Abstract
As a result of the research, the influence of primary tillage practices (plowing, combined tillage, surface tillage, direct sowing) was studied on the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in plant residues in the soil, in the straw and grain of winter wheat, under the conditions of chernozem soils of Kursk Region. The balance of macronutrients coming from plant residues was calculated. It was found that in the spring period in the soil layer 0-20 cm under winter wheat there was more undecayed plant residues when subsoil practices of primary tillage were used. At the same time, as the depth of tillage decreased, a large mass of plant residues was concentrated in the upper 0-10 cm layer of the soil. By the harvest period, there was an increase in the amount of plant residues in the soil by 2.96-4.62 t/ha. At the same time, the highest indicators were observed in case of plowing and direct sowing 4.62 and 4.53 t/ha, respectively. The highest reserves of nitrogen and potassium in undecayed plant residues under winter wheat in the soil were found when using direct sowing (36.0 kg/ha), those of phosphorus when plowing (10.5 kg/ha) was used in the soil layer of 010 cm. The highest mass of winter wheat straw was formed against the background of plowing (6.2 t/ha), while the content of phosphorus and potassium in it was the highest (0.26% and 1.10%, respectively). The highest yield of winter wheat grain was formed against the background of plowing (4.40 t/ha), the lowest yield was with direct sowing (3.26 t/ha). Without the use of mineral fertilizers, a negative balance of macronutrients was formed.
Highlights
Biologization of agricultural technologies is the basis for preventing soil degradation and reproduction of soil fertility [1]
In the upper 0-10 cm layer, their greatest amount was noted with direct sowing – 11.53 t/ha, which was more by 0.34 t/ha than with surface tillage, by 1.15 t/ha than with combined tillage, and by 4.95 t/ha than with plowing
In case of subsurface methods of primary tillage, there were more of them in the upper 0-10 cm layer than in the lower 10-20 cm layer by 2.42-4.97 t/ha, and the greatest difference was in direct sowing
Summary
Biologization of agricultural technologies is the basis for preventing soil degradation and reproduction of soil fertility [1]. Plant residues contribute to the reproduction of organic matter in the soil [4], serve as a means of forming the soil structure [5], and are a source of mineral nutrition elements [6]. The entering into the soil of a large mass of plant residues, which are by-products of crop production, largely depends on the method of primary tillage [7]. With an extreme degree of minimization of tillage, i.e. direct sowing, the by-product remains not embedded in the soil and serves as a mulching layer [8]. In the absence or lack of mineral fertilizers, this increases the negative balance of macronutrients in the soil
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