Spring Barley Grain Research Articles

Evaluation and influence of composts and their organic matter on the growth of spring barley

Pot trial experiments were conducted with the aim of determining organic matter composition and the influence on the growth of spring barley of different types of composts. The plants were grown in 6 l vegetative pots on the experimental site of the LRCAF Agrochemical Research Laboratory. Compost with soil were mixed by the following volume – 10, 20, 30 and 40%. Spring barley was grown for two years – in 2015 and 2016. This experiment investigated green waste and food waste, sewage sludge and biogas production waste. The largest amounts of organic matter, organic and total carbon, and total nitrogen were found in the biogas production waste compost. The minimum contents of organic matter and other nutrients were estimated in the green waste compost. The following biometric measurements on spring barley were taken: plant height, 1 000 grain weight and grain yield. The best growth of barley was in the substrate with biogas production waste in 2015 – plant height 43.7–53.7 cm, 1 000 grain weight 45.6–49.2 g, grain yield per pot 19.1–23.0 g, and the minimum contents were in the green waste substrate. In 2016, the best results were obtained in the substrates with green and food waste compost. The nitrogen content was determined in spring barley grain and straw. In 2015, the total nitrogen content in plant grains and straw was increased by the substrate of biogas production waste, and in 2016 it was increased by the substrate of food waste, sewage sludge and biogas production waste.

Application of elements of organic cropping practice for spring barley under conditions of technogenic load of the Donbas

Purpose. Тo determine the efficiency of using elements of organic cropping practice for spring barley under conditions of technogenic load of the Donbas. Methods. The research was carried out in the State Enterprise “Experimental Farm “Vidrodzhennia” of the Donetsk SАES of the NAAS” in Zaporizhzhia region with the spring barley variety Skhidnyi by conventional cropping practice and with elements of organic one on mineral and organic nutrition backgrounds. In the control, the seeds and crops were treated with only water using conventional technology. Observations, calculations and statistical processing of yield data were carried out according to B. A. Dospekhov. Content of heavy metals was determined by methodological guidelines (1992); grain protein content was determined by titration method (GOST 10864-91). Results. The proposed elements of organic cropping practice (organic background, pre-sowing seed inoculation, crop-spraying in tillering and earing with composition of microbial preparations) increased in the level of crop yield as compared to control by 0.5 t/ha on mineral background and by 0.89 t/ha on organic background. Grain protein content on organic background exceeded the control by 0.74 %, and on mineral one it did by 0.68 %; crude protein content increased by 0.81 % and 0.74 %, respectively. The use of the proposed elements of organic cropping practice of barley spring on both nutrition backgrounds decreased the content of heavy metals in barley grain as compared to control and conventional cropping practice: lead content by 0.04 mg/kg and 0.07 mg/kg, copper content by 0.55 mg/kg and 0.50 mg/kg, zinc content by 5.17 mg/kg and 4.02 mg/kg, respectively. The introduction of elements of organic cropping practice of spring barley on the organic background contributed to high net profit (2,732.4 UAH/ha) and profitability level (64.8 %), and decrease in the cost of products (by 510.3 UAH/t) compared to the control. Conclusions. The using elements of organic cropping practice of spring barley has contributed to crop yield increase as compared to the control both on the of mineral nutrition background and on the organic background as well as raise in protein content and in crude protein content. The content of heavy metals in grain of spring barley has decreased in comparison with the control and conventional technology: on the mineral background by 13–19 %, on the organic background by 14–24 %. The use of elements of the organic cropping practice of spring barley on organic nutrition background led to increase in net profit by 1,844.1 UAH/ha and profitability by 41.9 %.

Zawartość mikotoksyn w ziarnie jęczmienia jarego uprawianego w ekologicznym i konwencjonalnym systemie produkcji na terenie południowo-wschodniej Polski

The aim of the study was to compare the content of mycotoxins in grain of organic and conventional spring barley cultivated in 2006–2008. Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assays ELISA were used to identify aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. Deoxynivalenol was detected the most frequently in the barley samples. The highest level of mycotoxins occurred in the samples from 2008 and the lowest in 2007. In 2006 the samples from the organic system contained less total mycotoxins, and in 2008 only slighlty less in the samples from the conventional system. However, each year the grain from the organic system was less conatimaned by mycotoxins occurring in stored grains. The content of mycotoxins in 2007 in the samples from organic and conventional system remained at a similar level. The diverse mycotoxin content in the analyzed samples of barley may be related to the weather conditions in individual years and the farming system. Celem pracy było porównanie zawartości mikotoksyn w ziarnie jęczmienia jarego pochodzącego z upraw ekologicznych i konwencjonalnych w latach 2006–2008. Do identyfikacji aflatoksyn, ochratoksyny A, toksyny T-2, deoksyniwalenolu oraz zearalenonu użyto testów immunoenzymatycznych ELISA. Spośród badanych prób jęczmienia najwięcej zanieczyszczonych było deoksyniwalenolem. Najwyższy poziom mikotoksyn występował w próbkach z 2008 roku, a najniższy w 2007 roku. W 2006 roku mniej mikotoksyn ogółem zawierały próbki pochodzące z systemu ekologicznego, a w 2008 roku tylko minimalnie mniej z systemu konwencjonalnego, przy czym w każdym roku ziarno z ekologicznego systemu uprawy było słabiej zanieczyszczone przez mikotoksyny przechowalnicze. Zawartość mikotoksyn w 2007 roku w próbkach z systemu ekologicznego i konwencjonalnego utrzymywała się na podobnym poziomie. Zróżnicowana zawartość mikotoksyn w badanych próbkach jęczmienia była związana z warunkami pogodowymi w poszczególnych latach oraz z systemem uprawy.

THE INFLUENCE OF SPRING BARLEY GRAIN (Hordeum vulgare L.) INFECTION BY Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem. ON THE LEAF INFECTION AND GRAIN CONTAMINATION BY STERIGMATOCYSTIN

THE INFLUENCE OF SPRING BARLEY GRAIN (Hordeum vulgare L.) INFECTION BY Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem. ON THE LEAF INFECTION AND GRAIN CONTAMINATION BY STERIGMATOCYSTIN

The influence of bioorganic nanofertilizer on spring barley and oilseed rape productivity and economical effectiveness

Fertilizing field experiment was carried out at the Experimental Station of Aleksandras Stulginskis University in 2014–2015. Spring rape and spring barley with under-crop, perennial grass in the 1st year of use, and winter wheat were grown in four-field crop rotation. The experiment aim was to evaluate the influence of fertilizer on spring barley and on oilseed rape applying bioorganic nanofertilizers (BNF) and N60P60K70. The spring barley breed ‘Luokė’ and the oilseed rape ‘Sponsor’ were grown for the experiment. The research showed that N60P60K70 and BNF had a positive effect on the yield of spring barley ‘Luokė’ and of oilseed rape ‘Sponsor’. The spring barley grain yield increased from 6.8 to 16.3% and the oilseed rape seed yield increased from 8.1 to 23.3% compared to the control. The best yields were obtained fertilizing with N60P60K70 and BNF rate 1.0 l ha–1 and spraying twice. Fertilization with N60P60K70 and BNF 1.0 l ha–1 sprayed twice increased the crude protein content in grains by 0.51%. Fertilization with N60P60K70 and BNF solutions significantly increased the yield of spring barley grain and straw and improved the grain quality, positively influenced 1 000 grain weight, sprouting energy and germination. Application of N60P60K70 and BNF for barley is economically beneficial because it gave the highest profit compared to other options, 158.10 € ha–1. The premium yield of spring rape, sprayed with BNF 1.0 l ha–1 solution twice, was higher by 89.92 € ha–1 than that of the oilseed rape sprayed once. Application of N60P60K70 and BNF on oilseed rape is economically beneficial because it gave the highest profit compared with other options, 172.90 € ha–1.

Influence of biologically active additives on yield and quality of spring barley grain in the Volgograd Region

This article presents data on the influence of dietary supplements, as a background of mineral nutrition of natural soil fertility, and the backgrounds of mineral nutrition on settlement doses of mineral fertilizers for the planned yield of 1.0; 3.0 and 5.0 t/ha of different varieties of spring barley on yield and grain quality. Scientific and field studies in the selection of promising varieties of spring barley on the intended use (brewing and cereal industry) are analyzed.

Biochemical Composition of Spring Barley Grain Pearled to Varying Degrees

Abstract Differences in biochemical composition in dehulled and pearled grain samples affected by the various degrees of pearling were studied for spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Twelve covered spring barley and two hulless genotypes were examined. Commercial samples of pearled barley were included for comparison. Covered barley grain samples were pearled using a small-scale barley pearler to obtain dehulled and pearled barley grain products with pearling percentage of 12% and 30%, respectively. Significant differences were observed in the chemical composition between dehulled grain and pearled grain. As the outer layers of the covered grain were removed to a greater degree by pearling, crude protein content, crude ash, total phenolic concentration and radical scavenging activity in the pearled grain significantly decreased (p < 0.001), while starch concentration increased, without changes in the β-glucans concentration. The concentration of phenolic compounds in the dehulled barley grain samples were 1.30 to 1.61 times higher than for pearled grains. There was a significant (p < 0.01) correlation determined among values of dehulled and pearled grain of different barley genotypes in crude protein, starch, and β-glucan content, but no relationship was found in total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity.

The effect of municipal sewage sludge on the content, use and mass ratios of some elements in spring barley biomass

Abstract Municipal sewage sludge contains considerable amounts of macro and microelements essential for plant nutrition. With decreasing use of natural and organic fertilizers, there is a need to search for alternative sources of organic matter (which is a substrate for humus reproduction). In a field experiment carried out on heavy soil with neutral reaction, the effect of single application of municipal sewage sludge in a dose of 5.34 Mg·ha−1 DM was compared to an equivalent dose of mineral fertilizers. The test plant was spring barley. After application of municipal sewage sludge, slight positive changes in the chemical properties of the soil were observed. The sewage sludge increased the yield of spring barley grain and straw by, respectively, 14 and 13% in relation to treatment with mineral fertilization. Spring barley fertilized with sewage sludge contained more elements than barley grown only on mineral fertilizers. It was shown that application of municipal sewage sludge to the soil had a significant effect on increase in nutrient uptake by spring barley. Fe was taken up in the highest amount, followed by Al and Mn, and Co was taken up in the smallest amounts. Utilization of Fe, Mn, Co and Al from sewage sludge by spring barley was at 6.0, 4.7, 0.7 and 0.7%, respectively of the amount applied to the soil with this waste. The mass ratios (Fe:Mn, Fe:Al, Mn:Co) analyzed in spring barley biomass were much wider in straw than in grain. In terms of grain feed value, Fe:Mn ratio in grain and straw was greater than optimum.

Research the effectiveness micro-1 biopreparation against the spring barley diseases under polissya conditions

The antagonistic activity of strain B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum IMB B-7404 (Micro-1) with the titer of 1-3x107 СFU/ml in relation to the spring barley leaf spot and root rot has been studied in the field and laboratory conditions. It has been found that the treatment of seeds with biopreparation Micro-1 reduces the development of the ordinary root rot by 51,3 %.It has been determined that a single spraying of crops with the biopreparation during the tillering phase reduces the development of barley Helminthosporium by 42,5 % and double application during the phase of tillering and earing – by 55,0 % respectively.A single spraying of spring barley with preparation Micro-1 with the titer of 1-3x107 CFU/ml during the tillering phase provides the technical effectiveness against Helminthosporium at 43,8 % and double application during the tillering and earing phase – at 46,8 % respectively.The application of biopreparation Micro-1on plantings increases the yield of spring barley grain by 0,35–0,45 t/ha as compared to the control

Залежність продуктивності колоса ячменю за кількістю зерен від впливу строків сівби та норм висіву насіння

The purpose. To determine influence of periods of sowing and seeding rates on amount of grains in an ear and productivity of grain of spring barley. Methods. Count, weighting, statistical. Results. It is fixed that with each subsequent sowing amount of grains in an ear decreased. The same is observed at increase of seeding rate. Action of probed factors on productivity of grain of spring barley is fixed. Level of productivity essentially dropped with each subsequent sowing. Conclusions. Increase of seeding rate results in significant drop of productivity at periods of sowing on 15.03. and 25.03. At sowing on 05.04. essential variance is fixed between values of productivity for seeding rates 350 and 400 pieces/m2. In next periods of sowing differences between productivity of probed seeding rates were negligible.

Allelopathic effects of curly dock (Rumex crispus) on spring barley seed germination and early growth

The experiment was carried out at Aleksandras Stulgins­kis University in 2015. The goal of the experiment was to set the allelopathic interaction and influence of Rumex crispus seeds (unsoaked and soaked for 168 hours) and ionized water on spring barley grain germination. The following experiment variants with different proportions of barley grains and R. crispus fruits were used: a) control – 30 barley grains; other variants: b) 20 barley grains and 10 R. crispus fruits, c) 15:15 and d) 10:20. During the germination in distilled water, unsoaked R. crispus fruits inhibited the barley grain germination. In alkaline ionized water, unsoaked fruits did not affect the barley grain germination, which amounted to 100%. Soaked Rumex crispus fruits stimulated the germination. The lowest germination energy (83%) and viability (92%) were determined in the case of ratio 20:10. In distilled water, unsoaked fruits increased barley root and coleoptile elongation. The longest roots (140.00 mm) and coleoptiles (108.26 mm) were in the variant 15:15. Soaked fruits increased barley root elongation, but did not have any effect on the coleoptile length. In ionized alkaline water, in the experiment variants 20:10 and 15:15, R. crispus fruits suppressed barley root and coleoptile elongation. In the case of ratio 10:20 barley formed the longest roots and coleoptiles. Soaked fruits increased barley root elongation, especially in the case of ratio 10:20, and coleoptile elongation. R. crispus fruits had no significant effect on the number of roots.

Hormonal changes in spring barley after triazine herbicide treatment and its mixtures of regulators of polyamine biosynthesis

Plants adapt to abiotic stress by undergoing diverse biochemical and physiological changes that involve hormone-dependent signalling pathways. The effects of regulators of polyamine biosynthesis can be mimicked by exogenous chemical regulators such as herbicide safeners, which not only enhance stress tolerance but also confer hormetic benefits such as increased vigor and yield. The phytohormones, abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin (IAA) play key roles in regulating stress responses in plants. Two years pot trials at Slovak University of agriculture Nitra were carried out with analyses of contents of plant hormones in spring barley grain of variety Kompakt: indolyl-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA), after exposing of tested plants to herbicide stress, as well as the possible decrease of these stress factors with application of regulators of polyamine synthesis was evaluated. At 1st year in spring barley grain after application of solo triazine herbicide treatment in dose 0,5 L.ha-1 an increase of all analyzed plant hormones was observed and contrary, at 2nd year there was the decrease of their contents. From our work there is an obvious influence of herbicide stress induced by application of certain dose of triazine herbicide at 1st year. Expect of the variant with mixture of triazine herbicide (in amount of 0,5 L.ha-1) and 29,6 g.ha-1 DAB, at this year all by us applied regulators of polyamine synthesis reduced the level of both plant hormones. Higher affect of stress caused by enhanced content of soluble macroelements in soil where the plants of barley were grown was observed next year. Soil with increased contents of macronutrients (mg.kg-1): N30.7 + P108.3 + K261.5 + Mg604.2 had reducing effect on contents of plant hormones in barley grain at variant treated with solo triazine herbicide (in dose at 0,5 L.ha-1) in comparison to control variant. The mixtures of regulators of polyamine synthesis reduced the contents of IAA only in comparison to control variant. Decline in amount of ABA in barley grain was observed only after treatment with GABA, also in comparison to variant treated with water. Other mixtures of morphoregulators in combination with herbicide had not strong influence on contents of tested plant hormones in barley grain of variety Kompakt.

Spring Barley Yield Parameters after Lignite, Sodium Humate and Nitrogen Utilization

Abstract The existence of a small number of publications dealing with the impact of solid sodium humate and lignite on the quantity and quality of grown crops was the reason for establishing the field experiment. The objective of this experiment was to detect the impact of solid lignite and solid sodium humate on the quantity and quality of spring barley yield. These substances were applied into the soil either independently or along with nitrogen fertiliser. The next objective was to determine the impact of foliar application of sodium humate water solution applied either independently or along with nitrogen fertiliser on the quality and quantity of spring barley yield. The achieved results showed that the autumn application of solid lignite and the presowing application of solid sodium humate into the soil tended to decrease the yield of both grain and straw of spring barley, crude protein content in grain, proportion of the first-class grains and volume weight of grain, whereas the impact of humate was more negative. Lignite and sodium humate in the solid form should be used along with nitrogen fertiliser. The application of sodium humate in liquid form during the growth season of barley tended to increase the yield of both grain and straw. The joint application of nitrogen and liquid sodium humate during the growth season of barley increased the grain yield of barley significantly. A lower dose of nitrogen, applied during the growth season of barley (growth season BBCH 23), increased the grain yield of barley considerably more than a higher N dose, applied into the soil before barley sowing.

Original Article. Studies on trinexapac-ethyl dose reduction by combined application with adjuvants in spring barley

Abstract Trinexapac-ethyl is a popular plant growth regulator used in various crops, mostly due to its unique anti-lodging properties. Recently it has been found that this substance is also active in stress protection, which may increase its importance in the coming years. This paper presents a new approach to its application. Trinexapac-ethyl belongs to the cyclohexanedione class of herbicide chemistry, thus it is structurally similar to common graminicides frequently used with adjuvants. This study examines the effects of the application of trinexapac-ethyl with adjuvants. Field trials were conducted in the Institute of Plant Protection in Poznań (Poland), in 2014 and 2015. Trinexapac-ethyl was applied at recommended (0.4l・ha-1) and reduced doses (0.2l・ha-1) with organosilicone surfactant, ammonium sulphate and citric acid on spring barley. Stem shortening, yield components and grain quality were examined. The results of the study confirmed the possibility of dose reduction of trinexapac-ethyl by way of combined application with citric acid that reduced the pH of spray liquid or with ammonium sulphate without affecting its effectiveness. The greatest stem height reduction was observed after the application of a full dose of trinaxapac ethyl and its reduced dose in the mixture with citric acid or ammonium sulphate. Depending on the year of study, the effectiveness of the substances on stem reduction ranged from 5.6 to 16.5%. The tested mixtures did not have any significant impact on the number of grains per ear or the yield of spring barley. Trinexapac-ethyl and its mixtures with adjuvants did not influence the crude protein and starch in spring barley grains.

Soil Management Technologies and Mycotoxin Contamination of Wheat and Barley Grain

Fusarium head blight caused by a complex of Fusarium species is widespread across the world and ranks among the most serious diseases in cereals. Long-term field experiments were set up to evaluate the effects of preceding crop and soil management methods on Fusarium mycotoxin (DON, deoxynivalenol) contamination of winter wheat and spring barley grain. Winter wheat and spring barley were cultivated at two locations in the Czech Republic (A: Ivanovice na Hane during 2002–2014, and B: Žabcice during 2007–2014) with preceding crops (A) alfalfa, maize, and pea; and (B) alfalfa (only for wheat), sugar beet (only for barley), and maize. Different soil management methods also were used: (A) 22 cm tillage, 15 cm tillage, 10 cm chisel, and direct drilling; and (B) 22 cm tillage, 10 cm chisel, and direct drilling. Mycotoxin content in harvested grain was analysed using ELISA. At both locations in the experiments with both wheat and barley, year had a significant effect on mycotoxin content in grain. Preceding crop ...

Evaluation of spring barley performance by biplot analysis

Unpredictable environmental conditions lead to occurrence of large genotype by environment (G × E) interaction. It reduces the correlation between genotypic and phenotypic values and complicates selection of superior genotypes. The objective of this study was to estimate genotype by year (G × Y) interaction using AMMI model, to identify spring barley genotypes with stable and high yield performance and to observe association of different meteorological variables with tested growing seasons. The trials with 15 spring barley genotypes were conducted during seven years (1999–2005) at the location of Rimski Sancevi. The results showed that the influence of year (Y), genotype (G) and G × Y interaction on barley grain yield were significant (p < 0.01). Meteorological variables varied significantly from year to year and Y explained the highest percent of treatment variation (81%). The first three IPCA were significant and explained 83% of interaction variation. According to this study, it could be concluded that AMMI analysis provided an enhanced understanding of G × Y interaction in barley multi-years trials. Among the tested genotypes, LAV and NS 477 could be separated as highest yielding genotypes, however LAV could be recommended for further breeding program and large-scale production due to its stable and high yielding performance. It also provided better insight in specific association between spring barley grain yield and meteorological variables.

Integration of Weed Management and Tillage Practices in Spring Barley Production

Spring barley can be used to diversify and intensify winter wheat-based production systems in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. The objective of this study was to describe the effects of tillage system and weed management level (WML) on weed control and spring barley grain yield when grown in a winter wheat-spring barley-spring dry pea rotation. A long-term integrated pest management field study examined the effects of three WMLs (minimum, moderate, and maximum) and two tillage systems (conservation and conventional) on weed control and barley grain yield. Total weed biomass at harvest was 8.0 and 59.7 g m−2for the maximum and minimum WMLs, respectively, in the conservation tillage system, but was similar and averaged 12.2 g m−2for all three WMLs in the conventional tillage system. Despite greater weed biomass with minimum weed management in the conservation tillage system, barley grain yields averaged 5,060 and 4,780 kg ha−1for the conservation tillage and conventional tillage systems, respectively. The benefits of conservation tillage require adequate herbicide inputs.

Spent mushroom compost as a nitrogen source for spring barley

Spent mushroom compost (SMC) contains a range of plant nutrients, including nitrogen (N), a large proportion of which originate from arable crops. Using SMC as an organic fertilizer for crops recycles these nutrients. Effective use of SMC in fertilizer regimes requires knowledge of the nitrogen fertilizer value (NFV) of the SMC, which is the amount of mineral fertilizer N required to give the same N yield, or marketable yield, as an application of SMC. The objectives of these experiments were to evaluate the effect of SMC on spring barley grain yield and quality and to determine its NFV. Experiments were carried out on two soils, light- and medium-textured, over 3 years (2008–2010). The experiments compared the yield response and N uptake of spring barley to fertilizer N with and without SMC. SMC application gave similar or higher grain yield and N uptake compared to fertilizer only treatments at corresponding fertilizer N rates. SMC had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on the economic optimum fertilizer N rate but the maximum yield was significantly (P < 0.05) higher where SMC was applied in two of the six experiments. Effects of SMC on grain quality were small. Results indicated that the NFV, expressed as a proportion of the total N applied in SMC, ranged from 0.05 to 0.29 kg kg−1 N applied in SMC, with a mean of 0.15 kg kg−1. It is concluded that SMC can contribute to the nitrogen nutrition of small grain cereal crops in high yield potential environments.

Why short‐term biochar application has no yield benefits: evidence from three field‐grown crops

AbstractThis study determines the impact of biochar, as a supplement, on soil nutrient availability and yields for three crops within commercial management systems in a temperate environment. Central to the suggestion of biochar benefits is an increase in soil nutrient availability, and here, we test this idea by examining crop nutrient uptake, growth and yields of field‐grown spring barley, strawberry and potato. Biochar produced from Castanea sativa wood was incorporated into a sandy loam soil at 0, 20 and 50 t/ha as a supplement to standard crop management practice. Fertilizer was applied normally for each of the three crops. The biochar contained substantial concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, P, but only K occurred at high concentration in water‐soluble analysis. The large concentration of extractable K resulted in a significant increase of extractable K in soil. The increased availability of K in biochar‐treated soil, with the exception of spring barley grain and the leaves of strawberry during the second year, did not induce greater tissue concentrations. In general, biochar application rate had little influence on the tissue concentration of any nutrient, irrespective of crop or sampling date. There was, however, evidence of a biochar‐induced increase in tissue Mo and a decrease in Mn, in strawberry, which could be linked to soil alkalinization as could the reduction in extractable soil P. These experiments show a single rotational application of biochar to soil had no effect on the growth or harvest yield of any of these field‐grown crops. Heavy metal analysis revealed small concentrations in the biochar (i.e. &lt;10 μg/g biochar), with the largest levels for Ni, V and Cu.

Economic evaluation of combined application of nitrogen fertilizers and crop protection chemicals in crop malting barley

The paper presents data on the effect of combined application of nitrogen fertilizers and chemical plant protection products on the grain harvest of malting barley. Sound economic efficiency of grain of spring barley. In 2009-2011 research found that an integrated system of plant protection with the introduction of nitrogen fertilizer dose of 135 kg/ha is most effective and will provide additional 21.1 q/ha with the greatest return of 17.7%.