Winter Wheat Grain Yield Research Articles

Micro-sprinkling irrigation simultaneously improves grain yield and protein concentration of winter wheat in the North China Plain

Increased grain yield (GY) and grain protein concentration (GPC) are the two main targets of efforts to improve wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the North China Plain (NCP). We conducted a three-year field experiment in the 2014–2017 winter wheat growing seasons to compare the effects of conventional irrigation practice (CI) and micro-sprinkling irrigation combined with nitrogen (N) fertilizer (MSI) on GY, GPC, and protein yield (PY). Across the three years, GY, GPC, and PY increased by 10.5%–16.7%, 5.4%–8.0%, and 18.8%–24.6%, respectively, under MSI relative to CI. The higher GY under MSI was due primarily to increased thousand-kernel weight (TKW). The chlorophyll content of leaves was higher under MSI during the mid–late grain filling period, increasing the contribution of post-anthesis dry matter accumulation to GY, with consequent increases in total dry matter accumulation and harvest index compared to CI. During the mid–late grain filling period, the canopy temperature was markedly lower and the relative humidity was higher under MSI than under CI. The duration and rate of filling during the mid–late grain filling period were also higher under MSI than CI, resulting in higher TKW. MSI increased the contribution of post-anthesis N accumulation to grain N but reduced the pre-anthesis remobilization of N in leaves, the primary site of photosynthetic activity, possibly helping maintain photosynthate production in leaves during grain filling. Total N at maturity was higher under MSI than CI, although there was little difference in N harvest index. The higher GPC under MSI than under CI was due to a larger increase in grain N accumulation than in GY. Overall, MSI simultaneously increased both GY and GPC in winter wheat grown in the NCP.

Combined application of organomineral and mineral fertilizers in the fertilization system of winter wheat on the southern black soil of the Lower Don

The article presents an analysis of the determination of the effectiveness of mineral and organic fertilizers on the yield of winter wheat grain. The studies were carried out in 2017–2020 in the Rostov region on the southern chernozem. The object of research was the Doneko winter wheat variety. The predecessor is corn for grain. Ammonium nitrate, ANP fertilizer (16-16-16) and urea were used as mineral fertilizers, which were applied in the fertilization system of winter wheat and acted as a background option in the experimental scheme. ANP fertilizer (16-16-16) was introduced when sowing winter wheat, ammonium nitrate - scattered over thawed-frozen soil and carbamide in the heading phase by foliar method. Organomineral fertilizers were represented by the following types: Ruther, Leili 2000, Siamino Pro, Gumiful Pro, Soft Guard and Double Wine MKR (monocaliphosphate) produced by Biokepharm (Switzerland). The raw material for the production of organomineral fertilizers was the algae of the warm seas Laminaria. In the field experiment, the options for the joint application of foliar application and pre-sowing seed treatment with organomineral fertilizers were also studied. The control was the option without mineral fertilizers and the option with the background of the use of mineral fertilizers (farm fertilization system).
 It was found out that the use of organic fertilizers Ruter (0.5 or 0.25 l / t) and Leyli (0.25 l / t) for seed treatment before sowing, the use of Soft Guard (0.2 l / ha) and Gumiful Pro ( 0.2 l / ha) in the spring tillering phase and in the flag leaf phase against the background of sowing nitroammophoska at a dose of N32P32K32, random fertilizing on thawed-frozen soil with ammonium nitrate at a dose of N40 and the use of carbamide in the heading phase at a dose of N20 increased grain yield on average for 2018–2020 compared with the control (fertilization system of the farm) by 0.73 t / ha, or 23.0%. The maximum yield increase from the root-forming agent Ruther, used for pre-sowing seed treatment, reached 0.36 t / g, or 11.3%.

Narrow-waveband spectral indices for prediction of yield loss in frost-damaged winter wheat during stem elongation

Frost during stem elongation is one of the most destructive disasters in China, which has a significant impact on the production of winter wheat. Automatic monitoring of frost injury to canopy is of vital importance to the early prediction of yield loss. This study investigated the potential of hyperspectral techniques in predicting the Percent Yield Difference (PYD) of frost-damaged winter wheat. Three artificial frost experiments were conducted to obtain hyperspectral reflectance and grain yield for winter wheat subjected to sub-freezing temperature treatments. The PYD was used to evaluate the level of frost damage. Nine new indices based on the best combination of wavelengths were selected through the contour mapping approach. All new and published indices were used to establish the linear regression models with PYD. The results showed that as the value of PYD increased, the NIR reflectance within 760–1140 nm decreased, whereas the red and SWIR reflectance increased. The most significant change was found in the NIR region, where the water absorption bands within 930–970 nm almost disappeared. The cross-validation results indicated that the three water-sensitive spectral indices NWI-2, RDSI ((R958-R545)/(R826-R545)), and NDSI ((R962-R829)/(R962+R829)) demonstrated the best prediction accuracy and outperformed the partial least square regression (PLSR) and support vector regression (SVR) models. NWI-2 and NDSI represented a relatively simple waveband combination similar to NDVI, which could be referenced for developing satellite multispectral products to predict PYD at a large spatial scale. GS and PYD range had a significant impact on the spectral indices. The prediction accuracy of PYD for a single GS improved as development advanced before heading. When the PYD value was above 10 %, no significant differences between the subfreezing treatments and the unfrosted controls was detected until the PYD value exceeded 30–40%. It was difficult to predict the relatively low PYD level due to the hybrid response of the spectral reflectance to frost damage.

Grain Yield and Quality of Winter Wheat Depending on Previous Crop and Tillage System

The effects of previous crops (soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera Metzg)), as well as of conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT), on yield and some quality parameters of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain were evaluated based on a four-year field experiment. Wheat was grown in a four-field crop rotation: Soybean—winter wheat—winter oilseed rape—winter wheat. The study revealed that growing winter wheat after soybean, compared to its cultivation in the field after winter oilseed rape, significantly increased grain and straw yield, as well as all yield and crop components evaluated. After the previous soybean crop, higher grain protein content, Zeleny sedimentation value, and grain uniformity were also found. After winter oilseed rape, only a greater value of the gluten index was obtained. Statistical analysis did not show the tillage system (TS) to influence the grain yield of winter wheat. Under the CT system, relative to NT, straw yield, number of ears per 1 m2, and plant height of winter wheat were found to be significantly higher. The NT system, on the other hand, beneficially affected the thousand grain weight. Wheat grain harvested under the CT system was characterized by a higher grain test weight, better grain uniformity, and lower gluten index than under NT.

Farming practices and deficit irrigation management improve winter wheat crop water productivity and biomass through mitigated greenhouse gas intensity under semi-arid regions.

Understanding the greenhouse gas emissions mechanism from the agricultural soils is essential to reach an agricultural system with a lower impact on the environment. The cultivation practices in combination with deficit irrigation have been used in a dry-land farming system to modify the soil water status. However, few research works have been focused on plastic film with deficit irrigation regimes on global warming potential (GWP), greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI), and biomass productivity under simulated rainfall conditions. In the current study, a 2-year study was carried out in a rainproof mobile shelter to study the potential role of two cultivation practices (i.e., furrow with plastic mulching on ridges, RF; and conventional flat cultivation, TF) in combination with two deficit irrigation regimes (i.e., 150 and 75 mm) and three simulated rainfall (i.e., 1, 275 mm; 2, 200 mm; and 3, 125 mm). . We found that RF2150 treatment was more effective in improving the soil water content, soil respiration rate, and winter wheat production and significantly reduced (39.2%) the GHGI and GWP than TF2150 treatment. The RF2150 treatment improved soil moisture and significantly increased (18.9%) grain yield, (11.1%) biomass, (75.8%) WUEg, and (64.1%) WUEb of winter wheat and largely mitigated GWP and GHGI. The RF system with 150-mm deficit irrigation regime plays a significant role in increasing the biomass productivity and soil respiration rate and minimizing the seasonal greenhouse gas fluxes, GHGI, and field ET rates under 200-mm precipitation condition. Compared with TF practice, the plastic film mulching on ridges and furrow on the planting zone could significantly improve biomass and WUE and reduce N2O, CO2, and CH4 emissions. The RF2150 treatment should be very good water-saving approach and a powerful tool to decrease GHGI and GWP via increased biomass, WUE, soil respiration rate, and wheat yields under a dry-land farming system.

Soil nutrient status and crop productivity after 6 years of conservation tillage in a subtropical dryland

Conservation tillage is considered one of the most indispensable management practices for crop productivity and soil health in rainfed areas world over. The present study aimed to assess performance of conservation tillage in contrast with conventional tillage for different crop sequences on soil quality and yield productivity under the subtropical dryland conditions of Pothwar, Pakistan. Present study was carried out in the plots of an existing long-term field trial initiated in 2011 where four tillage systems viz. conventional tillage (CT, moldboard), minimum tillage (MT), reduced tillage (RT), and zero tillage (ZT) were compared. In 2015, for current study, each tillage plot was divided into three subplots for crop sequences viz. fallow-wheat (Triticum aestivum) (F-W), mungbean green manure (Vigna radiata)-wheat (M-W), and sorghum fodder (Sorghum bicolor)-wheat (S-W). Soil fertility in terms of NO3-N, P, and K was significantly enhanced by long-term application of RT and ZT tillage systems. Among crop sequences, F-W and M-W had higher soil fertility than S-W sequence. Biomass yield of summer crops was the highest under RT tillage that was 37.31 t ha−1 and 42.01 t ha−1 for sorghum and 19.49 t ha−1 and 26.47 t ha−1 for mungbean in 2015 and 2016, respectively. The lowest biomass of both crops was produced by ZT, mainly due to poor germination and lesser plant height. Grain yield of winter wheat was also statistically highest under RT tillage especially in F-W and M-W sequences. Wheat yields were 2.89 t ha−1 and 2.84 t ha−1 in 2016 and 2.63 t ha−1 and 2.61 t ha−1 in 2017, respectively. Reduced tillage system should be promoted for the improvement of soil fertility and crop productivity in Pothwar and other subtropical dryland areas.

Effects of deep vertical rotary tillage on the grain yield and resource use efficiency of winter wheat in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China

Tillage represents an important practice that is used to dynamically regulate soil properties, and affects the grain production process and resource use efficiency of crops. The objectives of this 3-year field study carried out in the Huang-Huai-Hai (HHH) Plain of China were to compare the effects of a new deep vertical rotary tillage (DVRT) with the conventional shallow rotary tillage (CT) on soil properties, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency at different productivity levels, and to identify a comprehensive management that optimizes both grain yield and resource use efficiency in the HHH Plain. A split-plot design was adopted in field experiments in the winter wheat growing seasons of 2016–2017 (S1), 2017–2018 (S2) and 2018–2019 (S3), with DVRT (conducted once in June 2016) and CT performed in the main plots. Subplots were treated with one of four targeted productivity level treatments (SH, the super high productivity level; HH, the high productivity and high efficiency productivity level; FP, the farmer productivity level; ISP, the inherent soil productivity level). The results showed that the soil bulk density was reduced and the soil water content at the anthesis stage was increased in all three years, which were due to the significant effects of DVRT. Compared with CT, grain yields, partial factor productivity of nitrogen (PFPN), and water use efficiency (WUE) under DVRT were increased by 22.0, 14.5 and 19.0%. Path analysis and direct correlation decomposition uncovered that grain yield variation of winter wheat was mostly contributed by the spike numbers per area under different tillage modes. General line model analysis revealed that tillage mode played a significant role on grain yield, PFPN and WUE not only as a single factor, but also along with other factors (year and productivity level) in interaction manners. In addition, PFPN and WUE were the highest in HH under DVRT in all three growth seasons. These results provided a theoretical basis and technical support for coordinating the high yield with high resource use efficiency of winter wheat in the resource-restricted region in the HHH Plain of China.

GWAS revealed effect of genotype \xd7 environment interactions for grain yield of Nebraska winter wheat

BackgroundImproving grain yield in cereals especially in wheat is a main objective for plant breeders. One of the main constrains for improving this trait is the G × E interaction (GEI) which affects the performance of wheat genotypes in different environments. Selecting high yielding genotypes that can be used for a target set of environments is needed. Phenotypic selection can be misleading due to the environmental conditions. Incorporating information from phenotypic and genomic analyses can be useful in selecting the higher yielding genotypes for a group of environments.ResultsA set of 270 F3:6 wheat genotypes in the Nebraska winter wheat breeding program was tested for grain yield in nine environments. High genetic variation for grain yield was found among the genotypes. G × E interaction was also highly significant. The highest yielding genotype differed in each environment. The correlation for grain yield among the nine environments was low (0 to 0.43). Genome-wide association study revealed 70 marker traits association (MTAs) associated with increased grain yield. The analysis of linkage disequilibrium revealed 16 genomic regions with a highly significant linkage disequilibrium (LD). The candidate parents’ genotypes for improving grain yield in a group of environments were selected based on three criteria; number of alleles associated with increased grain yield in each selected genotype, genetic distance among the selected genotypes, and number of different alleles between each two selected parents.ConclusionAlthough G × E interaction was present, the advances in DNA technology provided very useful tools and analyzes. Such features helped to genetically select the highest yielding genotypes that can be used to cross grain production in a group of environments.

УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ И КАЧЕСТВО ЗЕРНА ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ ПРИ БЕЗОТВАЛЬНОЙ ОБРАБОТКЕ ПОЧВЫ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ДОЗ МИНЕРАЛЬНЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ В СЕВООБОРОТАХ ЦЧР

In modern agriculture, resource-saving technologies for cultivating grain crops and their optimization are becoming more and more relevant. The use of scientifically-based crop rotations, tillage methods and doses of mineral fertilizers allow increasing economic efficiency of winter wheat cultivation. The purpose of the research was to assess the yield and quality of winter wheat grain depending on different doses of mineral fertilizers under non-moldboard soil tillage in the crop rotations of the Central Chernozem Region. The research was carried out in 2012-2020 in a stationary multifactorial field experiment in Federal Agricultural Kursk Research Center. The experimental design included the following options: Factor A – crop rotations (grain-fallow-row, grain-grass-row, grain-grass); Factor B – mineral fertilizers (without fertilizers, N20P40K40, N40P80K80 kg ha-1). The soil of the experimental site is represented by typical, medium-loamy chernozem. The paper shows that the yield of winter wheat grain in the context of non-moldboard soil tillage was higher in the grain-fallow-row crop rotation and amounted to 3.34 t ha-1. In the grain-grass-row and grain-grass crop rotations, yield decreased by 6.6 % and 10.2 %, respectively. The maximum grain yield (3.98 t/ha-1) was obtained in grain-fallow-row crop rotation with N40P80K80. An increase in fertilizers doses led to protein and gluten content increment from 12.6 to 13.3 % and from 22.8 to 25.6 %, respectively; however, the differences in crop rotations were within the limits of experimental error. The grain nature varied according to the studied factors from 708 to 735 g/l-1 and was higher in the grain-fallow-row crop rotation with a dose of mineral fertilizers N40P80K80. Despite more significant net income after increased fertilizers dose (N40P80K80), the increase in the winter wheat grain yield did not allow obtaining a higher level of profitability compared to N20P40K40. Winter wheat cultivation in grain-grass-row crop rotation with N20P40K40 was the most cost-effective. In this variant, the cost of grain was the lowest (4.92 thousand rubles t-1); the profitability, on the contrary, was the highest (103.4 %).

Influence of extracurricular fertilization on growth, development, quality indicators and grain yield of winter wheat

In recent years, the increase in grain yield under irrigated conditions has led to a decrease in technological quality of grain. The main reason for this is the lack of nitrogen during the grain formation in wheat on gray soils with low humus content. Under irrigated conditions, one of the most urgent tasks is to increase the grain yield of winter wheat and improve technological quality. According to the results of scientific research, today winter wheat absorbs 50-55% of nitrogen fertilizers, 20-22% of phosphorus fertilizers and 55-60% of potassium fertilizers. Some of the nitrogen fertilizers not assimilated by the plant are released into the air in the ammonia state, while some are washed into the groundwater in the nitrite and nitrate state. This situation has a negative impact on the environment. This condition is prevented when the leaf orchids are fed, as well as the rate of absorption of phosphorus by the plant increases sharply.

Interactive effects of irrigation regime and planting density on grain yield and water use efficiency in winter wheat

To get an optimal irrigation regime and planting density for simultaneous improvement of grain yield (GY) and water use efficiency (WUE) in winter wheat, we examined the responses of 'Tainong 18' (with bigger ears) and 'Shannong 22' (with medium-sized ears) under four irrigation regimes, including 0, 45, 60, and 75 mm. Those two cultivars were planted at four densities: Tainong 18 at 135×104, 270×104, 405×104, and 540×104 plants·hm-2 and Shannong 22 at 90×104, 180×104, 270×104, and 360×104 plants·hm-2. The interactive effects of irrigation regimes and plant densities on GY, water consumption characteristics, and WUE were investigated. The results showed that GY, evapotranspiration, soil water consumption, and WUE were significantly affected by irrigation regime, plant density, and their interaction. The optimal irrigation regime was 45 mm for both cultivars, while the optimal plant density was 405×104 plants·hm-2 for Tainong 18 and 270×104 plants·hm-2 for Shannong 22, as indicated by the highest GY, the lowest ratio of soil evaporation to evapotranspiration after jointing, and higher WUE and the ratio of soil water consumption below 1 m to total soil water consumption. The rational combination of plant density and irrigation could reduce unnecessary water consumption and improve WUE.

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Increasing the grain yield of winter wheat in Ukraine and in the world is largely related to achievements in selection and improvement of agrotechnics for its growing. Modern high-yielding varieties of winter wheat are characterized by a longer period of consumption of nutritive elements and their more efficient use. To realize their genetic potential, such varieties require an individual approach to the management of mineral nutrition of plants. However, the prevention of nutritional deficiencies due to non-compliance of fertilizers with the physiological needs of new varieties and hybrids until present time remains an unsolved problem. Therefore, the aim of our research was to compare the consumption of nutritive elements by winter wheat plants of Ukrainian and European selection after the resumption of spring vegetation. In the research had compared the dynamics of consumption of nutritive elements by winter wheat plants of four Ukrainian varieties: Rozkishna, Bunchuk, Smug-lyanka and Podolyanka; 8 varieties of Foreign selection: Balitus, Panonicus – Austria; Arctis, Matrix – Germany; Annitsa, Manditsa – Croatia; Bodichek and Daria – Czech Republic. The content of N, P, K and microelements in the aboveground organs of plants after the resumption of their spring vegetation in the tillering stage, shooting, flowering and complete ripeness (grain and straw separately) was determined. Wheat was grown on the varietal test field of theV. Yuryev Plant Research Institute of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine on typical heavy clayey loam chernozems with the same agrotechnics and fertilizers. Wea-ther conditions during the research period differed in the times of the dry period: in 2018 in April-May during the growth of vegetative mass, and in 2019 – in June–July, that is in the phase of grain ripening. It is found, that the nitrogen content in the aboveground part of winter wheat during the spring-summer vegetation was higher in varieties of European selection, except for well provided with moisture tillering phase in 2019. A similar trend of greater potassium accumulation had plants of European varieties whose potassium content in grain was higher by 0.03–0.14% in 2018 and by 0.22–0.24% in 2019 than in the varieties of Ukrainian selection. No significant permanent differences in the accumulation of phosphorus by plants between groups of varieties were found. The content of nutritive elements in grain and straw had less variability than in the aboveground part of plants during the growing season. During both years of observations during the growing season, wheat of European varieties accumulated more manganese than Ukrainian varieties, and, as a result, the content of this element in the grain of the European group was higher by 2.2–2.3 mg/kg, in straw –by 5.2–7.7 mg/kg. Instead, wheat of Ukrainian varieties consumed more zinc from the flo-wering phase, and the content of this element in the grain of the Ukrainian group was higher by 1.1–1.2 mg/kg, in straw – by 0.09–0.22 mg/kg. The accumulation of iron in the tissues of winter wheat was higher for European varieties at the stage of booting, and for Ukrainian varieties – during flowering. Thus, the same conditions of soil supply with nutritive elements, accumulation of NPK and microelements in the aboveground part of winter wheat plants after the resumption of spring vegetation is determined by weather conditions and varietal features of nutrition. The extraordinary needs of varieties for mineral nutrition can be constant over time, and can be manifested only under certain hydrothermal conditions during the growing season, so to identify such varietal features, it is necessary to conduct research for both drought and good moisture.

ԲԱՐԴԱՅԻ ՕԳՏԱԳՈՐԾՈՒՄԸ ԱՐԱՐԱՏՅԱՆ ՀԱՐԹԱՎԱՅՐԻ ՈՌՈԳԵԼԻ ՄԱՐԳԱԳԵՏՆԱՅԻՆ ԳՈՐՇ ՀՈՂԵՐԻ ՍՆՆԴԱՅԻՆ ՌԵԺԻՄԻ ԲԱՐԵԼԱՎՄԱՆ ՆՊԱՏԱԿՈՎ

According to investigations conducted in conditions of irrigated brown meadow soils of the community Vedi in the Ararat region, the application of barda with the dose of 1400 m3 /ha promotes the crops growth and development. Due to its valuable macro-nutrients (N, P, K) the soil’s physicochemical, chemical properties and nutritional regime improves, as well as the crop’s yield capacity increases. In the result of fertilizing the experimental plots with barda, the yield capacity of watermelon has increased by 28.8 % and the grain yield of winter wheat – by 24 %.

Content of macronutrients in the plant residues of winter wheat while minimizing primary tillage

As a result of the research, the influence of primary tillage practices (plowing, combined tillage, surface tillage, direct sowing) was studied on the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in plant residues in the soil, in the straw and grain of winter wheat, under the conditions of chernozem soils of Kursk Region. The balance of macronutrients coming from plant residues was calculated. It was found that in the spring period in the soil layer 0-20 cm under winter wheat there was more undecayed plant residues when subsoil practices of primary tillage were used. At the same time, as the depth of tillage decreased, a large mass of plant residues was concentrated in the upper 0-10 cm layer of the soil. By the harvest period, there was an increase in the amount of plant residues in the soil by 2.96-4.62 t/ha. At the same time, the highest indicators were observed in case of plowing and direct sowing 4.62 and 4.53 t/ha, respectively. The highest reserves of nitrogen and potassium in undecayed plant residues under winter wheat in the soil were found when using direct sowing (36.0 kg/ha), those of phosphorus when plowing (10.5 kg/ha) was used in the soil layer of 010 cm. The highest mass of winter wheat straw was formed against the background of plowing (6.2 t/ha), while the content of phosphorus and potassium in it was the highest (0.26% and 1.10%, respectively). The highest yield of winter wheat grain was formed against the background of plowing (4.40 t/ha), the lowest yield was with direct sowing (3.26 t/ha). Without the use of mineral fertilizers, a negative balance of macronutrients was formed.

Results of Practical Use of Fertilizers from Chicken Manure in Winter Wheat Cultivation

The article considers utilization of organic waste from poultry farming being an urgent problem of agriculture. Leaders of large poultry farms are interested in using low-cost recycling schemes aimed to process waste into safe products in a short time. This paper considers the possibility of using an organic fertilizer “Soil Improver (UP-1)” obtained by processing poultry waste by using a biologically active additive Mefosfon, which is a melamine salt of bis (oxymethyl) phosphinic acid. Field tests were carried out in 2019-2020 on the lands of OAO “Agrofirma “Ak Bars-Pestretsy” being the branch of the Poultry farm of the Pestrechinsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. The object of the study was the recognized variety of soft winter wheat “Scepter” ES (elite variety). The rate of application of chicken compost and organic product UP-1 in the control and experimental plots was 56 tons per 1 ha. The experimental data show that wheat cultivated with the application of UP-1 compost was distinguished by higher rates of field germination (increased by 13 %); the length of secondary roots was 11.2 % greater compared to control. The grain produced in this variant had higher hardness (control – 62 %, UP-1 – 72 %) and the quality of crud gluten (74.0, 78.0 %, respectively), the yield of winter wheat grain – by 0.06–0.12 t/ha (1.2–2.5 %), which indicates the feasibility of using fertilizer from poultry manure in crops cultivation.

Productivity and technological qualities of winter wheat grain with foliar feeding

The problem of improving the quality of winter wheat grain is relevant and at the same time relatively difficult to solve. In many farms of the republic, in recent years, the yield of winter wheat grain on irrigated lands is 50 c / ha and more. However, the quality of the grain remains low, the protein content in the grain ranges from 10-12%, and the amount of crude gluten in it is in the range of 19-25%. This protein content in winter wheat grain is significantly below the established standard. Foliar dressing has a positive effect on the physiological processes in winter wheat. With foliar feeding, metabolism, photosynthesis and transpiration process are significantly improved, the growth and development of plants is accelerated. In the experiment, with foliar feeding, in the winter wheat variety Kroshka, an increase in the total leaf surface by 6.5-13.8 thousand rubles was observed. m2, biological yield increased by 17-59 c / ha, grain was 59.2-74.7 c / ha. The increase in biological yield varied from 18.1 to 54.9 c / ha, and the increase in grain yieldfrom 6.7 to 22.2 c / ha.

ВЛИЯНИЕ РЕПРОДУЦИРОВАНИЯ НА УРОЖАЙ И КАЧЕСТВО ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ

The article presents the results of a study on the effect of seed reproduction on the yield and quality of winter wheat grain in the steppe zone of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. The studies were carried out in 2015-2018 on the winter common wheat variety Yuzhanka, jointly bred by the Institute of Agriculture of the KBSC RAS and the N.N. P. P. Lukyanenko in the conditions of the steppe zone of Kabardino-Balkaria. In the experiments, changes in the yield structure and grain quality were studied depending on reproduction on the crops of the breeding nursery, superelite, elite, reproductive seeds (1-4) and mass reproduction. According to the studies, the yield structure of the winter soft wheat variety Yuzhanka changed from breeding nursery to mass reproduction. Yield variation on average over the years of research on reproductions was 42.2-48.6 c/ha, with a predominance in the breeding nursery. Such indicators as the number of productive stems from 407 to 342 pcs/m2, grain weight per ear from 1.23 to 1.11 g and weight of 1000 seeds from 41.3 to 38.3 g and other indicators also decreased. The productivity and quality indicators of winter wheat tend to decrease as seeds of different reproductions are used for sowing, that is, from seeds of the breeding nursery to mass reproduction. It should be noted that in adjacent reproductions, the indicators do not differ much. The results of the research showed that as reproduction decreases, the number of grains, the weight of grain from 1 ear and the weight of 1000 seeds. The content of protein and gluten also decreased by 0.6 and 1.0%, respectively, when comparing elite seeds with mass reproduction. The vitreousness of the grain, when using seeds of mass reproductions, decreased by 2.5% compared to the elite.

Yield and quality of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain in relation to nitrogen fertilization

Winter wheat is commonly cultivated in Ukraine. This crop has nutritional requirements that have been affected due to the climate changes that in the recent years the country has been suffered. In the spring season, the plant is found in growing stage, which requires a suitable nitrogen nutrition and it must be supplied due to the deficit of this element during the vegetative development. Within this framework, this study aimed to establish the optimal nitrogen rate for winter wheat that was applied in different configurations on leached black soil, and to determine the effectiveness of nitrogen application to the frozen soil surface in early spring as a basis for these fertilizations. The experiment was conducted at the Bila Tserkva ResearchSelection Station (Ukraine) during 2017–2019. The soil of this place corresponds to a leached loamy black soil (Mollisol) with content of organic matter between 3.6-3.8%, mobile phosphorus (P2O5) 156-166 mg kg-1, potassium (K2O) 64-77 mg kg-1, and pHKCl 5.8–6.3. A randomized experimental design with four nitrogen rates (0, 60, 80, 110 kg ha-1) with four replications as factorial arrangement was used. The results indicated that winter wheat yield was significantly affected by all nitrogen fertilizer rates (P<0.05). The highest average grain yield was obtained with 110 kg ha-1 nitrogen rate that combined application nitrogen to the frozen soil surface and the foliar feeding with 6.90 t ha-1. In years of regular precipitation during the growing season (2018-2019), nitrogen fertilizers had a more pronounced effect on winter wheat yield than in a year of precipitation deficiency (2017). A significant increase in grain protein content was obtained in variants where foliar feeding of winter wheat with urea solution was a part of fertilization strategy; it was attributed to nitrogen rates of 80 and 110 kg ha-1. The increase in protein content of the grain was less dependent on the weather conditions and was stable through the years of experiment.

Estimation of Leaf Water Use Efficiency Threshold Values for Water Stress in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Drought significantly threatens crop productivity and food security worldwide. However, the severity of drought is predicted to increasingly intensify in the future. To provide an antidrought strategy for farmers and breeders, the response of stomatal behavior of crops to water stress should be well studied. In this study, a lysimeter experiment was conducted to study the relationship between gas exchange parameters and grain yields of winter wheat. Light, moderate, and severe drought levels were imposed at seedling, jointing, heading, and filling stages. The results showed that crop evapotranspiration (ETc, mm) of winter wheat during the entire growing season was limited by drought imposed at any growth stage, and ETc under severe drought treatment was always the lowest. The stomatal limitation value had a significant linear correlation with the stomatal conductance (Gs, μmol mol H2O m–2 s–1) and transpiration rate (Tr, mmol H2O m–2 s–1). Light and moderate drought levels at the seedling stage did not generate irreversible physiological stress on wheat plants, while severe drought at any growth stage caused significant reduction in gas exchange parameters and grain yields. Theoretical threshold values of leaf water use efficiency (WUEl) for light, moderate, and severe drought levels were 2.62, 3.36, and 4.11 μmol mmol–1, respectively. The threshold values are useful to provide theoretical reference for achieving smart irrigation in the North China Plain.

ЗИМОСТІЙКІСТЬ РОСЛИН ПШЕНИЦІ ОЗИМОЇ ЗАЛЕЖНО ВІД ПОПЕРЕДНИКІВ БОБОВИХ БАГАТОРІЧНИХ ТРАВ

The article is devoted to solving the problem of increasing the winter hardiness of winter wheat crops when it is grown after the predecessors of six types of perennial legumes. The features of the passage of the growth and development phases of winter wheat plants in the autumn, depending on the predecessors, are shown. The dynamics of plant height in the autumn-spring period is analyzed. The change in the density of winter wheat plants during the period of full germination and during the spring renewal of vegetation was studied. The winter cutting of winter wheat plants, the area of damage to the leaf surface, the proportion of damaged plants and the percentage of their height decrease during the winter period were calculated. The level of grain yield of winter wheat, depending on the predecessors, was investigated, and correlation-regression relationships between it and the factors influencing wintering were revealed. A close correlation has been proved between grain yield and the percentage of damaged winter wheat plants during the winter period and their height at the beginning of spring regrowth. It is shown that the most favorable conditions overwintered and the level of grain yield of winter wheat when grown after various types of leguminous perennial grasses is observed after the predecessor of meadow clover, where damage is observed by unfavorable conditions, only 16.7 % of the plants overwintered and their height at the time of the spring renewal of vegetation is 6 cm. This makes it possible to obtain a grain yield of winter wheat of 5.8 t/ha without the use of mineral fertilizers. The use of leguminous perennial grasses as precursors of winter wheat that develop over two to three years (meadow clover, white melilot, sand sainfoin) contributes to the formation of a significantly higher yield of winter wheat grain compared to predecessors of perennial legumes that vegetate for a long time period – five to eight years (horned lily, sowing alfalfa, eastern goat's rue). The yield of winter wheat after the predecessor of horned clover was the lowest – by 30.5% less than after the predecessor of meadow clover.