Grammatical Level Research Articles

The issues of language usage and language interference (on the examples of bilingual’s speech)

The language processes taking place in Kazakhstani society continue to attract the attention of linguists, sociologists, political scientists, ethnologists, educators and psychologists. Today, researchers are focused on changing the functional status and value orientations in relation to the Kazakh language. Over the past twenty years, the Kazakh language, having become the state language of the country, began to occupy positions confidently that correspond to this status in regulated areas of communication (politics, paperwork, science, education, etc.). And as a result, a change in the place and role of the Kazakh language in bilingualism. This article is devoted to the study of Russian-Kazakh bilingualism and its influence on the speech behavior of bilinguals. This article presents an overview of the bilingualism classifications, special attention is paid to the metalanguage of the study. Based on a lexicographic sources’review, works of domestic and foreign researchers on bilingualism theory, the authors give an example of various interpretations of the terms “first language”, “second language”, “family language”, “mother tongue (native language)”, discussing factors that contribute to and / or impede the formation of two languages, the use of languages and their influence on the formation of bilingual. The article describes the preliminary results of experimental studies of the language and speech of Kazakh bilinguals with the Kazakh language as L2., the analysis of usage phenomena at the lexical, phonetic and grammatical levels, fixed with the help of various research methods and techniques was carried out.

Linguostylistic and linguopoetic analysis of E. E. Cummings’ i carry your heart with me (i carry your heart with me)

Article deals with linguostylistic and linguopoetic analyses, which emerged in the middle of the previous century and were developed by the world’s leading linguists. Linguostylistics and linguopoetics are interdependent branches of linguistics. The first one consists of three levels: semiotic, metasemiotic and metametasemiotic. At first literary text is examined at phonetic, lexical and grammatical levels, where each word is considered as an independent part of speech. The second level analyses each language unit in combination with others. At this point attention is drawn to metaphors and other figurative expressions. Metametasemiotic level is also known as linguopoetic analysis of the literary text. It is a vertical analysis, which identifies main tools for creating the aesthetic effect of poetry on reader. E.E. Cummings is an American poet, essayist, and playwright. His poetry is known for the frequent use of graphic, lexical and grammatical deviations, as well as phonetic and lexical parallelism. In this article the author offers an outline of linguopoetic and linguostylistic analyses of E.E. Cummings’ poem i carry your heart with me (i carry it in according to the described system at semiotic and metasemiotic levels. The results of linguostylistic analysis describe elements that draw readers’ attention. Hence, the main tools the author uses at semiotic level are decapitalization, assonance and alliteration, which create rhythm in the poem. Enjambment compensates for the lack of punctuation. Metasemiotic analysis singles out metaphors based on the comparison of the you-character with symbolic images of the sky, heart, tree and others. Linguopoetic analysis outlines elements that draw readers’ attention and bring forth aesthetic function of the poem.

УТВОРЕННЯ ТА ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ІНІЦІАЛЬНИХ СКОРОЧЕНЬ У ФІЗИЧНІЙ ТЕРМІНОСИСТЕМІ (НА МАТЕРІАЛІ ФРАНЦУЗЬКОЇ МОВИ)

In the French language, the number of new terminology units has increased significantly, enriching the vocabulary and increasing the intensity of information exchange between communicators in the scope subsystems. In linguistics, the principle of linguistic economy is used to order the flow of information conveyed with the minimum number of linguistic characters. A large number of abbreviated word forms, which is a feature of modern language systems, is appearing. In terminology, the largest number of shortened form of a word is in initial abbreviations. Physical Terminology (PhT) uses the abbreviation for unitary, complex words, and combinations of terms. Structurally heterogeneous lexems are usually denoted by two linguistic characters that represent prefixes or root morphemes. The largest number of initial abbreviations are in two- and three-component terms. An important characteristic of all initial abbreviations is that they do not reveal the semantics of physical terms and that there are no "recognizable" segments from the original lexical units. The internal structure in newly formed physical shortened words appears when an initial abbreviation is combined with another way of forming term elements. The process of combining a truncation with an initial abbreviation is considered, as a result of which structurally complex word forms are formed. The classification of initial abbreviations is carried out according to a formal attribute - the number of characters that correspond to the number of components of the correlative combination. In the aspect of functioning, the abbreviation in physical texts is divided into generally accepted (standard), which for many decades has been used in special literature and occasional (introduced by the author, often used within the publication). An analysis of abbreviations of the physical terms indicates that the initial abbreviation appears at the phonetic, graphic and grammatical levels.

INTERLANGUAGE TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE TRANSLATION FROM RUSSIAN INTO CHINESE OF G. SH. YAKHINA’S NOVEL “ZULEIKHA OPENS HER EYES”

This article deals with the lexical and grammatical transformations in the translation of G. Sh. Yakhina’s novel “Zuleikha Opens Her Eyes” into Chinese. Currently, the theoretical and practical issues of translation in the aspect of the Russian-Chinese language pair remain relevant. At the same time, the problems of translation equivalence and adequacy are getting more recognition. This study aims to identify the specifics of interlingual transformations of Russian-Chinese translation based on a comparative analysis of the novel by G. Sh. Yakhina “Zuleikha Opens Her Eyes” (2015) and its Chinese translation (2017). It is the first such study of the presented literary text in terms of comparative-comparative linguistics. To comprehend the interlanguage transformations performed by the translator in the process of translation, the authors have used a comparative analysis of the texts in the source language and the translation. The significance of the differences in the grammatical structure of the Russian and Chinese languages explains the particular interest towards the study of the translation of a work of fiction. At the lexical level, the authors examine the specifics of the transmission of the nationally-marked corpus of the Tatar vocabulary into Chinese, which acquires special significance in the representation of the ethnocultural component of a literary text. In addition, the features of lexical transformations during translation are revealed through an appeal to the ideological vocabulary of the Soviet period. At the grammatical level, the authors analyze the morphological and syntactic transformations, as well as the transmission of verb forms. As a result of the study, the reasons for lexical, morphological and syntactycal translation transformations were established, and interlanguage barriers that reduce the equivalence of translation were identified.

Reduced abstractness in Spanish-English translation: the case of property-denoting nouns

This study proposes an empirical methodology to test the hypothesis that translation from Spanish into English results in reduced abstractness. The semantic area focused upon is the attribution of properties to specific entities by means of abstract nouns. Two levels of abstractness, conceptual and grammatical, are considered. Conceptual abstractness is linked to the referential content of the nouns, while grammatical abstractness involves the reified expression of properties as nouns, as opposed to other word classes. The study classifies the translation correspondences for nouns ending in the suffix -idad in the Spanish novels by Manuel Vázquez Montalbán (1939-2003) Los mares del Sur and Tatuaje. Such property-denoting nouns contribute to the construal of point of view. The methodology combines a quantitative approach with a qualitative, text-analytic selection of relevant items. Results indicate that abstractness is mainly reduced on the grammatical level although instances of diminished conceptual abstractness can also be observed. Compliance with language preferences may be aligning with readability norms affecting the target product, crime fiction, to undo reification of properties (namely explicitation and simplification). The results underscore the need to include semantic parameters in studies of translation tendencies.

ЭМОЦИОНАЛЬНО НЕЙТРАЛЬНЫЕ ИНТЕРНЕТ-ТЕКСТЫ: В ПОИСКАХ СПЕЦИФИКИ

The article aims to discuss the problem of verbal features distinguishing emotionally neutral texts from emotional ones. Such features are necessary for elaborating a computer classifier designed to assign Internet texts in Russian to different emotional classes of texts including the neutral class. The complex analysis of the notion of neutrality in stylistics, axiology, emotiology and sentiment analysis allowed the author to formulate the preliminary hypothesis that emotionally neutral texts are marked by (1) the absence of obscene words and evaluative adjectives; (2) the non-expression of the modal frame of the utterance, which influences the functioning of xenomarkers (markers of narrative retelling), of deictic words and frequent predicates; (3) the lack of emotional vocabulary. The sources of the data for the study were three subcorpora: a subcorpus of texts from Wikipedia (136,184 tokens)—“neutral texts a priori”; a subcorpus of texts from the Russian social network VKontakte assessed by 2,000 informants as neutral ones—“neutral texts a posteriori” (14,000 tokens), and, finally, 15,000 emotionally loaded fragments of 60 to 80 words (1,092,327 tokens) from VKontakte assessed by the informants as texts manifesting different emotions: from anger to joy. The choice of the two neutral subcorpora was due to the author’s intention to examine the category of neutrality taking under consideration the genre of Internet texts. To learn the features of neutral Internet texts, the author used the methodology of corpus linguistics largely supported by a number of tools offered by the Sketch Engine corpus manager platform. The results partially confirmed the hypothesis and provided new details. Thus, the analysis revealed that the genre of the Internet text plays a crucial role in how the neutrality category manifests in it: for instance, Wikipedia texts have no obscene words, VKontakte texts assessed as neutral have a number of such lexemes. A similar discrepancy between neutral texts of different genres is observed on the grammatical level: for Vkontakte texts the collocation of the Russian verb byt’ [be] and the pronouns of the third person on, ona, oni [he, she, they] is statistically significant, for Wikipedia texts it is not. There are still some features proper to the two subcorpora considered as neutral: the absence of so-called “xenomarkers” and emotional vocabulary (words naming emotions, their manifestations, and typical situations in which people usually feel them); the low frequency, in comparison with emotional texts, of verbs and deictic words indicating time or place. The author has made a conclusion that, in the internet communicative space, the category of neutrality is construed differently than in others spheres of communication. Internet texts are generally so saturated with emotions that, even if in another context a text would be interpreted as an emotional one, in the social network users assess it as a fragment with no emotion. Another significant result is that the author has found a correlation between the type of narrator—narrator-experiencer, narratorobserver and narrator-non observer—and the type of text in terms of the category of neutrality. In further research, this will facilitate the predictability of text class—emotional or neutral.

Особливості лексико-граматичного структурування мовленнєвих висловлювань у дітей дошкільного віку із тяжкими порушеннями мовлення (ТПМ)

In this article we perform a differential analysis of pathological symptoms in preschool children, suffering heavy speech disorders. Collection of anamnestic data, studying the medical documentation of children allowed us to form three subgroups of children: children, suffering from alalia, dysarthria and paraalalia. Our preliminary prognosis was based on our assumption that different pathogenesis mechanisms should determine different complexes of symptoms of speech underdevelopment. Operations with lexical and grammatical speech mediums demand sufficient level of development of cerebral cortex. Authors of the article carry out a thorough qualitative analysis of pathological symptoms, special for each subgroup of children with underdevelopment of speech. Activities of children, solving the pedagogical tasks in each subgroup as well as their confluent psychic disorders, effecting their speech underdevelopment are being described in the article. Although quantity indicators of speech formations are low in each group of children, different pathological mechanisms, special for each the groups have been pointed out. These discovered special features of heavy speech disorders, are being proven to be important to diagnose for proper organization of correctional subgroups and improving the efficiency of speech correction. Prompt and diagnostics of these mechanisms is being proved to be just as important for a more efficient correction.

Belarusian-Russian mixed speech in modern stage performances

This article analyses the typical features of the influence of the Russian language on Belarusian stage speech. Contemporary theatre, concerts, and other cultural events have played an important role in the popularization in the Belarusian language of misbalanced bilingualism. According to the transcripts of modern actors, emcees, and musicians recorded in theatres, music clubs, literature museums, and culture centres between 2012 and 2019, different fragments and types of mixing of Belarusian and Russian are revealed. Firstly, we notice switching of language code, which is used for famous phrases from literature, cinema, etc., or shows someone else’s speech. Secondly, we have examples of Russian language interference in Belarusian at the lexical, grammatical, and phonetic levels. So-called trasianka-distorted Russian language according to the special features of the Belarusian orthoepyis observed as a specific kind of interfered speech. In addition, various variants of hard mixing of systems and subsystems, functional styles of two languages (especially including of dialect words and forms), jargon lexis, and special units of alternative norms of the Belarusian language tarashkevitsa are shown. This research notes that mixed speech is a result not only of bilingual interaction, but the decline in the standard of stage speech. It is noted that trasianka helps to create a comic or negative character image on stage.

Bridging, Tunneling, and Towering: How Human Interaction with Artifacts Influences the Meanings of Converted Verbs

What determines the meaning of a converted verb? Why do some verbs that have been converted from nouns that refer to artifacts mean making the artifact, and others not? How come some of them, but not others, are connected with motion? And how do speakers’ experiences of the artifacts involved influence the meanings of the verbs? Noun-to-verb conversion has been dealt with at phonological, grammatical and word semantic levels, and explained in terms of metonymic processes and event schema. Yet few studies, if any, have looked into why and how converted verbs acquire the meanings that they do. This article is a corpus linguistic investigation of the converted verbs bridge, tunnel, and tower. Our aim is to find out how speakers’ experiences of the artifacts that the corresponding nouns refer to influence the meanings of the converted verbs.

Формирование связной речи детей старшего дошкольного возраста с общим недоразвитием речи III уровня

The article considers theoretical approaches to understanding coherent speech as a complex process in psychological and pedagogical aspects. The research featured coherent speech in children with normal speech development and its features in preschoolers with the third degree of speech delay, or alalia. The subject of the study was the technology of forming coherent speech in children of preschool age with a general speech delay at an educational institution. The research objective was to identify, theoretically substantiate, and experimentally verify the possibilities of using the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving as a means of coherent speech formation in children of preschool age. The paper describes the qualitative parameters of coherent speech of preschoolers with a general speech delay of the third degree. Coherent speech in senior preschoolers with the third degree alalia demonstrated a variability of violations in speech mastering, i.e. a different ratio of semantic, lexical, and grammatical errors, both at sentence and text level. The paper introduces various technologies of coherent speech formation, including illustration-based storytelling, making up riddles and fairy tales, describing personal experience, ect. The research confirmed the positive impact of the Theory of Inventive Problem Solving on coherent speech formation in senior preschoolers with the third degree alalia.

Cognitive approach to revealing ethnocultural peculiarities of the linguistic world-image

he article deals with revealing ethnocultural peculiarities of the Ukrainian and English linguistic world-images. The cognitive approach is applied. In order to achieve this target, we have made a cognitive-linguistic analysis of some word-combinations, phraseological units and grammar notions of English and Ukrainian in comparison. The correlation of the cognitive picture of the world with the linguistic world-image is considered. Their close connection is discovered by means of studying the sign expression of the concept in the language. The way of world conceptualization reflected in the language is partially universal and partly culture-specific. The language material under consideration is analyzed at lexical-semantic and grammatical levels. Structural method on the basis of direct component analysis, descriptive and comparative ones are used. We also pay attention to the cognitive evaluation of the revealed ethnocultural peculiarities. The study is carried out within the anthropocentric paradigm.

Особенности проявлений дисграфии у младших школьников-билингвов

The presented article is devoted to the problem of writing disorders in elementary bilingual schoolchildren in the Russian-language learning environment. The aim of the study is to identify the dysgraphia manifestations peculiarities in elementary bilingual schoolchildren. The concepts of «dysgraphia», «bilingualism», and «transfer» are clarified in the article. Particular attention is paid to the transfer of the native language in the process of learning the Russian language as a second language. Analysis of the study results showed that 100% of children have both spelling and dysgraphic errors. When testing the ability to write at dictation, children made various types of dysgraphic errors. Methods. A comparative analysis of linguistic differences at the phonetic and grammatical levels is given on the examples of Khakass, Azerbaijani and Russian speech. As part of the study, a methodology was conducted for examining written speech among bilingual schoolchildren of Khakass and Azerbaijan nationalities studying in Russian in the 2nd grade of the city of Abakan. Result. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data showed the presence of specific writing errors of all types of dysgraphia in this category of children. The applicable scope of results. The materials of the article can be used by speech therapists and teachers in the analysis and classification of the identified violations of written speech in elementary bilingual schoolchildren. The authors come to the conclusion that it is necessary to develop more effective scientifically-based methodological system for teaching Russian as a second language.

PT som andrespråkspedagogisk verktøyi barnehage og skole

In this paper we argue for a developmental perspective in language assessment of second language learning, and that there is a need for an assessment with clear and precise criteria for evaluating the grammatical levels. Processability Theory is suggested as a theoretical framework for a stage model that enables teachers to follow the second language development over time. We have tested this approach with teachers in kindergarten and school. The results show that the teachers find this use of PT a suitable tool for understanding the gradual second language development in predictable stages.

Syntactic complexity in the presence of an intervener: the case of an Italian speaker with anomia

ABSTRACT Background A robust finding from language acquisition, adult processing, and individuals with language impairment is that certain types of Object Relatives (ORs) and Object Questions (OQs) are more challenging in both production and comprehension compared to their Subject counterparts. Approaches informed by linguistic theory have been proposed to clarify the source of the difficulties with these sentences in people with aphasia, with recent models supporting the idea of a grammatically based resource reduction selectively affecting sentences that require the processing of an element acting as an intervener. Aims This work presents new evidence to the study of syntactic competence in people with acquired language disorders, from a pilot study exploring in detail the morphosyntactic competence of an Italian speaker with anomia. Methods & Procedures The clinical diagnosis of anomia in the participant revealed a deficit in lexical retrieval with no deficit at grammatical level. Morphosyntactic competence was investigated through a series of off-line tasks on both comprehension and production. Outcomes & Results The morphosyntactic abilities of the participant turned out to be for the most part intact with no difficulties such as agrammatism. However, a selective deficit in the computation of certain ORs and OQs emerged. The deficit was selective for structures with an intervener and more specifically for structures in which the featural specification of the intervening subject is included in the specification of the displaced object. Conclusions Syntactic asymmetries emerged in the performance of an individual with anomia, with no apparent morphosyntactic impairment or sign of agrammatism. The deficit of the syntactic computation was selective and compatible with the grammatical Featural Relativized Minimality approach to the difficulties in the computation of sentences with an intervener. The preliminary results presented in this work suggest that the analysis of sentences with an intervener may be a sensitive test for the diagnosis of a syntactic-based impairment and that formal linguistic models may offer promising tools for exploring linguistic deficits. Further investigation is necessary to strengthen these findings.

Plunging into a world? A novel approach to undergraduates’ metaphors of reading

Although there is considerable research on and knowledge about students’ conceptualizations of learning or academic practices and skills, the variability of these conceptualizations has been consistently neglected. In the present study, we address this variability in the field of academic reading with the help of a novel approach. Drawing on qualitative metaphor analysis, we report a detailed system of students’ conceptual metaphors of reading. Our specific methodological approach to identify the structure of these conceptual metaphors allows to analyze subjective agency on a lexical as well as grammatical level. The conceptual metaphors we identified by this method are mar­kedly variable, although they create an overall impression of medium to low agency, that is a reader who is only weakly active or potent. Interrater reliability of the coding system was very good. We also report and analyze the frequency of the conceptual metaphors in a sample of 143 texts written by bachelor students.

Опанування специфіки наукової мови як передумова підготовки наукового тексту

The article describes the features of scientific Ukrainian as a prerequisite for thepreparation of a perfect scientific text and the successful presentation of the results ofscientific research.To ensure the communicative excellence of speech (the accuracy and logic ofpresentation and their compulsory component – linguistic normality), each specialistshould use different levels of language. To achieve this goal, post-graduate students areto learn to analyze scientific, popular science texts at the lexical, lexico-semantic,stylistic and grammatical levels, to edit, reduce (compress) texts, to construct elementsof expression, taking into account the proposed speech situation. Properly selected textwill help to form the ability to first correctly compose secondary scientific texts (notes,НАУКОВІ ЗАПИСКИ НДУ ім. М. ГОГОЛЯ65abstract, report), and then to prepare for writing your own scientific text, for example, adissertation.The linguistic culture of scientific work largely reflects the general culture of its author.The most characteristic feature of written scientific language is the formal-logical way ofpresenting material.Phraseology aims, on the one hand, to determine logical connections between parts ofutterances, on the other hand, to denote certain concepts, being, in essence, scientific terms.Written scientific language has purely stylistic features as well. Objectivity ofpresentation is its main stylistic feature. Hence the presence in the text of insert wordsand phrases to indicate the degree of authenticity of the message.The style of written scientific language is an impersonal monologue. Therefore, thepresentation is usually done by a third person, because the focus is on the content andlogical consistency of the message, not the subject.The forms of reflection of results of scientific researches are: forms of presentation ofmaterials of research and scientific publications (publications, scientific journal, scientificabstract, information abstract, monograph, thesis); forms of coverage of the results ofscientific work and reflection of the results of research (abstracts); verbal communicationof scientific results (colloquium, symposium, conference, discussion).

A Nativity Sermon in the 13th Century Tolstovskiy Sbornik: Textology and Language Features

The paper focuses on the composition, lexical, and grammatical features of a Nativity sermon in the 13 th century Old Russian Tolstovskiy Sbornik (National Library of Russia, F.p.I.39). The author considers its Byzantine sources, principles of editorial work, and the differences from original rhetorical structures. Attributed to John Chrysostom, the sermon turns out to be a complicated compilation from various early Byzantine sermons. The compilation is based both on rearranging fragments of the same source and on combining excerpts from different sermons in a small context. Such transformations indicate the lack of cohesion in sermon texts, due to their independence from the causation and time factor. Non-attributed parts of the Old Russian text may be original since they demonstrate a certain similarity with Kirill Turovskiy orations in the same anthology. The lexical level of the sermon contains non-standard solutions that reinterpret the Greek source text, which may indicate either the missionary nature of the translation or a tendency to the poetic decoration. In some cases, the semantic mismatch of lexical units within Greek-Slavonic correlations is due to errors. At the grammatical level, there are also grammatical inconsistencies of Slavonic and Greek units; they affect the categories of time, number, gender, as well as parts-of-speech status.

LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL TEXT TRANSLATION INTO UKRAINIAN (ON THE MATERIAL OF GEODESIC TERMINOLOGY)


 
 
 This article analyzes typical problems that arise when translating scientific and technical texts in the field of geodesy from the Russian language into Ukrainian. The analysis of complex cases that appear in the process of translation of scientific texts gives us grounds to assert that their distribution into lexical and grammatical aspects is rather conditional, since in each language, including Ukrainian, the grammatical is combined with the lexical, and transmission methods in the translation of grammatical forms and structures often depends on their lexical content. The ways of overcoming these problems are suggested, which will contribute to the process of affirming in the scientific style specific traditions, inherent in the Ukrainian language, both at the lexical and grammatical levels. These traditions have taken the back seat under the influence of a long period of the Russian language dominating in the field of science.
 
 

VERBAL AGGRESSION IN COMMUNICATION IN SOCIAL NETWORKS: ACTUALIZATION OF ETHNIC HETEROSTEREOTYPES

The article is devoted to the study of verbal aggression in communicating in social networks. For the analysis, stereotyped attitude towards representatives of ethnic groups is chosen – ethnic geterostereotype, verbalized on lexical and grammatical levels. The concept of verbal aggression, conflict communication and invective in the correlation of these terms is described. Selected for the consideration ethnonyms «Roma» and «Gypsies», presented in the explanatory dictionaries, phraseologisms and posts of social networks.The purpose of the study is to trace the implementation of the verbal aggression of users of social networks in the discussion of representatives of other ethnic groups, which actualizes the presence of estimated components in geterostereotypes.The object of the study is verbal aggression in communication in social networks, and the subject is an ethnic heterosexual «Gypsy» in the lingual consciousness of Ukrainians.The source for the study was the comments from users of the Ukrainian segment of the social network Facebook with a total of more than 300 posts collected in the period 2018–2019.The expression of verbal aggression as the opposition of «own» and «alien» at the level of representation of ethnic stereotypes is demonstrated. Despite the tendency towards multiculturalism and globalization in the modern world, revealing the negative attitudes towards representatives of other ethnic groups in an aggressive form takes place precisely in everyday, informal communication, that is, provided that the speakers do not attempt to conform to the idealized model of behavior. It is this type of communication that demonstrates social networks, in particular, it concerns non-prepared posts posted on user's pages, and comments on such posts.It is proved that verbal aggression in communicating in social networks has a focus on the subject of discussion, and not on interlocutors. Relative anonymity of the participants in the interaction allows expressing openly, therefore, communication demonstrates an undisguised aggression against the representatives of another ethnic group – the Roma. The main means of expression of verbal aggression are invective, stylistically reduced vocabulary, zoosemantic metaphors; at the grammatical level – incentive structures with the requirements of violent actions against the representatives of the Roma ethnic group.

Do Deaf Learners Reach the Necessary Linguistic Comprehension?

ABSTRACTThe advance of new hearing technologies has generated high expectations regarding the development and learning of deaf children, but little research has been done on the language levels of this generation of deaf learners who receive education at the same pace as their hearing peers. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between academic competence (AC) in Spanish Literacy and Mathematics and linguistic comprehension of deaf Spanish students who are attending Primary Education in general classrooms. Scores on lexical and grammatical comprehension showed that most of them were below their chronological age, and the age gap was greatest for grammatical comprehension. Results showed significant differences both in lexical and grammatical levels when comparing deaf students with different levels of AC. Probing deeper into the relation between grammatical comprehension and AC, certain types of complex grammatical structures have been found related with a better Spanish Literacy. The intervention in linguistic competence should be included in a general programme of intervention in oral and written language.