±0.42 SE grams). The remaining seven patients (group 2), had the parathyroid of less than 1 gram in weight (mean weight: 0.81±0.05 SE grams). In patients of group 1, preoperative calcium infusion study revealed 55±5.6% suppression of plasma intact PTH level at 1 hour after calcium infusion. On the other hand, the suppression of plasma intact PTH level at 1 hour reached to 33±4.9% in patients of group 2. The results were significantly different (p<0.01). The parathyroids of more than 1 gram in weight showed nodular hyperplastic change rather than diffuse hyperplasia, whereas those of less than 1 gram in weight showed diffuse hyperplastic pattern, with a significant difference (p<0.05). It is thought that patients having the parathyroid of nodular hyperplasia with more than 1 gram in weight can be possible candidates for operation and those of diffuse hyperplasia with less than 1 gram in weight can be indicated for medical treatment. For differentiation of these two situations preoperative calcium infusion study can offer an additional valuable information.

Growth of Single Crystals of Mercuric Iodide on the Ground and in Space

ABSTRACTA short review will be given of the methods by which mercuric iodide is prepared and purified to obtain material suitable for the growth of single crystals. The method used in our laboratory to grow single crystals up to 1,000 grams in weight from the vapor will be discussed. The effects of gravity on the growth process will be described.A crystal growth system suitable for operation in the reduced gravity environment of space was designed, and crystal growth experiments were performed during the flights of Spacelab 3 (April 1985) and the International Microgravity Laboratory (IML-1) (January 1992). The structural quality and electronic properties of the ground-based and spacegrown crystals were compared, and the results will be presented.

On the significance of crater ages: New ages for Dellen (Sweden) and Araguainha (Brazil)

Samples of a few grams in weight from the impact melt at the Dellen crater (Sweden) and the Araguainha dome (Brazil) were analyzed by Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd techniques. For Dellen, pure labradorite, orthopyroxene, and glass separates from a clast-free impact melt rock with holohyaline ground mass yield an internal Rb-Sr isochron with 89.0 ± 2.7 Ma ( I sr = 0.83571 ±0.00007; 2σ), compared to Ar-Ar plateau ages of 102 ± 3.2 Ma and 109.6 ±2.0 Ma published for total melt rocks. Various whole-rock values not plotting on this Rb-Sr isochron indicate primary variations in 87Sr 86 Sr over the melt sheet. The age of the Araguainha dome (Brazil) is bracketed by the Rb-Sr model age of 243 ± 19 Ma ( I Sr = 0.7226 ± 0.0005), for altered cordierite in the impact melt, and by the internal Rb-Sr isochron age of 449 ± 9 Ma ( I Sr = 0.7140 ± 0.0007), for an uplifted granite (shock stage Ib). In melt rocks from both impact structures 143Nd 144Nd was not homogenized during total rock melting: Sm-Nd data either scatter around the primary isochron (Araguainha) or point to a partial resetting (Dellen). This data array may be caused by tiny refractory REE-rich inclusions in the main mineral phases which dominate the Sm-Nd system of the impact melt rocks. The significant difference between the new isochron age for Dellen and Ar-Ar “ages” show that the data base for analysis of periodicity in cratering record most probably lack precision and accuracy.

Pelviscopic Surgery: A Key for Conserving Fertility

As a result of experience with more than 16,000 pelviscopic operative procedures performed at the Kiel University Women's Clinic from 1971 to 1988 which in this time had been adapted and used around the world, it may be said that the pelviscopic operative techniques, based completely on the laparotomy techniques which employ the microscissors, needles and suture material, is superior for many of the classical gynecological indications to operation. Minimally invasive surgery reduces hospitalization for even the most difficult cases to approximately 3 days. Convalescence is also reduced to approximately 1 week. Postoperative complaints are few, particularly when the primary exudate is removed through an abdominal drain. Late complications are practically unknown. It must be said that even the most minimal of operative procedures can produce late postoperative complaints or can be ascribed as the source of late postoperative complaints. Experiences gathered from around the world with endoscopically guided intraabdominal surgery have shown that for some gynecological procedures laparotomy is now indicated only in the rare case. The leading example of this switch can be seen in the operative treatment of the ectopic pregnancy. Following closely are operations to correct sterility such as salpingolysis, ovariolysis, fimbrioplasty, and salpingostomy. Finally pelviscopic treatment is increasing for all benign ovarian tumors, and the enucleation of myomas of up to 400 grams in weight. Endoscopically guided intraabdominal surgery also has a place in the field of general abdominal surgery--that of treatment of chronic abdominal adhesions. These procedures in the future should basically commence with endoscopic adhesiolysis, the patient having had the proper preoperative bowel preparation. Because of this minimally invasive technique the surgeon will only rarely be forced to perform laparotomy. In the case of abdominal adhesions a prerequisite for pelviscopic treatment is the visually controlled perforation of the peritoneum. Endoscopic surgery, in contrast to open laparoscopy, has a large periumbilical radius of action and produces no postoperative scars. In Kiel operative pelviscopy has replaced 80% of the classic gynecological laparotomies. The recurrence rate of adhesions is 84% with laparotomy compared with a recurrence rate of less than 40% with postendoscopic adhesiolysis. Forty to sixty percent of the patients who underwent pelviscopic adhesiolysis are complaint-free; this is a result not attained with classical abdominal surgery. Adhesiolysis per laparotomy is now limited to the emergency situation, as in the cases of ileus, for example. Endoscopically guided intraabdominal surgery has now improved the quality of life for surgical patients.

Microbial presence and potential in eastern oil shale

Samples of Indiana New Albany oil shale have been examined for their content of microorganisms and for the potential of using isolates to reduce the sulfur content prior to fluidized bed hydroretorting. Shale samples have been used as inocula for culture development. Standard microbial culture methods revealed the presence of 1 × 10 5 to 1 × 10 6 microorganisms/gram of shale. The organisms found appeared to be primarily a mixture of unidentified Gram-positive bacteria and several fungi. An electron microscope procedure was developed to quantitatively examine microparticulates and to obtain their X-ray spectra. Pieces of shale several hundred grams in weight were ground in a ball mill or by mortar and pestle and wet or dry sieved into three fractions designated +200, −200 and −325, based on the mesh size of the sieve used. Equal weight samples of the ground-sieved shale were taken up in distilled, demineralized water and passed through a 0.45 μM nitrocellulose filter. The dried filters were softened, coated with a thin layer of carbon, dissolved and recoated with carbon to prepare a carbon film sandwich which entraps microparticulates and is suitable for examination in the TEM. Results of the direct TEM examination of shale indicated that the ground material contained about 1 × 10 9 to 1 × 10 10 microbial cells/gram of shale in a surprising variety of sizes and shapes. Examination of X-ray spectra from individual microparticulates was inconclusive but suggested variability in particulate content. Quantitative X-ray analysis of bulk sieved samples was also performed. Shale, used as a growth medium supplemented with glucose but limited in sulfur, was inoculated with shale isolates. Reduction in sulfur content was measured quantitatively using the X-ray spectrometer. Results suggest that about 63–65% of the total sulfur could be removed when you include a pretreatment with HNO 3 acid.

へん桃周囲膿よう様経過を呈したへん桃結石例

Recently we treated a patient with a tonsillolith 8.5 grams in weight which is believed to be the heaviest reported in Japan so far. This 26-year-old male patient visited a hospital complaining of pharyngeal pain with no difficulty in swallowing or trismus. A diagnosis of peritonsillar abscess was made from the local findings. Prior to this episode a stony mass had been expelled from right tonsil spontaneously. Tonsillectomy was indicated for the history chronic angina and recurrent peritonsillar abscess. On the morning of admission the tonsillolith was expelled spontaneously, but tonsillectomy was performed because of chronic angina. The operative findings suggested that the stone had been in the right upper region between the capsule of the tonsil and the superior constrictor muscle. It was yellowish gray and measured 30×26×16mm. Chemical analysis revealed calcium phoshate. In the world literature there have been about 20 reports of large tonsilloliths. This is the largest reported so far in Japan. Our observations and previous reports suggest that recurrent inflammation of the tonsils and peritonsillar tissues promote the accumulation of inflammatory debris in tonsillar crypts, which then become the organic nidus for stone formation. Salts from the saliva may precipitate to form tonsilloliths that gradually increase in size.

Fat and Fiction

That skinny friend who pigs out but never gains weight might be rarer bird than you thought. Contrary to widespread belief, thin people typically gain weight with fewer calories than the obese, recent nutritional study suggests. likely reason for the difference lies in the type of new tissue added. These and other recent findings challenge some popular notions about weight gain and dieting. New research also raises questions about hunger in the obese and offers evidence that highprotein diets may aid in weight loss. Thin people gain primarily lean tissue, whereas people already overweight add mainly fat, notes endocrinologist Gilbert B. Forbes in the August AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION. But it takes six times as many calories to add pound of fat as to add pound of he says. Thus, for the same calorie intake, thin people will gain more. Forbes, of the University of Rochester (N.Y.) School of Medicine and Dentistry, reanalyzed data from six previous weight-gain experiments conducted by his team and others between 1975 and 1989. studies included total of 34 men and 29 women ranging from adolescence to middle age. Eight of the women had recently stabilized from severe malnutrition due to anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder involving self-imposed starvation. In all six experiments, researchers fed people more food than needed to maintain their initial body weight. From the collective results, Forbes plotted excess calories per gram of weight gain against initial body weight and against percentage of body fat. He found that people with greater weight or body fat required more calories to add each gram. Thin people with obesity in the family should take note, says obesity specialist Theodore B. Vanltallie, professor emeritus with Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City If you were physically active and for some reason you changed [to more sedentary life style], you might begin gaining weight and gaining it quite rapidly, he warns. However, barring those hereditary pitfalls, people who maintain steady weight into their 30s haven't got much to worry about, he says. Although Vanltallie calls Forbes' work a very valuable insight, he and others question certain aspects of the analysis in particular, the inclusion of anorexics. The dice are somewhat loaded when you use people who are undernourished, he says. Ethan A. H. Sims, professor emeritus with the University of Vermont College of Medicine in Burlington, thinks Forbes also biased his analysis by leaving out studies of lean, hungry people. In his report, Forbes says he excluded data from any studies in which people consumed more than 12 excess calories per gram of weight gain. He told SCIENCE NEWS he chose that figure as cutoff because it is the energy cost of gaining pure fat, the body's most energy-rich tissue. Thus, 12 calories would represent the maximum surplus person needs to add gram of weight. If people report more than that, there's an error somewhere, Forbes says. Sims, on the other hand, contends that for some lean, hungry types the ratio of calorie intake to weight gain can exceed this theoretical maximum. In his own nutrition experiments, Sims studied prisoners and medical students whom he fed excess calories. Some gained little weight despite overeating by large amounts, he says. In those cases, the body's known energy-wasting mechanisms dissipated the excess calories, Sims suspects. New research to explore whether lean, hungry people make more use than others of energy-wasting, or futile, metabolic cycles has begun in several labs, Sims says.

Pre-operative localisation in primary hyperparathyroidism

One hundred and seventy-three patients operated on for primary hyperparathyroidism over a four year period by one experienced surgeon are reviewed. An overall success rate of 98.8% was achieved with information from pre-operative localisation using ultrasound and parathyroid venography with sampling. Parathyroid ultrasound was heavily dependent on the experience of the operator. An experienced ultrasonologist detected 63% of solitary adenomas and correctly localised the site of 82%. Glands were not detected if they were of small size or in an inaccessible site. He identified all those enlarged glands over 0.36 grams in weight that were lying in the usual site. In contrast, inexperienced ultrasonologists had a detection rate of 20%. Parathyroid venography with sampling detected a single site of excess hormone production in the neck of 79% of patients with a single adenoma, and correctly localised the site in 75% of these. The side was correctly predicted for 63% of glands, the level was correctly predicted for 56% and both side and level localisations were correct in 44%. Multi-gland disease was correctly suggested by the experienced ultrasonologist in 56% of cases and by parathyroid venography with sampling in 31% cases.

Population Biology of the Brown Bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosusLesueur)

ABSTRACT A population of brown bullheads (Ictalurus nebulosus Leuseur) in Muskellunge Lake, New York was investigated to determine population density, age structure, sex ratio, fecundity, survivorship, growth, and the intrinsic rate of population increase. The population density estimate was 887 (664 ≤ N ≤ 1424) per ha. The instantaneous rate of survivorship for females (0.26) was significantly lower than the rate for males (0.33). Fecundity averaged 2169 (1841 ≤ N ≤ 2497) per female. Differences in fecundities among individuals were not correlated with differences in weight or length. The number of eggs produced per gram of weight decreased with fish size. We hypothesize that lower female survivorship is related to higher reproductive effort, and examine a natural selection mechanism to explain variations in fecundity. Population characteristics were summarized in a life table, although this analysis may have been influenced by fluctuations in year class strength.

Research Note: Performance of Turkey Poults When Fed Two Levels of Methionine With and Without Ipronidazole

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of adding ipronidazole to the diet of turkey poults containing two different levels of methionine. A corn-soybean meal diet with 0 or .18% supplemental methionine was fed to Nicholas Large White poults from 1 to 21 days of age. The addition of .18% supplemental methionine significantly improved body weight and feed efficiency. The addition of ipronidazole to the diet with either level of methionine did not influence body weight, feed efficiency, or grams of sulfur amino acid required to produce a gram of weight.

EVALUATION FOR PDA IN PRETERM INFANTS UTILIZING 7.5 MEGAHERTZ 2-D BCHOCARDIOGRAPHY

Evaluation for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) by both Doppler examination and direct two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiographic visualization has been reported in term infants and children. However, visualization of a PDA in preterm infants with lung disease has been more difficult. Utilizing a recently developed 7.5 MHz mechanical scanner with interfaced 2-D directed pulsed Doppler we evaluated our initial experience in 14 premature infants with lung disease. Doppler sampling was performed at the pulmonary end of the ductus arteriosus from a suprasternal approach. Patients ranged in age from 1 day to 30 days (mean 11 days) and from 510 to 2300 grams in weight (mean 1015 grams). Imaging of the ductus arteriosus was successful in 13/14 (93%). Doppler evaluation of flow in the main pulmonary artery and descending aorta was successful in all. In 8 infants the DA was closed by both 2-D echo and Doppler exam (excluded by retrograde aortography in 2). In 5 infants a PDA was present by both methods. In 1 infant the DA was patent by Doppler exam but could not be imaged adequately by 2-D echo. This markedly improved imaging capability should allow longitudinal noninvasive studies of PDA morphology in premature infants with lung disease.

Characterization of zeolitic acidity I. The cracking of 2 mole % n‐Butane over a fixed zeolite bed

AbstractThe use of a two mole percent n‐butane in helium stream in a fixed bed mini‐reactor at a temperature of 500°C over a zeolite bed (20 to 40 mesh and ≤ 5 grams in weight) was found to be a good tool for characterizing zeolitic acidity. In a broad spectrum of various kinds of zeolites tested, the test results are especially useful in differentiating the extremely active materials from the very active ones. Among the zeolites tested, the decreases in the order of HΩ &gt; H‐Zeolon &gt; NH4‐ZSM‐5 &gt; NH4Y (thermally modified) &gt; NH4‐erionite (thermally modified) &gt; &gt; HKL &gt; NH4Y &gt; NaY ˜ amorphous silica‐alumina. The calculated first order rate constant covered a range from over 100 to 0.5 cm3/g•min.

A Mixed Tumor on the Nasal Septum

A 28-year-old male in good general health complained of nasal bleeding. Rhinoscopy revealed a dark red colored tumor with irregular surface in the left nasal cavity. The large tumor of 4×3×3cm in size and 15 grams in weight was surgically removed under general anesthesia. It was confirmed that the tumor originated from the upper part of the nasal septum. The histological diagnosis was a mixed tumor composed of myoepithelial cells with glandular elements. After removal of the tumor, no recurrence has been observed.

Pathophysiologic considerations and clinicopathological correlates of technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate myocardial scintigraphy

99mTc-PYP myocardial scintigrams represent a means to detect and localize acute myocardial necrosis. These scintigrams are expected to be abnormal with acute myocardial infarcts of at least 3 grams in weight if serial imaging is utilized and proper attention to technique is provided. Any etiology of myocardial necrosis may produce abnormal 99mTc-PYP scintigrams if the damage is relatively localized and includes at least 3 grams of tissue. It is possible to accurately size acute anterior and anterolateral transmural myocardial infarcts using area or 2 dimensional measurements. Further development in imaging cameras and computer techniques allowing three dimensional reconstruction of myocardial infarcts with this and similar imaging techniques may allow relatively precise quantitation of other types of myocardial infarcts. The "doughnut" and "persistently abnormal" 99mTc-PYP scintigrams appear to have anatomic and prognostic significance at least in subsets of patients studied, but larger numbers of individuals need to be evaluated before final conclusions regarding their ultimate prognostic significance can be reached.

Breeding Distribution of the Great Skua at Macquarie Island in Relation to Numbers of Rabbits

During the 1974-75 summer at Macquarie Island the breeding success and distribution of Great Skuas Stercorarius skua in relation to numbers of rabbits were studied on the plateau and the coastal terrace. On the plateau there was a strong correlation between the occurrence of rabbits and of nesting Skuas. On the coastal terrace, however, no such relation was found. The Skuas bred with similar success in both areas. Remains of food in Skuas' territories indicated that Skuas, nesting on the plateau, preyed heavily on rabbits from 200 to 1,200 grams in weight, with eighty-two per cent of rabbits eaten weighing less than 450 and ninety-eight per cent weighing less than 740 grams. Skuas, nesting on the terrace, in contrast, took few rabbits and depended largely on killing and scavenging on penguins and elephant seals. Present relations between predators and prey on the island are briefly discussed.

Double-blind comparison of the neurobehaviour of neonates following the administration of different doses of meperidine to the mother

The Early Neonatal Neurobehavioural Scale (E.N.N.S.) tests, first described by Scanlon, et al.1 were administered to 920 neonates on the first and second days of life. Meperidine was not given to 389 mothers, 50 mg was given to 358 mothers and 75 to 150 mg to 173 mothers within four hours of delivery. The delivery was conducted under chloroprocaine epidural anaesthesia in 280, ketamine-nitrous oxide general anaesthesia in 180, thiopentone-nitrous oxide general anaesthesia in 180 and lidocaine pudendal block in 280. All babies were over 2500 grams in weight with an Apgar score of at least 8 at one minute and 10 at five minutes. All were delivered from healthy women 18 to 35 years of age following a normal labour. The evaluator was unaware of the anaesthetic management, the method of delivery or the perinatal risk factors. There was no significant difference between the mothers and babies in the three meperidine dosage groups for maternal parity, maternal age, birth weight, number of forceps deliveries or duration of labour. Administration of meperidine was associated with a broad spectrum depression of most items on the E.N.N.S. on both the first and second days of life. The depression was greatest with the highest dose of meperidine. The depression produced by anaesthetic agents and meperidine were additive and the highest scores on this scale were obtained in those babies delivered under chloroprocaine epidural anaesthesia without meperidine.

A CASE OF GANGLIONEUROMA

Ultrastructural and biochemical studies of tumors originated from autonomic nervous system are rare. Ganglioneuroma of a 3.5-year-old girl was examined ultrastructurally and biochemically.The patient noticed soybean sized tumor at the left submandibular region in spring, 1972. She visited a pediatrician being diagnosed as lymphadenitis but received no therapy. Since January 1973, the tumor increased its size gradually. And for further examination, she was referred to our hospital on April 16, 1973.She did not complain of any special symptoms, likely hypertension, hyperhidrosis or diarrhea.The tumor was about 6 x 5cm in size, without adhesion to skin, but with adhesion to underlying tissues.Her left wall of the pharyx was swollen and soft palate was pushed foward. Laboratory data, including intravenous pyelography, were not paticular. Roentogenologically, calcification of the tumor was not observed. Biopsied specimen was revealed ganglioneuroma.Upon surgical exploration on June 4, 1973, the tumor was found between external and internal carotid arteries and vagal nerve, and extending upwards to the base of the skull. The excised tumor was approximately 50 gram in weight and gray-white in color in cross-section. Radical resection of the tumor was successfully performed and the post-operative course was uneventfull.