Gradual Reform Research Articles

Exploring the Reforms Journey of FATA in Pakistan Through Various Regimes (1947-2018)

FATA is a less developed region in Pakistan due to the black and draconian law in the shape of FCR (1901) enacted during British rule in India. Since the creation of Pakistan, various governments made official attempts to significantly modify the political, legal, and administrative framework of FATA. The present study examines the historical evaluation of reforms in FATA during various governments of Pakistan since independence in 1947. The study highlights how these gradual reform efforts that different central governments had taken led to the FATA merger with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Inconclusive points, some fruitful recommendations are also given to implement and change the system practically according to the final reform effort of the FATA merger into KP in 2018. This study will be of great importance. It will provide comprehensive knowledge to academicians, scholars, and policymakers. For this study, data are mainly collected from books, reports, journals, and newspaper articles. This study is basically qualitative, and a descriptive-analytical technique is adopted.

Органы политической полиции Саратовской губернии в конце XIX – начале XX века: институциональные изменения, направления работы и специфика межгубернского взаимодействия

Introduction. The relevance of the chosen research topic is of lasting importance, since the place, role and importance of the political police is always of paramount importance in order to ensure the security of the state and its power structures. Theoretical analysis. During the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries, the gendarmerie bodies underwent gradual reform and serious intradepartmental and interregional reorganization. As a result, by the beginning of the last century, two main, interconnected and interacting structures of the political police operated in the Russian Empire – a separate corps of gendarmes (with a network of provincial gendarmerie departments and gendarmerie police departments of railways) and Security (search) departments (points). Empirical analysis. It was revealed that the political police bodies operating in the early twentieth century on the territory of the Saratov province (Saratov Provincial Gendarmerie Department, Tambov-Ural Gendarmerie Police Department of Railways, Saratov Security Department and Volga Region Security Department), which underwent organizational and structural changes in accordance with the directive acts of the authorities, purposefully performed their functions of search, covert supervision and surveillance of unreliable elements, inquiry and political investigation, as well as the execution of court sentences in political cases. Results. The process of reorganization and restructuring of political police bodies at the local level, in particular, in the Saratov province, testifies to the contradictory and ambiguous nature of the ongoing transformations. The empirical material studied shows that the authorities of late imperial Russia failed, to the necessary extent, to create an effective system of political investigation, which was supposed to resist the rapidly developing revolutionary movement at the beginning of the 20th century.

Uniform Civil Code: a Critical Analysis of Its Application in Contemporary India

The implementation of a Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in India is a contentious issue, considering the country's diverse social fabric. While the Constitution recommends it, challenges arise due to religious sensitivities and political considerations. This research explores the complexities involved, including gender justice concerns and the need for gradual reforms. Public opinion varies, with some advocating for national integration, while others emphasize respecting religious and cultural diversity. Overall, the debate underscores the importance of navigating these complexities to uphold principles of justice, equality, and pluralism in India's legal system.

Financial sector development and industrialization: lessons and prospects for Ethiopia

ABSTRACT A functional and efficient financial sector is essential for the industrial advancement of a nation. In the context of Ethiopia’s rapidly growing economy, this study examines the limitations imposed by its underdeveloped financial sector on the country’s economic advancement and explores viable policy interventions. Characterized by state-owned bank dominance, a scarcity of non-bank financial institutions, and deficient infrastructure, Ethiopia’s financial system perpetuates widespread financial exclusion. This exclusion hinders industrial transformation, stifles local business growth, and narrows financing avenues for foreign entities. Insights from China’s shift toward market-oriented financial reforms and Kenya’s fintech innovations suggest a path for Ethiopia involving clear, gradual reforms. Strategic steps could include diversifying financial institutions, improving financial infrastructure, advancing mobile payment solutions, and adopting more versatile financing methods to address the financial challenges of industrialization.

Coming to Terms with the Legacies of the Pound Model in Animal Sheltering in the United States.

This paper examines the legacies of the emergence of the animal control and sheltering industry in the United States and their impact on contemporary public animal shelters. While decades of gradual reform have helped substantially reduce the number of animals entering shelters and being killed there, contemporary animal sheltering largely continues to follow the path set when animal sheltering developed in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Three key interrelated legacies of the pound model of early animal control and sheltering enduringly shape sheltering today: (1) the institutional culture of animal shelters grounded in the logics of caging and killing; (2) the lack of visibility and transparency, especially within government shelters; and (3) the economic logics of the pound model, including the disparities in sheltering resources across communities. Examining the origins of animal control and sheltering and identifying the specific legacies of this pound model within contemporary government-funded shelters improves understanding of why such shelters in the US have developed with a particular set of practices and ideologies, and thus provides an important footing for envisioning and enacting radical changes in animal sheltering.

ІНТЕГРАЦІЙНІ ПРОЦЕСИ В СФЕРІ ДЕРЖАВНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ В УМОВАХ РОСІЙСЬКО-УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ВІЙНИ

The goal of the work. The article examines integration processes in the sphere of public administration in the conditions of the Russian-Ukrainian war. On the basis of the analysis, generalization and systematization of scientific sources, the trends of the development of integration processes in the sphere of public administration in modern conditions are highlighted, the need for further efforts in the direction of European integration is proved. Methodology. To achieve the goal, the article used methods of structuring problems, summarizing statistical data and facts, and developing strategic solutions. Scientific novelty. The scientific novelty of the article is that the author justified the steps aimed at reconstruction and effective mobilization of public administration resources to restore the ability of all levels of government, regions and municipalities of Ukraine to solve problems that bring the state closer to EU membership. In the article, the author highlights those problems that were not solved in the pre-war period of the state's development. In particular, we are talking about the need to optimize the system of state regulation, which should be aimed at promoting economic growth and increasing the level of well-being of citizens, as well as at achieving a new quality of state control, creating a "welfare state." The author proposes his own approach to solving the mentioned problems, which is based on the gradual reform of the public administration system, which should lead to a new quality of administration, bringing it closer to the European system of public management. Conclusions. It was concluded that the innovative transformation of the Ukrainian state, its transformation into a European-type state is impossible without changes in the sphere of public administration. The innovations proposed in the article will give a new impetus to the socio-economic development of Ukraine in the post-war period, creating the necessary conditions for the country's full integration into the EU by improving the public administration system. During the war, all authorities gain important experience in development planning and financing, which can be used in the post-war period to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of strategic decisions related to the rapprochement with the European Union. Nowadays, the executive authorities should build their capacity, analyze and implement the best European experience, try to adopt the style of management and communication, which is inherent in the European public administration practice.

Deregulation of short-selling and green innovation of enterprises: quasi-natural experiment of margin trading policy

PurposeThe reform and opening-up of capital market is valued for promoting sustainable development, while its impact presented as the form of deregulation of short-selling on the green innovation of enterprises in developing countries remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to outline the significance of gradual reform of financial markets in developing countries for low-carbon transformation and provide implications for achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.Design/methodology/approachBased on the green subdivided patent data and financial data of China’s A-share listed companies, this paper takes the implementation of securities margin trading program as a quasi-natural experiment and applies the difference-in-differences (DID) model to examine the impact of deregulation of short-selling constraints on the enterprises’ green transformation.FindingsThe findings reveal that the initiating securities margin trading program significantly enhances the green innovation performance of enterprises. These findings are valid after performing a series of robustness tests such as the parallel trend test, the placebo test and the methods to exclude other policy interference. Mechanism analyses demonstrate a two-faceted effect of the securities margin trading program on the green innovation of enterprises, in which short-selling policy increases the pressure on capital market deregulation and meanwhile induces the environmental protection investment. The heterogeneity results demonstrate that the impulsive effect imposed by securities margin trading program is more significant in experimental group samples with characteristics of lower financing constraints, belonging to heavy polluting industries and possessing better environmental supervision capability.Originality/valueFirst, previous studies have focused on the impact of financial policies implemented by banking institutions on the green innovation of enterprises, but few literatures have explored the validity of relaxing short-selling restrictions or opening the capital market in the field of enterprise’s green transformation in developing country. From the view of securities market reform, this paper broadens the incentive and supervision effects of the relaxation of short-selling control on enterprise’s green innovation performance after the implementation of securities financing and securities lending policy in China’s capital market. Second, previous studies have explored the impact of command-and-control environmental regulations, as well as market-incentivized environmental regulations such as green finance, low-carbon pilots and environmental tax reform, on the green transition of enterprises. Recently the role of the securities market in the green development of enterprises has received more attention in academia. The pilot of margin financing and securities lending is essentially a market-incentivized regulatory tool, but there is few in-depth research on how it affects the green innovation of enterprises. This paper enriches the research on whether the market incentive financial regulation policy can contribute to the green transformation of enterprises under the Porter hypothesis. Third, some previous studies used the ordinary panel regression model to explore the impact of financial policy on enterprise’s innovation performance. However, due to the potential endogenous problems of the estimated model, it might get biased conclusions. Therefore, based on the method of quasi-natural experiment, this paper selects the margin trading pilot policy as an exogenous shock to solve the endogenous or reverse causality problem in traditional measurement model and applies the DID model to study the relationship between core indicator variables.

캄보디아와 한국의 초등교사양성제도 비교연구

[Research purpose]This study compares primary school teacher training systems in Cambodia and Korea, aiming to provide insights for future reforms in Cambodia.
 [Methodology]Through a literature review, an analysis, and a survey of Cambodian educators, we identify similarities and differences in the development processes of the two systems.
 [Results]Cambodia's system resembles Korea's during the 1980s and 1990s, reflecting transitions to four-year university-level training. However, challenges persist in Cambodia's system, with limitations in evaluating candidate’s teaching suitability, curriculum adaptability, and a loose certification and recruitment framework. Survey responses from Cambodian educators express positivity towards the implications drawn from the study.
 [Conclusion]The study recommends gradual reforms in Cambodia, emphasizing removing traditional testing and curriculum components and integrating competence-based elements, mirroring Korea's successful trajectory.

The Change of Heart, Moral Character and Moral Reform

AbstractI examine Kant’s claim in part one of Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason that moral reform requires both a ‘change of heart’ and gradual reformation of one’s sense (R, 6: 47). I argue that Kant’s conception of moral reform is neither fundamentally obscure nor is it as vulnerable to serious objections as several commentators have suggested. I defend Kant by explaining how he can maintain both that we can choose our moral disposition via an intelligible choice and that we become good through a continuous struggle. I then provide an interpretation of how moral reform occurs in the phenomenal realm.

The CBA Operating Model and Its Flaws

The operation of the CBA league determines the development of the CBA league, and is also the focus of external attention. This paper takes the operation of the CBA league as the theoretical base, and summarises the current operation of the CBA through literature analysis and SWOT analysis. The aim is to grasp the current operation mode of the CBA, describe and sort out its advantages, disadvantages, opportunities and threats, and put forward countermeasures for the development of CBA operation by combining expert opinions and logical analysis, so as to ultimately optimise the operation mode of the CBA, make the CBA more professional, help the league and the clubs to develop better, and make the CBA a more valuable brand event. The main findings of the study are as follows; the CBA league operation model is plagued by three major dilemmas: the property rights problem, the principal-agent problem and the adverse selection problem. The legacy of the original system, the gradual reform process, the use of international models, the immaturity of the domestic model and the lack of effective demand (supply) are the causes of the dilemma and create real obstacles such as the operational governance dilemma and the lack of professional sportsmanship.

INSSENIROVKA QILISH ORQALI SODIR ETILGAN JINOYATLARNI ANIQLASH VA FOSH QILISHNING AYRIM USULLARI TAVSIFI

"In the context of the modernization and reform of our country, the reforms that protect rights and are carried out in the field of judicial law are primarily aimed at comprehensive protection of human rights, freedoms, and legal interests. These are gradual and gradual reforms, giving the state the role of the main reformer, ensuring the rule of law, and implementing a strong social policy. Also, today there are problems related to the relevance of preliminary inquiry and investigation processes. However, from the point of view of identifying problematic situations or cases in our legislation by scientists and practitioners, the results studied or analyzed are still not fully resolved. As a result of detecting, preventing, or exposing certain types of crimes, the consequences of the wrong application of our law are happening. In this regard, we have analyzed the description of some methods of detection and exposure of crimes committed through staging. At the end of the analysis, we have made suggestions regarding the situations that should be paid attention to in the practice of staging investigations. This article is devoted to these issues. "

The European administrative space over time: Mapping the formal independence of EU agencies

AbstractThroughout the past decades, the EU's agency landscape has continuously expanded in size and scope. In this article, we address the lack of longitudinal data on EU agencies' formal independence. We introduce a newly revised index to measure the formal independence of EU agencies from other EU institutions over time. Applying a rules‐as‐data approach we coded 206 regulations and amendments to develop a new dataset covering the formal independence of all 39 EU agencies from 1975 to 2022. This longitudinal overview provides first insights about the development of formal independence at the case and population levels. At the case level we identify frequent, albeit gradual reforms of EU agencies' independence. At the population level, we observe remarkable stability in overall independence, but find stark variation across different independence dimensions. Overall, EU‐level principals have shifted over time from controlling individual decisions to controlling the agencies' general decision‐making apparatus.

Computational fluid science curriculum reform on students with obsessive-compulsive disorder

BackgroundComputational fluid science, as an interdisciplinary field, plays an increasingly important role in modern engineering and scientific fields. With the rapid development of technology and the gradual reform of education, the teaching methods and content of computational fluid science courses should also be updated to meet the needs of different student groups. Students with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may face specific psychological and cognitive challenges during their learning process, which may affect their understanding and mastery of the knowledge in computational fluid science. The research aims to explore the specific impact of computational fluid science curriculum reform on OCD students and provide targeted suggestions for educators to better meet the learning needs of these students.Subjects and MethodsThe study randomly divided 106 college students with OCD into an experimental group and a control group with same number in each. The control group received routine teaching; The experimental group was taught on the basis of a curriculum reform of computational fluid science. The study used the Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) to assess the degree of changes in students’ obsessive-compulsive disorder.ResultsIn the measurement before the experiment, the degree of students’ OCD symptoms was relatively severe, but the difference between the two groups was not significant (P>0.05). After the experiment, the degree of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the experimental group was significantly improved and significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05).ConclusionsThe curriculum reform of computational fluid science can effectively alleviate students’ OCD symptoms and improve their learning outcomes.AcknowledgementThe research is supported by: Leshan City Science and Technology Bureau key research project (No.21GZD029).

Legal support for an environmentally balanced system of natural resource management in terms of European integration of Ukraine

Legal support for an environmentally balanced system of natural resource management in terms of European integration of Ukraine

On Shen Jiaben’s View of Law: An Investigation of Human Rights

During the late Qing Dynasty, the switch from conventional legislation to contemporary legislation was exemplified by Shen Jiaben’s human rights-focused legal perspective. Under the background of comprehensively governing the country according to law, learning from excellent traditional legal thoughts and culture is a critical way to construct a creative rule of law. Shen Jiaben oversaw the ten years of legislation modification towards the conclusion of the Qing Dynasty, which lasted the entirety of modern China. He transformed traditional Chinese law into a Western-compatible contemporary legal framework, closely related to his excellent legal thoughts. Specifically, Shen Jiaben pushed for preserving human rights in the research and creation of the legal system in contemporary China. His reasoning was based on the actual situations of modern countries, which is quite pioneering. Focusing on the social reality at that time, Shen Jiaben’s legal thought of human rights doctrine criticized and inherited the traditional Chinese legal thought of “benevolent government” while fully absorbing the essence of foreign legal culture of human rights doctrine and promoting the gradual reform of the modern legal system. Learning from Shen Jiaben’s legal view of the rights of individuals doctrine is helpful to deepen further our understanding of human rights and the rule of law in the new era and help promote the integrated construction of a country, a government, and a society under the rule of law.

Paradigm shift in traditional Mongolian medicine in the 18th century

As Thomas Kuhn stated in his book "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions", revolution is an example of advanced science made by a successful paradigm shift from one to another. At that time, Kuhn's idea was a revolution in itself, becoming the primary method for scientific change. It became a basis for science paradigm policy shift and since, has been a model for gradual reform. Identifying and incorporating this model into the countries' scientific policy and reform is extremely important. The applicability of the used model can be judged by the outcomes resulting in the paradigm shift. By the way, not every scientific progress results in revolution. However, we would like to note that a laggard period with weak mental development is ended by an intellectual outburst. In other words, although in the 17th century, Mongols accepted Tibetan medicine within the framework of the "Four Medical Tantras" with recognition and common scientific mind, later in the 18th century, they thought beyond the box of the "Four Medical Tantras" and created the opportunity to develop a new paradigm. This shift made a valuable contribution to the establishment of, in a broader sense, Mongolian medicine and, in a narrow sense, traditional Mongolian medicine.

Հայ Ժողովրդական կուսակցության հիմնադրումը / Creation of the Armenian People's Party

One of the political parties that have played an important role in the life of the Armenian people since the last quarter of the XIX century by the efforts of the intelligentsia united around the newspaper "Mshak", the Armenian People's Party was founded in Tiflis on April 11, 1917: The NPA convened two congresses: the 1st in 1917. September 24-28 in Tiflis and the 2nd in 1919 in September in Yerevan. They adopted two programs and the party charter elected by the Central Committee and the Central Bureau of 23 people (Chairman Mikael Papajanyan). The first NPA program was confirmed, that in a short period of time, a political party it was separated from the Russian cadets and stood on national land. NPA is not a revolutionary practice, a peaceful, gradual reform, he was a supporter of a parliamentary, legal, democratic state. The people recognized the superiority of national interests over class interests. The NPA recognized Armenia and the Armenian people should there is only one principle-Armenian orientation.

ГРУППЫ СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫХ ИНТЕРЕСОВ В ПРОЦЕССЕ ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ НА ПРИМЕРЕ ИНСТИТУТА ВЛАСТИ-СОБСТВЕННОСТИ В РОССИИ

Parallels between the economic development of countries and the results of the actions of their elites are becoming more and more popular, which actualises the research into the areas of influence of special interest groups on the quality of institutions in different states. This study is based on the approach of methodological holism, according to which collectives are viewed as independent economic actors. The article emphasises that institutional change can occur both spontaneously and through the deliberate action of special interest groups. This essay analyses existing approaches to assessing the impact of collective actions on the historical process of institution selection, and considers the institution of power-ownership in Russia as a result of actions of special interest groups that influenced "natural" institution selection and blocked economic development of the country on this sub-optimal institution in order to maintain their redistributive advantages. The authors conclude that radical modification and destruction of this institution is necessary, but note that such changes are practically impossible on the basis of gradual reforms with an attempt to maintain a balance between all parties.

Application critical social theory in investigating nursing competency in context of Vietnam

Background: Competency of nurses is a critical component that drives the quality of healthcare. Investigation of required competencies among nurses in particular context is essential to foster nursing services. Objectives: The aim of this article is to share the researcher’s experiences and give out explanations of the application of the Critical Social Theory through investigating nursing competency in context of Vietnam. Methods: An ethnography approach with data collection methods of participant-observations, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions was conducted. Critical Social Theory was applied as theoretical foundation in order to gain deeply and fully understanding competencies of nurses. Results: It’s shown that using the Critical Social Theory as a theoretical foundation to investigate nursing competency in Vietnam context is applicable. This Theory is a school of thought whose primary goal is to improve the human condition. The theory focuses on general theoretical problems, as well as specific studies of concrete problems of contemporary social organization. The tactic focused on breaking with traditional hypothetical deductive methods, which are oriented towards the preservation and gradual reformation of the status quo. Its intention is to be a radically different approach which would consider the human construction of social forms of life and the possibility of their recreation. By applying the theory, it allows the researcher to explore and deeply understand what nurses think and act. Conclusion: To hear all nurses’ voices and smell the meaning of their behave in order to gain a rich and fully understanding of competencies of nurses, the Critical Social Theory is a suitable choice.

What did those who were “Present at the Transition” Miss? The Creation of Powerful Presidential Families in Central Asia

A striking feature of Havrylyshyn's book present at the transition is the space and emphasis that he gives to elites. He contrasts the new rich in Central European Big Bang countries, who formed a capitalist class that supported further reforms and consolidation of the new economic system, with the new rich in countries with gradual reforms or where an early Big Bang was aborted and old communist-era elites were able to short-circuit the reform process. This paper argues that, although Havrylyshyn's focus on the oligarchs of Russia and Ukraine may be justified by their status as the two largest Soviet successor states, they were not typical of the non-Baltic former Soviet republics. In the Central Asian countries and Azerbaijan, extreme wealth has become concentrated in the presidential families and their associates. This pattern has had specific and pernicious consequences.