Grammatical Studies Research Articles

Grammatical features of exercise task-settings as the didactic discourse (on German language materials)

The article represents the grammatical study of exercise task-settings, which are regarded as a kind of the didactic discourse. The didactic discourse is understood as the discourse of text materials, contained in study books and teaching guides. It is treated as a written form of oral communication which includes a teacher (a sender) and a student (an addressee).The purpose of this article is to analyze lexical and grammatical features of the formulation of task-settings for exercises, which form the basis of the didactic discourse of study books and teaching guides from the point of view of their communicative orientation.The language material of the study has been represented by the formulation of task-settings for exercises, selected by a continuous sampling of study books in German intended for both schoolchildren and adults, who first begin to study German. The study book for schoolchildren was compiled by Russian-speaking authors, that for adults was compiled by German-speaking authors.One of the objectives of the study is to determine whether the authors will apply the same approach to the choice of certain lexical units and grammatical structures in the formulation of task-settings – key elements of communicative strategies of the didactic discourse.The analysis of lexical and grammatical features of the formulation of task-settings for exercises contained in German study books for beginners of both Russian-speaking and German-speaking authors has revealed the predominance of imperative syntactic constructions and interrogative sentences addressed directly to students, thereby involving them in a dialogue and encouraging their speech action. These constructions are authentic speech patterns; they are easy to memorize and easy to use, which contributes to the efficient interaction of the author (a sender) and the student (an addressee) both during a particular speech situation and in the process of the didactic discourse as a whole.

Al- on Participles, whether it is an Alphabetical Character or a Nominal character (An Analytical Grammatical Study)

Abstract: One of the controversial issues of Arabic language is Al- prefixed to a participle which acts like a relative pronoun. In this regard, participles include اسم فاعل (the active participle), اسم مفعول (the passive participle), الصفة المشبهة (another participle in Arabic), which al attached to them. The grammarians have different approaches to this issue whether al is considered a definite word or it is regarded as an alphabetical Mosoul such as Ann (أن) or Ma (ما). Often, grammarians believe that when Al attaches to اسم فاعل (the active participle) and اسم مفعول (the passive participle), it will be like الذی (Allazi) and its equivalents. In contrast, there are some scholars argue that even when it comes upon اسم فاعل (the active participle) and اسم مفعول (the passive participle), it will maintain its original state and is merely a definite article. Some also believe that Al will be حرف موصول (relative letter) like ما (Ma) and أن (An) and not اسم موصول (relative pronoun). Few grammarians also believe that Al that comes upon اسم فاعل (the active participle) and اسم مفعول (the passive participle) will be موصول relative pronoun which is derived from الذی (Allazi). The aim of this study is to find a clear response for this important issue in the light of analysis of controversial views based on a logical approach called exceptional separated analogy (قیاس استثنائی انفصالی). One of the most important findings of this study is that Al is included in the names فاعل (the active participle), اسم مفعول (the passive participle) is اسم موصول (relative pronoun) unlike those who thought it is a letter (حرف).

Doppia coniugazione regolare del passato remoto in italiano contemporaneo

Abstract The Italian preterite (passato remoto, PR) is the only verb tense that has two series of equivalent endings for a single group of verbs ending in -ere. In the PR’s actual use, one notes, however, a strong preference for choosing one of the two inflexional paradigms of a given verb, which remains unattested in Italian grammatical studies. With this article, then, I intend to examine 1) what the actual usage is of the regular inflected forms of the PR in the largest corpora of written Italian; 2) how the regular second conjugation of the PR is presented in the most important Italian dictionaries. I believe that the results of this examination provide an important contribution regarding the formation of grammatical rules pertaining to the PR, but they also contribute to the debate on grammatical norms and on the actual usage of the Italian language.

A SINTAXE NO BRASIL: NOTAS HISTORIOGRÁFICAS E EIXOS TEMÁTICOS DE INVESTIGAÇÃO

RESUMO: Este artigo estabelece alguns eixos temáticos apropriados à realização de investigações historiográficas sobre saberes, ideias, questões, teorias e modelos pedagógicos que envolvam a dimensão sintática dos estudos gramaticais no Brasil, entre os séculos XIX e XXI. Os eixos de investigação e as notas sobre a história da sintaxe que os fundamentam são desenvolvidos no campo da Historiografia da Linguística, nos termos de Swiggers (2013, 2012, 2009) e Altman (2012, 2009, 2004). Procura-se esboçar algumas linhas de compreensão capazes de conduzir a construção de narrativas descritivas, interpretativas e explicativas sobre como o conhecimento sintático foi adquirido, formulado, difundido, transformado, preservado, ensinado ou esquecido no contexto intelectual brasileiro. Para tanto, elabora-se uma espécie de trajetória concisa dos estudos sintáticos, considerando, sobretudo, o universo greco-latino, a gramatização do português e o cenário pedagógico brasileiro. A narrativa tecida deságua na sistematização, em forma de questões de pesquisa, de três possíveis eixos temáticos para uma historiografia da sintaxe no Brasil, envolvendo aspectos teóricos, descritivo-normativos e didático-pedagógicos.

A identidade semântica da preposição EM

Propomo-nos, neste trabalho, a discutir aspectos relacionados à identidade semântica da preposição EM, a fim de descrever, para além de sua variação cotextual, o fenômeno que se encontra em seu fundamento. O trabalho organiza-se em três partes. Inicialmente, apresentamos certos estudos gramaticais que descrevem o semantismo da preposição EM na construção das representações espaciais. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, expomos os princípios que orientam nossa investigação, qual seja, o referencial teórico-metodológico da Teoria das Operações Enunciativas. Por fim, na terceira parte, mostramos que a (im)possiblidade de certas representações espaciais no uso do EM deve-se a uma propriedade intrínseca a esse item que revela uma forma abstrata extraída das análises dos dados linguísticos.

Argument structure, conceptual metaphor and semantic change

AbstractIn contrast to grammaticalization studies of lexical verbs changing into auxiliaries, the realm of semantic changes associated with lexical verbs is an understudied area of historical semantics. We concentrate on the emergence of verbs of success from more semantically concrete verbs, uncovering six conceptual metaphors which all co-occur with non-canonical encoding of subjects in Indo-European. Careful scrutiny of the relevant data reveals a semantic development most certainly inherited from Indo-European; hence, we reconstruct adat-‘succeeds’ construction at different levels of schematicity for Proto-Indo-European, including a novel reconstruction of a conceptual metaphor,success is motion forward, and the mapping between this metaphor and the verb-class-specific argument structure construction. Hence, this article offers a systematic analysis of regularity in semantic change, highlighting the importance of predicate and argument structure for lexical semantic developments.

التوظیف النحویُّ و الدلالیُّ للَّام (الجارّة) و معانیها فی صحیح البخاریّ دراسة و تحلیل

ملخص التوظيف النحوي و الدلالي للام (الجارة) و معانيها في صحيح البخاري دراسة و تحليل إن أحاديث الرسول - صلى الله عليه وسلم– مصدر مهم للدراسات النحوية ينبغي أن توضع في مکانها المناسب من حيث الاستشهاد بها في القضايا النحوية بعد کلام الله عز وجل، وقد أعد هذا البحث لتناول اللام الجارة من حيث البعد النحوي والبعد الدلالي؛ لأن اللفظ لا ينفک عن المعنى، وأتبع فيه المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، واحتوى على توضيح معاني اللام الجارة ودلالاتها المتمثلة في: (الاستحقاق, الاختصاص, التعليل, الملک, التمليک, شبه التمليک, لام الجحود, التبليغ, والتعجب، والقسم, والتوکيد, والتعدية, ومن أجل, والفارقة. کما بين تأدية اللام معنى حرف من حروف الجر, التي هي: ( إلى ), ( عن) , (عند) , (بعد), (من), (مع), (الباء), (على), (کي) وأثبت أن لاما (کي) و(الجحود) من عوامل الأسماء ومن أقسام اللام الجارة, واستند البحث على شواهد من الحديث النبوي الشريف إثراء له. الکلمات المفتاحية: الاستعمال النحوي – البعد الدلالي – اللام الجارة – صحيح البخاري. دکتورة حامدة أحمد عثمان أستاذ النحو والصرف المساعد ـ قسم اللغة العربية کلية العلوم والآداب بمحايل عسير ـ جامعة الملک خالد Email : haaothman@kku.edu.sa Abstract Grammar and Semantic Employment of Mother (Neighbor) And its meanings in Sahih Bukhari The hadith of the Prophet (peace and be upon him) is an important source of grammatical studies that should be put in his proper place in terms of inference in grammatical issues after Quran and Sunnah. The evidence in Quran That you may make clear to the people what was sent down to them and that they might give thought.This study deals with the grammatical and semantic levels, and clarified the meanings of the LAM JARA and its semantics. The study also showed the performance of the LAM meaning of a preposition, which are: (to), (about), (at), (after), (from), (with) , (B), (on), (Ki) and proved that Lama (Ki) and (ingratitude) of the factors of the names and sections of the LAM JARA, and this study was based on evidence from the Hadith. Key words: grammatical usage - semantic dimension - neighbor neighbor - Sahih al - Bukhari. Dr. Hamda Ahmed Othman Assistant Professor of Arabic Grammar and Morphology College of Arts and Sciences, Muhayil Assir, King Khalid University Email : haaothman@kku.edu.sa

The Role of the "Speaker" in the Stages of "The "Emergence and Growth of Arabic Grammar (A study in the light of some modern perspectives)

This study aims at illustrating the role of the "speaker" in the Arabic Grammatical Heritage in its two stages: "emergence" and "development". This is due to the intensive care given by "discourse studies" to both the "speaker" and the "addressee" in the verbal situation. That given intensive care was strong enough to encourage a lot of those who are interested in ancient Arabic linguistics to examine the ancient grammatical studies. This study was concerned with highlighting the concepts which governed the way of analysis followed in those studies. The results were impressive regarding the "speaker", and also were refuting one of the most important accusations, which says that Arabic Grammar was fond of formality in studying speech, and in standardizing its constructional rules. Keywords: Role, speaker, Arabic Grammar, Emergence Stage, Development, Modern Perspectives.

تَعَدُّدُ طَرَائِقِ الوَصْلِ والفَصْلِ بَیْنَ التَّابِعِ والمتبُوعِ فی السِّیاق القرآنی وأَثَرُهُ على المعنى دراسةٌ نحویَّةٌ دلالیَّةٌ تطبیقیَّةٌ على نماذجَ قرآنیَّةٍ

تَعَدُّدُ طَرَائِقِ الوَصْلِ والفَصْلِ بَیْنَ التَّابِعِ والمتبُوعِ فی السِّیاق القرآنی وأَثَرُهُ على المعنى دراسةٌ نحویَّةٌ دلالیَّةٌ تطبیقیَّةٌ على نماذجَ قرآنیَّةٍ

أثر الفکر الاعتزالی فی إعراب ِ القُرآن ِ الکَرِیمِ دِراسَةٌ نَحْوَیْةٌ نَقْدِیَّة

الحمد لله رب العالمين، والصلاة والسلام على سيد الخلق أجمعين، سيدنا محمد – صلى الله عليه وسلم -، وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعين. وبعد: فإنه من المعلوم لدى کل مسلم أن القرآن الکريم هو أصل العلوم؛ فمنه استنبط العلماء الفقه والأصول واللغة والنحو والبلاغة والعقيدة وسائر العلوم العربية والشرعية. ولما ظهرت الفرق الإسلامية المختلفة في العقائد حاولت کل فرقة تقوية مذهبها عن طريق الاستشهاد بآيات الذکر الحکيم. ومن أهم وأخطر هذه الفرق المعتزلة أتباع واصل بن عطاء وعمرو بن عبيد. حيث ظهرت هذه الفرقة في بداية القرن الثاني الهجري، واختارت منهجا جديدا في العقيدة مخالفا لمنهج أهل السنة والجماعة مستدلين على ذلک بآيات قرآنية وأحاديث نبوية ظاهرها يقوي مذهبهم واعتنق مذهبهم خلق کثير. وکان على رأس هؤلاء المعتنقين لهذا المذهب مجموعة من حذاق اللغة والنحو، کالشيخ أبى على الفارسي ت377هـ، وتلميذه النجيب أبى الفتح عثمان بن جني392هـ، وجار الله محمود بن عمر الزمخشري ت538هـ. وحاول هؤلاء الحذاق إخضاع آيات الذکر الحکيم لتقوية مذهبهم الاعتزالي. واستخدموا حذقهم اللغوي في إعراب القرآن الکريم إعرابا موافقا لمذهبهم الاعتزالي؛ إذ الإعراب والمعنى متلازمان والإعراب فرع المعنى – کما هو مشهور-. ولذلک جاء هذا البحث متناولا أثر الفکر الاعتزالي – خصوصا عند الزمخشري – في إعراب القرآن الکريم، دراسة نحوية نقدية؛ ليبين أن هذه الأعاريب التي ذهبوا إليها وإن کانت صحيحة من جهة اللغة، إلا أنها تتعارض مع السياق القرآني، أو ظاهر الآية الکريمة، أو مرجوحة من جهة الترکيب الکلمات المفتاحية:الاعتزالي- إعراب القرآن- الاستعلاء- المصدر المؤول- الجملة الحالية – الزمخشري - أبو على الفارسي- ابن جني. The effect of retirement thought on the expression of the Holy Qur'an Critical grammatical study By: Dr:lamlom mohammad lamlom mohammad e.mail:Lamlom.m@gmail.com Abstract Praise be to Allah، Lord of the Worlds، and prayers and peace be upon the master of all creatures، our master Muhammad - peace be upon him - And upon his family and companions. After: It is known to every Muslim that the Holy Quran is the origin of science; from it scientists have developed jurisprudence، assets، language، grammar، rhetoric، doctrine and other Arab sciences and legitimacy. As different Islamic sects appeared in the faiths، each sect tried to strengthen its doctrine by citing the verses of the Holy Quran. One of the most dangerous and dangerous of these Mu'tazili groups are the followers of Wasel bin Atta and Amr ibn Obaid. Where the band appeared at the beginning of the second century AH، and chose a new approach in the doctrine contrary to the approach of Ahl al-Sunnah and the community، relying on Quranic verses and prophetic narratives، which clearly strengthens their doctrine and embraces their doctrine of creation. At the head of those adherents of this doctrine is a set of language and grammar، such as Sheikh Abi Ali al-Farsi v 377 AH، and his student Najib Abi Fath Osman bin Jaini 392 AH، and Jarallah Mahmoud bin Omar Zamakhshari 538 AH. These tzafik tried to subjugate the verses of al-Hakim to strengthen their esoteric doctrine. And use their linguistic clues in the expression of the Koran in a manner consistent with their doctrine of isolation; the expression and meaning are linked to the expression and the branch of meaning - as is known -. Therefore، this research deals with the impact of the esoteric thought - especially in the Zamakhshari - in the expression of the Holy Quran، a grammatical study of criticism; to show that these are the niches that they went to، even though they are true in terms of language، but they contradict the Qur'anic context، By installation Keywords: alaetzali- the expression of the Koran - the superiority - authoritative source - the current sentence – Zamakhshari- abu ealaa alfarsy - Ibn Jinnie.

Lola" in the Holy Quran Analytical Grammatical Study "Selected Models"

: Lula is one of the most important tools of the grammatical requirement in the Holy Quran. Because of its significant impact in the statement of the most important meanings of the verse in which it was received and its linguistic and grammatical significance. The study dealt with the most important opinions of the sculptors in a statement of the meaning of Lula types and aspects of the literature, and then take samples of the types of Lula in the Koran and studied analytical grammar based on the most important grammar books and interpretations. Therefore, the research included an introduction and a preface, in which the statement of the meaning of Lula and its composition and what its useful grammar and how to enter the types of sentences in Arabic. The research dealt with two topics: The first topic dealt with two requirements: First: the statement of the aspects of Lula Arabism and the difference in the grammar and its implications. The second requirement also included the non-incident in the answer to Lula and the separation of the word Lula and the act of if, or conditional sentence or what is the name turned away from the case if the name appeared after him. The second topic included two requirements: First: to study the significance of the models of Lula types in the Koran comprehensive analytical study and the second requirement: Include a schedule of the number of times in which the Lola types of the Koran.

응답말 소형발화의 종결보조사화

응답말 소형발화의 종결보조사화

Study of grammaticalization of location space-words

Study of grammaticalization of location space-words

A Cognitive Grammatical Study of Possessive Constructions in Orwell’s ‘A Clergyman’s Daughter’

This paper focuses on investigating the syntax and semantics of possessive constructions in A Clergyman’s Daughter at the phrasal level, within the framework of cognitive grammar using Heine’s (1997) model of possessives. The study aims at analyzing the various semantic relations in possessive constructions from a cognitive grammar perspective, and showing that possession does have a privileged status in the semantics of other concepts. This, however, proves the fallacy of the traditional view. It also shows that there is a natural and systematic relationship between possessive constructions and cognitive constructional schemas that give rise to them through conceptual transfer, and are motivated by experiential gestalt. No model alone can account for all semantic relations expressed through prototypical possessive. After analyzing possessive structures using Heine’s (1997) classification of possessives, there remains a group of other semantic relations that Heine (1997) could not have given a label; they are uncategorized. For underlying grammatical structures of these possessives, Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980) model is used, which propose that aspects of the experiential gestalt motivate the wider use of too complex possessive constructions.

»Det gör ont i hela kroppen på mig.»: Prepositionen på som possessivmarkör i nominalfraser

This is a study of grammaticalization within the prepositional system of Swedish. While in general terms av is undoubtedly the most grammatically defined preposition in Swedish, the preposition på has become a primarily grammatical tool in the specific case where it serves semantically to link a part or an organ of the human body to its possessor. It is argued that used in this way the preposition på, although spatial in its lexical meaning, conveys no meaning of location but fills the function of a possessive marker. It is shown that the grammatical status of the preposition på in this construction rests essentially on the following three factors: (1) loss of the original meaning of the preposition; (2) extension of its range of application; (3) its obligatory use even when speaking of internal organs of the body. Further, the article does not support the common view of the two nominal units of the noun phrase as standing in a part–whole relation to one another, the reason being that the “whole” in question is not the possessor of the body but the body itself, expressed in the word kropp (‘body’). Evidence is given in favour of analysing the semantic connexion assigned to the preposition på not as partitive, but as strictly possessive. Finally, it is argued that the use of på in this construction applies not only to relations concerning the human body, but extends into the domain of inanimates.

The Grammar of Prayer According to Origen: On Prayer as Technê Askêtikê

The Grammar of Prayer According to Origen:On Prayer as Technê Askêtikê John Solheid (bio) I. INTRODUCTION Catherine Chin has explored the role of grammar and grammarians in the construction of Christian concepts and discourse in late antiquity. She argued that through the teaching of language, Christian grammarians transformed literary concepts into explicitly religious concepts, transforming "linguistic work into incipient religious practice."1 Building on Chin's argument, Rebecca Krawiec explored John Cassian's use of grammar in constructing a monastic identity.2 The role of grammarians in constructing Christian discourse and practice thus provides an intriguing framework to understanding the aims of third-century theological treatises, such as Origen's On Prayer, Peri Euchês (PE), a text explicitly composed to inform the Christian practice of prayer for its readers. I will apply Chin's work on Christian grammarians of the fourth and fifth centuries to a reading of PE. I argue that both Origen's background as a grammarian and his ascetic values provided him with the literary skills and spiritual vision to construct an understanding of prayer for other ascetically-minded Christians. The confluence of these two worlds (grammar and ascesis) allowed Origen to develop a spiritual theology of prayer rooted in his exegesis of Scripture. However, PE should be considered more than a treatise on the practice of prayer. I argue that in PE, Origen provided his readers a language with which to talk about Christian asceticism. In other words, PE can be seen as a technê askêtikê: a set of rules for the Christian spiritual life. This paper will be organized into three parts. First, I will focus on several passages from PE highlighting Origen's grammatical work, in order to demonstrate how Origen's grammatical training informed his understanding of Christian prayer. In this section, I will focus specifically on Origen's grammatical exegesis of words and passages from Scripture. This will situate Origen's treatment of the subject of prayer within the context of his grammatical engagement with the biblical text. In the second section, I will focus on the first part of Origen's treatise, his response to certain "problems" pertaining to prayer. Responding to these problems formed the content and structure of the first [End Page 283] half of PE.3 Here, Origen constructed a definition of prayer itself. Third, I will focus on Origen's commentary on the Lord's Prayer, which formed the content and structure of the second half of PE, and argue that Origen transformed the Lord's Prayer into a device for his ascetic pedagogy. The combined picture will show the extent to which Origen's training as a grammatikos (grammarian) allowed him to use biblical texts to inform a life of Christian ascesis. II. A GRAMMAR OF PRAYER From Eusebius of Caesarea, it is known that Origen spent some of his young adult years as a teacher of grammar in Alexandria. After the martyrdom of his father, the "necessities of life" dictated that Origen needed an occupation to support his family. According to Eusebius, Origen "applied himself more eagerly to the training in literature, so that he had a considerable preparation in letters" (ἐϰθυμóτεϱον τε [ϰαὶ] μετὰ τὴν ἐϰείνου τελευτὴν τῇ πεϱὶ τοὺς λóγους ἀσϰήσει ὅλον ἐπιδοὺς ἑαυτὸν, ὡς ϰαὶ παϱασϰευὴν ἐπὶ τὰ γϱαμματιϰὰ μετϱίαν ἔϰειν).4 According to Ronald Heine, as a grammatikos, Origen would have taught grammar at the second level of a child's education. This would have entailed a grammatical study of the classical authors, such as Homer, Herodotus, Xenophon, and Thucydides.5 Raffaella Cribiore has demonstrated the tedious methods of grammatical scholarship in late antiquity. Of note was the grammarian's habit of deconstructing a text, or a passage, into its various components, leaving the text as a whole neglected.6 This microscopic parsing of a passage indicated that for the ancient grammarian, the text was understood according to the meaning of each of its individual units, not the units taken together as a whole. This is seen in the preface to Origen's PE. While introducing his readers to the subject of prayer, he immediately appealed to the passage from Romans 8:26 ("What we ought to pray for as we ought we do not know").7 In his interpretation of this passage, Origen immediately distinguished two individual units: "what...

The introduction of English grammar studies into China in the 19thcentury

During the first half of the 19th century, Protestant missionaries based in China started teaching some English to the students attending their schools; in the second half of the century Chinese scholars opened their own language schools and wrote their grammarbooks of English.This contribution describes four of the grammarbooks for English that marked milestones in that period: Morrison’sA Grammar of the English Language(1823), Lobscheid’sChinese-English grammar(1864), Cáo Xiāng’sYīngzìrùmén(1874), and Wāng Fèngzǎo’sYīngwén jǔyú(1878). Its aim is to sketch the lines of the introduction of some of the key terms for grammar, within the theoretical framework of the phenomenon of grammatization of Chinese: the mutual influence from contemporary grammatical studies of Chinese and other languages will be highlighted.

ضُرُوبُ الاحتیاطِ فی اللغةِ العربیةِ " دراسة نحویة "

ملخص إن اللغة العربية وضعت وسيلة لإفهام الشعوب والتعبير بها عما يريده المتکلم حتى يصل إلى المخاطب أو السامع بصورة جلية ، دون لبس , أو خلط . وقد اعتنت العرب عناية فائقة بالمعنى فاختارت له ما يناسبه من ألفاظ, متخذة وسائل کفيلة بأداء المهمة على الوجه الأکمل، ومن هذه الوسائل الإعراب وغيره مما کان بعد ذلک مجالا رحبا لواضعي النحو ودارسيه. والذي راعى انتباهي أن اللغة العربية لم يترک فيها للمتکلم أو المخاطب مجالا للحيرة في تحديد المقصود من الألفاظ ، بل وضعت فيها من الأسس والضوابط ما من شأنه أن يرفع اللبس وينتفي معه الخلط ، فقد احتاطت العرب في کلامها احتياطا يدل على حرصها وعنايتها بلغتها، ولهذا سعيت إلى البحث في هذا الموضوع لإثبات ذلک وإظهاره للقاريء مقدمة الدليل على هذا الاحتياط , والحذر من أصحاب اللغة العربية. ولم يتسن لي فيما قرأت الإحاطة بأن أحدا قد تناول هذا الموضوع إلا ما تناوله ابن جني ، وکان کلامه فيه ضربا من الأمثلة لبعض الأبنية, والفروق بينها في الاستعمال ، وقد ارتاحت نفسي إلى اختيار هذا الموضوع، وقد جاء عنوانه کالتالي : ( ضروب الاحتياط في اللغة العربية دراسة نحوية ) . ? الدکتورة آمال أحمد السيد عامر Abstract The Arabic language has developed a means to understand the people and express them what the speaker wants to reach the communicator or hearer clearly, without ambiguity, Or mixing. The Arabs took great care of the meaning and chose the appropriate words, taking the means to perform the task to the fullest, and these means of expression and what was then a wide area for the designers and grammar. Which took care of my attention that the Arabic language did not leave the speaker or the address of the area of ​​confusion in determining the meaning of the words, but put in it the foundations and controls, which would raise confusion and avoid mixing with it, the Arabs took precautions in their words indicates their concern and care in their language, To search this subject to prove this and show it to the readers, the guide to this precaution, and the caution of the owners of the Arabic language. It was not possible for me as I read the briefing that no one has dealt with this subject except what Ibn Jinnie addressed, and his words in it were a few examples of some buildings, and the differences between them in use, and I was pleased to choose this subject, which came as follows : ( Precautionary measures In the Arabic language grammatical study ) . Dr. Amal Ahmed Sayed Amer

At the Borderland of Prepositions

English prepositions constitute an important grammatical category since their functions form a wide range of conceptual spectrum and their formal shapes stretch across simple and complex constructions. For the non-discrete nature of the grammatical category both in form and function, their emergence bears particular significance in grammaticalization studies. This paper investigates the borders between the syntactic constructions (SCs) and the complex prepositions (CPs), largely divided by their shapes, i.e., [in the N P] and [in N P], respectively. It is argued that the major determining factors between these two groups are relationality and conceptual centrality. Drawing upon a quantitative analysis, it also challenges the widely accepted notion that high frequency is a precondition of grammaticalization.

Quotations in Tangut texts

The aim of the present paper is to discuss the differentiation between direct and indirect quotations in Tangut texts. Based on the analysis of Buddhist texts and translations from Chinese classics in the Khara-khoto collection preserved in the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, RUS, the quotations in Tangut may be divided into two categories. Direct speeches are not marked or attached by a quotative marker jɨ2妒. Indirect speeches are composed by using jɨ2妒 or a compound marker jɨ2 djij2妒纓 at the end of the quote. Tangut quotation structure is closely related to the verb jɨ2妒. It is illustrated in the study of cross-linguistic typology that the semantic verb ‘say’ may usually evolve to quotative markers. The semantic and grammatical functions of the verb he semantic and grammatical functions of the verb jɨ2妒 which the quotation structure used reflected the grammaticalization from an independent verb to a grammatical marker. This phenomenon can provide a new perspective for the grammatical study of Tibetan-Burman languages.