Governments Of Different Countries Research Articles

Dentistry vs Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: How to face this enemy

Since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, numerous restrictive measures have been taken by the governments of different countries. Recently, due to the high possibility of transmission in dental offices, there was a recommendation by the American, European and Brazilian governments to request the closing of the offices. In this commentary, we will give an overview of the reasons and perspectives of this scenario.

SOCIAL INCLUSION AS A PUBLIC MANAGEMENT GOAL: THE DETERMINACY FOR PROPER ASSESSMENT

Introduction. The article substantiates the necessity to clarify the content of the phenomenon and the concept of social inclusion for national public administration system improvement. To this end, it analyzes social sphere management practices and some national social policy models of governments of different countries. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze the ideas and practices of social inclusion management for their implementation in the Ukrainian economy and society Method (methodology). The methodological basis of this study is formed by the works of scientists who have created the theory of social inclusion and also formed by the econometrics toolkit. Results. The considered article makes a generalization regarding the existence of three areas of inclusion implementation, namely: in the distribution of income, property and national wealth, in labor and entrepreneurial activity, in participation in public administration and direct democracy. It has defined a series of indicators by which inclusion can be assessed in each of the identified areas. The article has constructed the integral index of social inclusion and explains the possibilities of its practical use in public administration. It identifies the problems that arise when trying to calculate such an integral index of inclusion and outlines the possible ways of solving them. It presents the results of a comparative analysis of the relationship between the level of differentiation of citizens’ incomes and the level of GDP per capita in Ukraine and Lithuania.

Children Perceptions of the Effectiveness of Online Coding as a Supplement to in-person Boot Camps

The wide spread of Corona virus or Covid-19 pandemic across the world has affected educational system worldwide, resulting to partial closures of schools. In line with the efforts to contain the spread, governments in different countries have issued directives to close schools to curtail the virus. As a result, there is a paradigm shift in the educational sector with the rise of Online/E-Learning and Teaching. The purpose of this study was to examine children perceptions of online coding in a boot camp program in Nigeria during COVID-19 period. The data were collected through interviews and questionnaire from the participants. A sample of fifty students in primary schools (K-8) were randomly selected. The students were examined based on their previous knowledge using the normal classroom teaching and the knowledge acquired using the e-learning platform on Computational thinking via unplugged activities and scratch programming. Sample t-test was used to compare the level of skill/knowledge acquired during online coding class and coding in formal contexts. The result shows that there is no significant difference between the teaching methods because p-value >5% significance level. However, the class activities were hampered by the difficulties in breaking the participants into groups and technical challenges as a result of internet and power failure. It was concluded that both interventions significantly improved students’ computational thinking skills and competency.

Restorative dental treatment in times of COVID-19

ABSTRACT Since the outbreak of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), numerous restrictive measures have been adopted by governments of different countries. The return to elective dental care in Brazil is a reality even during the COVID-19 pandemic. During restorative dental procedures, the dental professional requires close contact with the patient, being exposed to contaminated saliva and fluids. In addition, transmission of COVID-19 by the generation of aerosol produced by dental handipieces may be possible. Thus, the dental staff must know how to act during restorative dental procedures, putting into practice the correct clinical protocols to avoid cross-contamination and COVID-19 spread. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on the biosafety practices especially in the context of restorative dental procedures in times of COVID-19.

Health information governance: a literature review

Introduction: In recent years, healthcare organizations have started treating data as a valuable asset as the proper management of data and information could lead to meaningful data use, improve service delivery, reduce risk and the lower cost of healthcare. Trust on the information in the healthcare setting is crucial. Health information governance concepts have been introduced to the health sector to face the new challenges imposed by the changing stakeholder expectations, technology and socio-political environment. The objective of this study was to review the literature to understand the current implementation and practice of health information governance in different countries. Methods: Literature was searched using Google, Google Scholar and PubMed with the combination of keywords “health” and “information governance”. To make the search more comprehensive similar terms such as “medical”, “clinical”, “record” and “data” were used. The search was limited to papers or documents written in English and available free of charge. Information was collected in to five broad categories; definition, scope, principles, laws and regulations, roles and responsibilities. Results: It was found that there is more the one definition for health information governance. It covered all the aspect of information management from information generation to destruction. Most common principles of IG were; accountability, integrity, protection, compliance, availability, retention, disposition, and transparency. It was found that there were different laws and regulations on data protection, freedom of information, computer misuse and crime, and health and social care related regulations and policies support the implementation of IG. Conclusion: There were many health information governance principles identified by different countries but not all principles were included in the IG frameworks when implementing. There were different laws and regulations support the implementation of IG. Roles and responsibilities were different form one country to another.

A Review on Generic and Branded Drugs-Competence of Generic Drugs in Comparison to Branded Drugs

The use of generic or branded drug is a great matter of discussion in recent times globally. The government in different countries is also strictly promoting the use of generic drugs in place of branded ones. A generic drug consists of same active ingredient/ingredients as its branded counterpart and found to be equally efficient therapeutically. The cost of generic drugs are much lesser than the branded drugs as they do not need to go through the robust and costly pre-clinical or clinical studies as done in branded ones which increases the cost of them up to many folds. The present review enlightens the effectiveness of generic drugs as compared to branded drugs and how they work in body. An attempt is also made to highlight the cost comparison between both classes, the regulations and control pertaining to generic and branded drugs.

The impact of vocational training or retraining on professional activities of older people

According to statistics, the number of people aged 60+ worldwide will double by 2050. In Russia, in connection with the change in federal legislation, the problem of the labor activity of older people is being updated. According to these data, governments of different countries are taking more and more measures to ensure the employment of older people. Lifelong learning provides an opportunity for older people to work especially in the workplace, where labor requirements and competencies are constantly changing. The purpose of this study is a theoretical analysis of the impact of vocational training and retraining on the work of older people. During the survey of respondents, three main types of barriers to participation in vocational training were identified: situational, institutional, and dispositional. During the investigation, a complex analysis was used, which includes the socio-demographic, socio-gerontological, statistical-economic, sociological, socio-psychological approaches, as well as sociological methods including the method of observation and conversation for obtaining, processing and interpreting information were used. The results indicate that vocational training and retraining of older people is an important factor in their participation in work. The low coverage of older people with vocational education and retraining programs can be overcome by popularizing vocational education as a tool for developing a career, preventing a career decline, and adapting older people to the labor market.

Analysis of maximum braking power for determination of energy storage device characteristics within fuel cell electric bus

The article describes development of hydrogen energetics over the 2014 to 2018 period. There are statistic data about significant influence of hydrogen vehicles on that energy sector. The development of this means of transport is funded by the governments in different countries and that means big prospects for that technology. Modern researches especially are targeted at optimal approach searching to drive the electrochemical generator (fuel cell) as an initial energy source in the united energy plant. The offered approach is based on the movement characteristics data which were obtained from operated on the real city route trolleybus. The preference is given to use the experimental data for further synthesis of the city fuel cell bus model.

Homomorphic Encryption – Need of the Hour

Every common day the headlines of the newspaper are buzzed with data leaks and mobbing of data. The hackers are considering human just as a moving data. As the technology is advancing, we are more prone to cyber-attacks. With the ease of advancement there are certain cons which are approaching towards us. To protect the individuality of a human being, few governments of different countries have taken a step ahead to demoralize the illegal access to data hence inhibiting security. Homomorphic encryption is the trend or technique by which data can be protected as the encryption is done on the ciphertext. In this paper different types and techniques of homomorphic encryption is discussed. The techniques provide a secure environment for data to run on any application.

Is The Sport Management Course Curriculum Compatible With Football Governing Institutions?

Sport is becoming a global phenomenon. Moreover, it has been one of the major sources of income for the government in different countries. Therefore, sport management education is becoming increasingly important in the management of sports. Countries that spend more on the development of sports facilities have been associated with huge improvements in the sports industry. Similarly, clubs that spend more on acquiring new talents in the industry and availing sports facilities have been associated with higher performance. This led the European football clubs in the spending more than they earn so as to acquire the services of the best talents and avail the best sports facilities so as to perform better. Therefore UEFA (Union of European Football Associations) launched its financial fair play regulations. UEFA financial fair play regulations were introduced to prevent the European football clubs from overspending. This situation affects the education curriculum of the sports management departments in universities. The regulations have compelled the clubs to spend at the break-even point. This has led to the improvement in brand value, increased sponsors, and making decisions that do not lead the clubs to overspend. As a result, the clubs have grown economically and achieved higher financial stability. This research explores the adaptation of the sport management curriculum to these new situations.

European Union’s Rule of Law in Climate Governance and the Enlightenment to China

Climate change has developed into a global problem that threatens human existence. The European Union (EU) was the first to start climate governance, and has formed an effective, mature governance model and the rule of law system. The recognition of climate and social rules has led to the formation of a multi-party governance network. The analysis of the gains and losses of EU climate control aims at deepening our understanding of climate governance laws and providing new ideas for climate governance in different countries. The rapid and extensive development in China has also brought a series of climatic problems, but the “fragmentation” governance scheme has suffered “bottleneck” in the governance effect. This paper introduces the practice and legal experience of European Union climate control to give some enlightenment and promotion to China’s climate control.

Impact of Genetic Engineering on Agriculture Food Crops

Human has used genetically modified plant from ancient time. From a few years ago change has come about as a result of selective breeding. Genetic engineering is a powerful tool that gives a new direction to crop improvement. Now scientists can be selected the specific desirable gene, insert them into conventional crops and produce a crop that has traits not easily obtained by conventional breeding. Agronomic traits engineered to meet the need for an expanding global population will help us produce more food on the same amount of arable land. Quality trait engineering will help to alleviate nutritional deficiencies in populations with limited food selection. Ongoing research in genetic engineering and agriculture will help us to tackle challenges in health care, energy, and the preservation of natural resources. Government of different countries promoting scientific research because they are responsible for developed health and safety standards regarding new development. At a global level in different countries, private and government organizations support food biotechnology as a means to avoid global food shortage. Many new policy rules are being made by the government to balance support of the food biotechnology industry with public calls for their regulation. Such regulation help to improve to protect public health and safety, to promote international trade, conserve the natural resource, and account for ethical issue.

Intellectual Roots of Independent Regulatory Authorities in America and India

The contemporary omnipresence of independent regulatory authorities (IRAs) as formidable structures of governance in different countries has long intellectual roots that helped in their evolution over a period of time. Though such intellectual traditions might have been found in every country, they appear to be more pronounced and definite in the countries where the idea of independent regulatory bodies has been originated and practised more fundamentally than others. In this context, America and India stand out prominently for obvious reasons. For instance, they represent two distinct political systems in which certain variations in intellectual traditions of independent regulatory bodies may be discerned. Further, while the intellectual traditions in America seem to be relatively autonomous vis-à-vis external influences, such traditions in India have surely been influenced by the long years of colonial rule that laid the foundation of the post-independence politico-administrative system of the country. This article seeks to present an analytical study of the intellectual roots of independent regulatory bodies in the two countries in a comparative perspective.

The economic impact of Research and Extension on the improved

This study aims to assess the economic impact of research and extension as for improved cowpea varieties in Burkina Faso. Indeed, the effectiveness of the use of financial resources allocated to research and extension is a concern for donors and governments of different countries. The economic surplus model was used as an analytical tool for this study. Thus, data were collected from research, extension and statistical data production structures. This method evaluates the impacts in terms of shift of the supply curves. The results of the model show that it is benefitting to invest in cowpea research. In fact, in this study, the internal return rate is about 48% for the period ranging from 2000 to 2013, with a net added value of more than 121 billion FCFA. Such high rates could only be achieved through the relevance of the research results and their dissemination / adoption. Therefore, for a development of the cowpea sector and an improvement of producers ‘income, the investment in the research is essential.

MACHINE LEARNING METHODS IN DIGITAL AGRICULTURE: ALGORITHMS AND CASES

Обеспечение продовольственной безопасности является важной задачей многих стран. В условиях роста населения Земли вопросы повышения эффективности сельского хозяйства становятся наиболее актуальными. Фермеры ищут новые способы повышения урожайности, а правительства разных стран разрабатывают новые программы поддержки сельского хозяйства. Это способствует более активному внедрению цифровых технологий в сельское хозяйство, помогая фермерам более эффективно принимать решения, увеличивать урожайность и заботиться об экологии. Центральное место здесь занимает сбор и анализ данных. В области земледелия данные могут собираться из разных источников и содержат в себе полезные закономерности, выявляющие потенциальные проблемы или возможности. Чтобы извлечь пользу из данных, они должны быть проанализированы с помощью алгоритмов машинного обучения. Такие методы точного земледелия позволяют следить за отдельными частями поля, оптимизировать расход воды и химикатов, а также оперативно выявлять проблемы.Цель: обзор алгоритмов машинного обучения, применяемых для анализа данных в сельском хозяйстве.Методология проведения работы: обзор релевантной литературы, опрос фермеров.Результаты: выявлены релевантные алгоритмы машинного обучения для анализа данных в сельском хозяйстве на различных уровнях: анализ почвы (оценка состояния почвы, классификация почвы, прогнозироваие плодородности почвы), прогноз погоды (имитация смены климата, прогноз температуры и осадков) и анализ состояния растительности (идентификация сорняков, классификация растительности, выявление болезни растений, прогнозирование урожайности).Область применения результатов: сельское хозяйство, растениеводство.

The Governance of Risks in Ridesharing: A Revelatory Case from Singapore

Recently we have witnessed the worldwide adoption of many different types of innovative technologies, such as crowdsourcing, ridesharing, open and big data, aiming at delivering public services more efficiently and effectively. Among them, ridesharing has received substantial attention from decision-makers around the world. Because of the multitude of currently understood or potentially unknown risks associated with ridesharing (unemployment, insurance, information privacy, and environmental risk), governments in different countries apply different strategies to address such risks. Some governments prohibit the adoption of ridesharing altogether, while other governments promote it. In this article, we address the question of how risks involved in ridesharing are governed over time. We present an in-depth single case study on Singapore and examine how the Singaporean government has addressed risks in ridesharing over time. The Singaporean government has a strong ambition to become an innovation hub, and many innovative technologies have been adopted and promoted to that end. At the same time, decision-makers in Singapore are reputed for their proactive style of social governance. The example of Singapore can be regarded as a revelatory case study, helping us further to explore governance practices in other countries.

Rehabilitation of drug abusers: the roles of perceptions, relationships and family supports

ABSTRACTThe increase in the use, abuse and misuse of psychoactive substances is not just of concern to national government of different countries but poses a big problem to the international community as well as of a global public health challenge. The study explored the perceived influence of perceptions, relationships and family support on rehabilitation of drug abusers undergoing rehabilitation in a rehabilitation centre. The non-experimental study design was used. The study population was that of drug abuse patients undergoing rehabilitation in the Neuropsychiatric Hospital in Lagos. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the respondents. Forty drug abusers who were met the criteria of not being a psychotic, had undergone detoxification, in the last stages of rehabilitation and consented to voluntarily participate were interviewed using In-depth Interview Guide to collect qualitative data based on the objectives of the study. The data were manually content analysed. The drug abusers viewed their condition as a mental disorder, an illness, a bad and dangerous habit that can be treated. They viewed their relationship with their rehabilitation officers as professional and cordial, which is essential for the rehabilitation process. Financial, material and moral supports given by the family were identified as important catalysts for quick rehabilitation. Rehabilitation officers and policy makers should consider on improving on the role of professional relationships and family support in the rehabilitation process of drug abusers undergoing rehabilitation.

Research Progress in Carbon Dioxide Storage and Enhanced Oil Recovery

With the rapid development of global economy, human beings have become highly dependent upon fossil fuel such as coal and petroleum. Much fossil fuel is consumed in industrial production and human life. As a result, carbon dioxide emissions have been increasing, and the greenhouse effects thereby generated are posing serious threats to environment of the earth. These years, increasing average global temperature, frequent extreme weather events and climatic changes cause material disasters to the world. After scientists’ long-term research, ample evidences have proven that emissions of greenhouse gas like carbon dioxide have brought about tremendous changes to global climate. To really reduce carbon dioxide emissions, governments of different countries and international organizations have invested much money and human resources in performing research related to carbon dioxide emissions. Manual underground carbon dioxide storage and carbon dioxide-enhanced oil recovery are schemes with great potential and prospect for reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Compared with other schemes for reducing carbon dioxide emissions, aforementioned two schemes exhibit high storage capacity and yield considerable economic benefits, so they have become research focuses for reducing carbon dioxide emissions. This paper introduces the research progress in underground carbon dioxide storage and enhanced oil recovery, pointing out the significance and necessity of carbon dioxide-driven enhanced oil recovery.

Impact of Governing Modes on Agrarian Sustainability in Bulgaria

The specific system of governance in different countries, regions, subsectors, etc., eventually determines the speed and type of socio-economic development. Despite its big academic and practical importance, in Bulgaria and other countries in East Europe, there are very few empirical studies on dominating governing structures in agriculture, and their impact(s) on agrarian sustainability. In this paper the interdisciplinary New Institutional Economics framework is incorporated, and the impact of diverse market, private, collective, public and hybrid modes of governance on agrarian sustainability at the current stage of development in Bulgaria assessed. First, the methodological framework of the study is outlined. After that dominating governing modes in Bulgarian farms of different juridical type, size, specialization, ecological and geographical location are identified, and their impacts on agrarian sustainability and its economic, social, and environmental pillars evaluated. In conclusion implications for further research, public policy improvement, and private managerial strategy formation are presented. Agricultural producers of different use quite unlike mixture of effective market, private, collective and hybrid modes for governance of their activities and relations. Individual factors and modes most contributing to improvement of agrarian sustainability at the current stage of development are: manager’s personal convictions and initiatives, farms resources and innovation potential, near future profit and benefits strategies, market prices levels and dynamics, area-based EU subsidies, and informal agreements. Research on relations between the governing structure and agrarian sustainability is to continue though increasing representation, and the spectrum of specific governing modes used by farms of different type as well as assessments of the impact of institutions on agrarian sustainability and the impact of the governance at different hierarchical levels. The latter however, requires a new kind of micro and macro data, and a close cooperation between all interested parties.

Impact of the recent economic crisis on tertiary education funding - a comparative study

We examined how the recent global economic crisis and the necessary cuts in public expenditure affected the funding for tertiary education in European countries. We clustered the countries into two groups with respect to the severity of the impact of the global crisis on their economies. Then, we comparatively studied the changes in the funding of tertiary education during the recent economic crisis. We found that tertiary education was less exposed to austerity measures than the education sector as a whole and, in the group of countries that were more affected by the crisis, several countries decreased the share of public expenditure on tertiary education. We also found that, on average, countries with high pre-crisis public spending on tertiary education increased the share of GDP for tertiary education more than those with low pre-crisis spending. Overall, the results of our research show how the governments of different countries adjusted public funding for tertiary education during the economic crisis.