Grammatical Forms Research Articles

The Effects of Form-Focused Communicative Grammar Instruction on Students’ Pronunciation and Grammar in Speaking

Integrating form-focused instruction (FFI) in the communicative language class is the most recently used language teaching and learning approach today. To draw learners’ attention to grammatical form, FFI implements different types of corrective feedback and implicit and explicit grammar teaching techniques. This study investigated the effects of FFI combined to communicative grammar instruction on students’ pronunciation and grammar in speaking. The main objective of this study was to probe whether the form-focused instruction integrated with communicative grammar activities was effective in terms of students’ performance of pronunciation and grammar in speaking. The study employed a quasi-experimental study design with a mixed method approach. It also employed pre and post-tests, questionnaire, and interview in order to gather data. The data collected by the tests and questionnaire were analyzed quantitatively using independent and paired sample t-test where as the interview data was analyzed thematically. The results of the study revealed that the experimental group of students who had been taught spoken English having form-focused communicative grammar instruction showed the enhancement on pronunciation and grammar in speaking in their post-test scores. This directed to the conclusion that the form-focused communicative grammar instruction assisted the students advance their pronunciation and grammar in speaking. Thus, it is recommended that high school EFL teachers should implement communicative grammar activities integrated to form-focused instruction while teaching speaking skills.

The power of metaoperational linguistics: a reappraisal of english grammar

This feature article presents a new approach to the teaching of grammar in universities, based on Metaoperational Linguistics. Tackling one of the most important chapters of English grammar, the teaching of tenses, it aims to show (1) the importance of teaching grammar in context; (2) the importance of investing linguistic research in this pedagogical process; and most importantly, (3) the prerogative of understanding how a language works in order to master it. In other words, when students know how language works, they learn it easily and effectively, and they master the use of grammatical forms in context. In fact, it is the teaching pedagogy which is at stake here: a pedagogy that addresses students’ intelligence and cognitive capacities in order to motivate them and help them become autonomous learners and skilled communicators.

Bisubstantive Sentences with Semantics of External Characteristics and Object State in Russian

The article examines bisubstantive sentences, whose grammatical subject is represented by a concrete-nominal noun, while the prepositional-case combinations of the noun in the copulative-substantive predicate represent the meanings of external characteristics and object state. The means of expressing the characteristics of color and shape of an object, the size of an object (dimensional meaning), the material from which an object is made (fabricative meaning), distinctive details of an object (their presence or absence), structural features of an object, patterns on the surface of an object, and external coating of an object are identified, systematized, and described. Two varieties of object state meaning are analyzed: external state and existential-functional state. It is emphasized that these meanings often turn out to be syncretic, indicating a change in the semantics of prepositional-case forms when they perform a predicative function and confirming the tendency to separate some of them from the system of grammatical forms of a noun.

Применение цифровых инструментов обработки естественного языка для оптимизации подготовки учителя-предметника в полилингвальной образовательной среде

The aim of the research is to automate the analysis process of the most common grammatical forms and syntactic structures of a foreign or second language to optimize the content and acquisition of English language programs in the training of future Mathematics teachers for professional activities in a multilingual educational environment. The paper theoretically justifies the necessity of a comprehensive frequency analysis of language structures. Software tools for natural language processing (the Python programming language and the spaCy library) were developed, which were subsequently applied in the course “Methods of Mathematical Data Processing” to identify the most frequent grammatical forms and syntactic structures characteristic of the English language of Mathematics. Based on the data obtained, methodological recommendations were formulated for the content and outcomes of English language programs for future Mathematics teachers in a multilingual educational environment. The scientific novelty of the research lies in using digital natural language processing (NLP) tools for a quantitative and statistical analysis of language data, necessary for the development of methodological recommendations for the content and outcomes of foreign/second language programs for subject teacher training. As a result of the research, it was found that digital natural language processing tools can be used to improve the language training of subject teachers in a multilingual educational environment.

Marked Themes in academic writing: a comparative look at the sciences and humanities

Abstract Differences between science writing and humanities writing often appear as glosses in guidebooks, but empirical studies comparing these two genres of writing are uncommon. This study investigated the use of a highlighting mechanism – the Hallidayan notion of the marked Theme (MT) – to understand how the sciences and humanities foreground contextual information, and what this implies about the nature of writing in these two broad disciplines. The corpus comprised 80 research articles, 40 each from the sciences and humanities. MTs were analyzed for their grammatical forms and functions using the Hallidayan framework. The findings revealed that while both genres of writing had roughly the same proportions of MTs used, they differed in their use of thematized clauses. More non-finite clauses were found in science writing, and more finite clauses in humanities writing. Science writing favored the use of Cause MTs, whereas humanities writing used more Contingency and Angle MTs. These findings suggest that science writing values brevity and authorial presence. Humanities writing, by contrast, prefers a more elaborate writing style, with a focus on establishing the conditions needed for the authors’ interpretations, and integrating the viewpoints from other scholars. Suggestions for further research involving other disciplines and multi-disciplinary fields of study are recommended.

The Task of Post-Editing Machine Translation for the Low-Resource Language

In recent years, machine translation has made significant advancements; however, its effectiveness can vary widely depending on the language pair. Languages with limited resources, such as Kazakh, Uzbek, Kalmyk, Tatar, and others, often encounter challenges in achieving high-quality machine translations. Kazakh is an agglutinative language with complex morphology, making it a low-resource language. This article addresses the task of post-editing machine translation for the Kazakh language. The research begins by discussing the history and evolution of machine translation and how it has developed to meet the unique needs of languages with limited resources. The research resulted in the development of a machine translation post-editing system. The system utilizes modern machine learning methods, starting with neural machine translation using the BRNN model in the initial post-editing stage. Subsequently, the transformer model is applied to further edit the text. Complex structural and grammatical forms are processed, and abbreviations are replaced. Practical experiments were conducted on various texts: news publications, legislative documents, IT sphere, etc. This article serves as a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners in the field of machine translation, shedding light on effective post-editing strategies to enhance translation quality, particularly in scenarios involving languages with limited resources such as Kazakh and Uzbek. The obtained results were tested and evaluated using specialized metrics—BLEU, TER, and WER.

Some Language Problems in the Spelling of Primary School Students

This paper addresses language problems among primary school students, particularly focusing on spelling. The research encompasses a broad spectrum of linguistic aspects, including the pronunciation of phonemes and morphemes, the utilization of grammatical forms, as well as spelling and language use. A thorough study was conducted in two primary schools involving fourth and fifth-grade students, to identify language delays, particularly in spelling and pronunciation. The comparison between these schools indicates more frequent delays in the linguistic skills of students at this age. The rules governing spelling and pronunciation play a crucial role in enhancing the linguistic culture of students. Nevertheless, the primary influence on a student’s language originates from their family and cultural background, expanding and evolving further through social interactions and the educational process. The paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of students’ language, encompassing oral expression, various tasks, literary works, phonetics, and grammar. It emphasizes that linguistic mistakes made by students in their family environment can persist and impact their primary education. The discussion also delves into possibilities for avoiding these language mistakes. 
 
 Received: 8 September 2023 / Accepted: 24 December 2023 / Published: 5 January 2024

The Russian vernacular from the second half of the 19th to the first half of the 20th century

The article considers two issues: I) the content and history of the term ?vernacular?, II) non-linguistic and linguistic reasons for the formation and transformation of the vernacular into a common substandard. The author believes that vernacular is a natural non-literary, everyday, generally understandable form of existence of the national language - i.e. speech, which is characterized by a significant and immanently conditioned representation of vernacular lexemes, accentology, morphological and grammatical forms, etc., which functioned in large cities, primarily Moscow and St. Petersburg (Leningrad), from about the second half of the 19th century until the 1970?s. The vernacular basically contains an interdialect. The functioning of the vernacular was associated with the growth of the urban population in large cities. This population, representing the majority of peasants from different regions of Russia, used an interdialect, or vernacular, for communication. On the periphery of this sublanguage, there were various kinds of interference from the jargons and nominations-localities of the city. The vernacular had linguistic features at all levels of the language, but above all at the lexico-semantic level. Since about the 1970?s, under the influence of education and improved means of communication, it began to transform. Today, its place is taken by interjargon, which in linguistics is called ?common substandard? (?????? 2001), ?common jargon? (???????? et al. 1999), ?vernacular-2? (?????? 1998), etc. The vocabulary of the old vernacular has partially gone into the passive language stock, or has moved to the periphery of the new general substandard.

КОРПУС-БАЗОВАНИЙ АНАЛІЗ КОНЦЕПТУ ФРАНЦІЯ

The article focuses on a corpus-based analysis of the concept FRANCE. The analysis of concepts through the lens of corpus linguistics allows us to determine the general perception of a particular reality. Given the current political context and the development of diplomatic relationships, the concept FRANCE becomes significant and requires analysis. As the material for our study, we chose the corpus of Ukrainian language GRAK. General Regionally Annotated Corpus of Ukrainian (GRAC) is a large representative collection of texts in Ukrainian accompanied by a program that enables customization of subcorpora, searching words, grammatical forms and their combinations as well as post-processing of the query results. For this analysis, journalistic and literary texts dated from 1991 to 2022 were selected. The lexeme “France”, representing the concept FRANCE, appeared 189,178 times in GRAK between 1991 and 2022 with the majority of occurrences found in journalistic texts. Besides, other lexical representatives of the concept FRANCE were analyzed, such as “French”, “Paris”, “France”. The article pays particular attention to the contexts in which the concept FRANCE is realized. Ten main thematic groups related to the concept FRANCE were identified and analyzed: FRANCE – PRESTIGE; FRANCE – REFUGE; FRANCE – HISTORY; FRANCE – LAW; FRANCE – POLITICS; FRANCE – LANGUAGE; FRANCE – ECONOMY; FRANCE – SPORT; FRANCE – FOOD; FRANCE – STYLE. Key adjectives and verbs that verbalize the concept FRANCE in the corpus were found. These words often evoke images of well-known politicians and the names of European countries. Moreover, crucial collocates were determined. Thirty collocates representing the lexeme France were identified: Germany, Macron (Emmanuel), Francois (Hollande), President, Italy, Britain, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Spain, Merkel, Sarkozy, Championship, Leaders, Paris, Ambassador, Team, Elections, PSG, Finance, Embassy, Canada, Government, Lady, Great, Match, Ukraine, Protests, Authority, Visit. These collocates predominantly align with themes of politics, international relations and sports. The extensive usage of the concept FRANCE in Ukrainian corpus indicates a strengthening of political relations between Ukraine and France.

Cемантико-функційна характеристика порівнянь в есеї Оксани Забужко «Найдовша подорож»

Today, more and more Ukrainian writers are turning to the essay genre, as it is this genre that makes it possible to respond more quickly to the changes taking place in society. According to O. Taranenko, one of the most important pictorial means of language expression is comparison. Therefore, the purpose of the proposed article is to analyze the semantic, structural and functional features of comparisons in Oksana Zabuzhko’s essay «The Longest Journey». In the analyzed work, comparisons are presented in various grammatical forms, such as: degrees of comparison of adjectives, adverbialized word forms of the instrumental case with a comparative meaning, adverbs, as well as comparative phrases and complex sentences with a subordinate comparative. Using adverbialized word forms of the instrumental case, the writer supplements them with bright meanings, thereby creating certain positive or negative images in the reader's mind according to the author's intention. Comparative phrases and complex sentences with a subordinate comparative are most widely presented in the analyzed essay, which present a wide corpus of comparison objects, among which we can distinguish such thematic groups as «Man», «Artifacts», «Medical terms», «Animal world», «Intertextual vocations», «Names of the elements». With the help of comparisons, Oksana Zabuzhko analyzes the presented facts, gives them an assessment, and also interests the recipient in the information, creates in his mind certain positive or negative images of individual personalities, described events and phenomena, involves the reader in interaction, empathy and search for solutions to the problematic issue.

Connecting the American People: The Effects of New Modes of Communication during the American Presidential Campaign of 2020

This study analyzes the notion of “the American people” on the Twitter accounts of Joe Biden (@JoeBiden) and Donald Trump (@realDonaldTrump) during their campaigns for the 2020 presidential elections. This quantitative and qualitative study highlights how different communication strategies transformed the way candidates defined the American people, which entailed a shift in democratic representation and in civic actions. Following a three-step methodology, it starts by underlining the various modes of “emergence” of the people (Rosanvallon 7), thanks to a lexical and rhetorical analysis of the tweets. To that end, a focus on the grammatical form “we” suggests that the communication of the candidates took advantage of the polysemy of the term for strategic purposes. Second, the creation of in-groups and out-groups produced a strict frame which gave “the people” its shape, suggesting a form of “representation as narrative” (Rosanvallon 192) that characterizes contemporary politics. Thirdly, testing the typology of “collective” and “connective” online action, developed by Lance Bennett and Alexandra Segerberg (1), the data reveals that Biden remained the leader of a classic scheme of “collective action,” while Trump’s communication strategy presented some characteristics of a “hybrid” scheme. Contrary to what has often been said of Trump’s controlling persona, our study suggests that his influence on his supporters’ voice has been weaker than Biden’s.

Voices in methodology: analyzing self-mention markers in English and Persian psychology research articles.

Although previous preconceived notions discourage authors from asserting their presence in research articles (RAs), recent studies have substantiated that the use of self-mention markers offer a means to establish authorial identity and recognition in a given discipline. Few studies, however, explored specific sections of research articles to uncover how self-mentions function within each section's conventions. Exploring the use of self-mention markers, the present study aimed at comparing the method sections written by native English writers and L-1 Persian writers in the field of psychology. The corpus contained 120 RAs, with each sub-corpora including 60 RAs. The RAs were then examined structurally and functionally. The data were analyzed both quantitatively, using frequency counts and chi-square analyses, and qualitatively through content analysis. The findings indicated a significant difference between English and Persian authors concerning the frequency of self-mentions and the dimension of rhetorical functions; however, the differences in the dimensions of grammatical forms and hedging and boosting were found insignificant. Native English authors were inclined to make more use of self-mentions in their research articles. The findings of the current study can assist EAP and ESP novice researchers in taking cognizance of the conventions of authorial identity in each genre.

The role of external components of the speech act in a provocative psychotherapy session

The article analyzes the external speech act components in the session of provocative psychotherapy and characterizes their functional roles. The aim of the paper is to study the process of speech interaction between a psychotherapist and his patient from the perspective of implicit pragmalinguistics, to identify relevant factors that realize the speaker’s intentions to influence the listener, to determine the conditions for their implementation. The relevance of highlighting the designated range of problems is explained by the interest to them of both highly specialized doctor engaged in pragmalinguistics, and the general public - people who want to know the process of speech creation, capable of readjusting the thinking process and/or behavior of a person requiring psychological help. The study is based on the classification of external components of an act of speech highlighted in 1975 by D.H. Hymes: speaker, listener, message form, topic, code, communication channel and setting. These components were studied by the authors from the position of latent pragmalinguistics on the basis of medical discourse of the psychotherapeutic genre, so variant denotations were given for the speaker and the listener: the speaker is the sender of the text or the psychotherapist; the listener is the receiver of the text or the patient. The study of the external components functionality of the speech act was based on R. Jakobson’s works devoted to this topic. Studying the external components function of a speech act in psychotherapy, the authors come to the conclusion that each of them is subordinated to the common goal of any speech creation - to influence the interlocutor (in our case - the patient) implicitly, to transform the destructive worldview attitudes and to induce him to a certain speech act. Such an effect is carried out by means of actualization of grammatical forms, common for both participants of speech interaction.

Teaching of grammatical formation of oral speech in a foreign language

Teaching of grammatical formation of oral speech in a foreign language

Comparison of Four Types of Interrogative Sentences in Chinese and Arabic Language (A Grammatical Study) Grammar

An interrogative sentence is a common sentence used in daily life and communication. The main purpose of an interrogative sentence is to ask questions that the inquirer does not yet know and expects to be answered. There are many types of interrogative sentences in Chinese, mainly categorized into four types, namely general interrogative sentences, special interrogative sentences, selective interrogative sentences, and repeated interrogative sentences. While each type of interrogative sentence has its unique grammatical form and way of answering, there exist similarities among them. Question marks should be added at the end of interrogative sentences, and the tone at the end of the sentence should also go high in pitch. The topic of Arabic and Chinese interrogative sentences has been discussed and studied by many linguistic experts and researchers with many rare research results achieved. Based on previous articles on interrogative sentences, as well as the researchers’ in-depth study of Arabic and Chinese interrogative sentences, but there are very few comparative studies on Chinese and Arabic interrogative sentences. Therefore, to analyze and compare interrogative sentences in these two different languages more comprehensively, researchers will summarize, compare and analyze interrogative sentences in Chinese and Arabic. This paper first adopts a descriptive method to collect information and articles about Chinese and Arabic interrogative sentences, thus laying the quantitative foundation for the research content. The information collected in this article is mainly from grammar textbooks and books written by prominent linguists in Chinese and Arabic, journals published by linguists and researchers, and doctoral and master's theses. The paper then studies various types of interrogative sentences in Chinese and Arabic as the focus, with special attention paid to the similarities and differences presented by the two languages. Keywords: Arabic interrogative sentence, Chinese interrogative sentence, interrogative tool, comparative interrogative sentence, question type.

КӨРКӨМ КОТОРМОНУН ӨЗ АРА БӨЛҮНҮШТӨРҮ ЖАНА АЛАРДЫН СПЕЦИФИКАЛЫК ӨЗГӨЧӨЛҮКТӨРҮ

The article states that grammatical forms, syntactic constructions, sentence symmetry, syntactic figures, rhythmicity of poetic and prose speech, repetitions, parallelisms, etc. in the text have their own national and cultural specifics. Due to the absence or underdevelopment of fundamental works on translation studies, translation criticism, translation history and translation theory in the native language in the native language, we are not able to select and present to the general reader the best translations that clarify the qualitative characteristics, specific features and mutual differences of a true literary translation. Literary translation requires the highest level of equivalence, which can only be achieved by a creative, diligent, experienced translator, overflowing with translation skills. Indeed, in the history of literature there are poets and writers who became famous for their free translation. One of the main tasks of the translator is to provide the full content of the original, where the content of the original and the translation is identical, compatible and the correct translation is very important. Equivalence is the component that fulfills and implements this unity.

An Analysis of Written Commentary Technique on Students’ Writing Given by Teachers

This research was based on a phenomenon that the students’ writing ability was still low. It was assumed that there were two main factors influencing the students’ writing. One of them was about facilitating the students with appropriate written feedbacks. In line with that, this research was a kind of descriptive study, which was aimed at finding a deep description of the implementation of written feedback at MAN Koto Baru Padang Panjang. Participants of the research were all English teachers there. Furthermore, the data were collected by using two instruments, documents and interview. There were two findings of the research. First, almost all of the written feedback items were provided to help students working on their grammatical mistakes or forms of the writing, it was proven by the percentage that 99.66% of the written feedback items were focused on forms whereas only 0.34% of the written feedback items were focused on contents. Second, the technique used in giving the written feedback was written commentary. This technique was used due to its effectiveness in helping the students’ writing. In short, giving written feedback through the written commentary technique is really worth for the development of students’ writing, especially for non-native of English.

ON SOME MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TWOCOMPONENT VERBAL PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS IN MODERN ARMENIAN AND ENGLISH

Verbal phraseological units play a significant role in every language enabling speakers to express diverse meanings and semantic nuances. Studying verbal phraseological units is crucial for identifying the morphological features and linguistic structures of the compared languages. In spoken language, the verbal component of a two-component verbal phraseological unit is modified according to specific grammatical rules shared by the verb, while the non-verbal component follows a certain grammatical structure. Altering any element other than the verbal component primarily leads to the disruption of the meaning of the two-component verbal 39 phraseological unit. The semantic stability of such units relies on their structural stability. This article examines the morphological means of expressing definiteness, number, and negation in two-component verbal phraseological units and their potential impact on the meaning of these units in modern Armenian and English. The study employs comparative and analytical methods. Two-component verbal phraseological units exist in speech as entities with distinct grammatical structures. These forms are often fossilized and resist change. The verbal component can be adjusted in speech by adopting a specific grammatical verb form. In a few cases, altering the grammatical structure of the non-verbal component may lead to a variant of the phraseological unit or an entirely different meaning. In both Armenian and English, number is conveyed through synthetic structures. In Armenian, the article is attached to the non-verbal component, while in English, it is expressed analytically. Negation is conveyed using analytical structures in English and both synthetic and analytical structures in Armenian.

ПОНЯТТЯ НАДМІРНОСТІ В МОВІ ТА В СКЛАДНОМУ БАГАТОКОМПОНЕНТНОМУ РЕЧЕННІ

The article examines lexical, grammatical and stylistic manifestations of excess in modern Ukrainian artistic discourse. A defi nition of the phenomenon of redundancy, in-cluding their lexical, grammatical and stylistic types, is proposed. The specifi cs of their application at the level of a complex multi-component sentence are outlined. Excessive el-ements are used to emphasize the statement and have a pragmatic eff ect on the addressee.The theoretical apparatus discussed in the article allows us to diff erentiate pleonasm as an excess of means that serves to convey the lexical or grammatical content of an utterance, manifests itself in repetition, synonymous duplication of lexemes or grammatical forms, as well as in too verbose conveying of content. The concept of tautology, which is tangential to the defi nition of pleonasm, is interpreted as a stylistic fi gure aimed at strengthening a phenomenon or sign. The basis of this technique is the repeated designation of what was said earlier in a diff erent form. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the use of repetitions in the text or partial duplication of content improves the style and gives the statement clarity and specifi cation. On the basis of the descriptive method used in the work, it was established that repeated words demonstrate the gradation of feelings, understandings and depth of experi-ences. In order to increase the impact on the perception of the text, to give it greater drama and expressiveness, modern writers widely use anaphora, or monologue. In addition, artistic texts are not devoid of such a stylistic fi gure as polysyndeton, or multiple conjunction, which is a means of demonstrating solemnity, expressing and enhancing lyricism and showing the author’s thoughts. At the time, the authors consciously used the analyzed technique, which, in our opinion, is fully justifi ed and motivated.The analysis of the given examples proved: despite the possibility of avoiding repetitions, the authors consciously use fi gures of excess, which are fully justifi ed and motivated. They are a means of artistic expressiveness of current events and the au-thor’s objective attitude to the world; contribute to revealing the nature of inner feel-ings; enrich the text with expression, as well as clarify what was said, intensify signs and actualize the actions presented in the text and at the syntactic level manifested in various types of complex multi-component sentences.

A comprehensive analysis of means of expression of epistemic modality in French-language fictional discourse

The article is devoted to the study of means of expression of epistemic modality in modern French-speaking discourse. The conceptual base of modality manifestations finds its implementation in language, through which a person convey their knowledge, competences and attitude to the world. The results of scientific research led to recognition of the trichotomous nature of the category of modality: aletic, epistemic and deontic. Epistemic modality is directly related to the speaker’s knowledge of the world, his trust or distrust of reality, and to the information provided in the utterance. The epistemic probability of the realization of the fact has such conceptual aspects as availability, predictability, possibility - impossibility (partial or total). Epistemic modality can also be objective or subjective. The objective epistemic modality is conveyed through the grammatical forms of the verb in Conditional I and II. As for subjective epistemic modality, it is found in specific lexical modalizers. In fictional discourse, epistemic modality occurs in communicative situations that manifest themselves on a larger scale, such as context. In the trichotomous division “utterance - situation - context”, each part has its own role and reflects the author’s idea depending on the general content. The means of implementing the author’s ideas, which are modally marked, are analyzed from the point of view of the presence in them of specific modalizers, grammatical forms of verbs in Conditional mode I and II, given the role of the situation and context. Grammatical and lexical language means, through which the speaker’s attitude to reality is reproduced, are not the same in content, they can be divided into four main groups depending on the degree of confidence - uncertainty, probability - improbability. In fictional discourse, through these means, the author reveals his attitude to reality, to the world, as well as the attitude of the characters of the work to them. For this purpose, the writer uses a whole arsenal of modal markers with the value of confidence - uncertainty, probability - improbability.