Islamic Government Research Articles

Pengaruh Islamic Corporate Governance Terhadap Tax Avoidance Pada Bank Umum Syariah Di Indonesia

This research aimed to examine wether Islamic Corporate Governance proxied by the Sharia Supervisory Board, audit committee, proportion board of commissioners, profitabilitas and company size is able to minimize the tax avoidance of Islamic Banks in Indonesia. The sample of Islamic banks was used 11 Islamic Commercial Banks in the period 2015-2019. The sample was selected using a purposive sampling method. Multiple regression analysis is employed to test the hypotheses The results of this study show that sharia supervisory board, audit committee and proportion board of commissioner have a negative affect on tax avoidance, while profitability and company size have a possitive affect on tax avoidance.

SISTEM PEMERINTAHAN PRESIDENSIAL DI INDONESIA PRESPEKTIF FIQH SIYASAH DUSTURIYAH

This study discusses the review of Islamic Constitutional Law on presidential government systems in Indonesia. This type of research is library research in which materials are collected through books, laws and journals related to research. The method used is a normative legal research method. Theories used are power theory, authority theory, trias politica theory and tanfidziyyah sulthah theory. From the results of the research conducted by the author, it can be concluded that based on the Indonesian constitution namely the 1945 Constitution in Article 4 paragraph (1) the power of the President includes executive, legislative and judicial powers. In a presidential government system the President is not only the head of state but also the head of government. Based on the Sulfah tanfidziyyah review of the power of the head of state in the presidential system in Indonesia, namely the power of the head of state in the presidential government system does not conflict with Islamic governance and Islamic law because in the Fiqh Siyasah Dusturiyah or the Khalifah Islamic State Constitutional Law covers all power, both as head of state, head of state government, legislature, judiciary and head of religion. It's just that presidential power in the Presidential system does not include as head of religion.

Dimensions of Violence in South Asia: The Indian Context

As a result of the division of Indian sub-continent Pakistan was created as a sovereign, independent country in August 1947 while its eastern part became independent in December 1971 and formed the independent country called Bangladesh. The three independent countries of South Asia Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan have a Muslim majority population following Islam actively while India is a Hindu majority country having the followers of different religions. Although five countries–India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka have the tradition of political violence the problem of terrorism erupted in last four decades. It is a region of Jihadi–dominated terrorism which is nowhere near containment and it propagates the pernicious ideology of hate, revenge, and violence. It treats all conflicts with non-Muslims worthy of Jihadi and even considers liberal Islamic regimes, organisations and individuals as unIslamic. In most of the countries there are anti–terror laws but lack of political will to take effective and stern action against the terrorist have made the laws useless or partially useful.

ISLAM IN INDIA DURING THE MUGHAL DYNASTY TO THE ERA OF BRITISH RULE

During the Middle Ages, Islamic rule was concentrated in three prominent kingdoms, the Ottoman Dynasty in Turkey, the Safavid Dynasty in Persia, and the Mughal Dynasty in India. This paper will explore the history of Islam that developed in India in three periods, first from the period before the Mughal Empire came to power, the second when the Mughals ruled India, and the third when British imperialism began to dominate India. This research was carried out using a library research type method, which supports the study of the development of Islam in India from 705 to 1947 AD. This study shows that Islam developed rapidly in India when the religious conditions of the people rivaling each other between Hindus and Buddhists weakened their influence when the Mughals came to power. As a result, Islam grew by applying Islamic teachings and high values ​​of tolerance even though the Muslim population was still a minority compared to Hindu-Buddhist. When Britain entered India, the condition of the Islamic government continued to weaken, including the weak of leadership after the Aurangzeb era, the struggle for power between regional Muslim leaders at the central level, and the emergence of separatist movements from Hindu groups in several areas to facilitate the British invasion of India.

Intersections of Memory, Politics, and Identity in Reading Lolita in Tehran

This research analyses the role of cultural memory in (re)shaping identities in the memoir of Azar Nafisi's Reading Lolita in Tehran: A Memoir in Books (2003) to expose the hegemonic construct that silences and devalues women in society. The theoretical framework used for this research is drawn from New Historicism and Assman's Cultural Memory Theory. It explores how politics and religion eliminates one's private life. Women become instrumentalized as passive objects, living an act of meaningless existence under the gaze of the Blind Censor. Her work highlights the need to dismantle the political agenda that takes away one's identity. By recalling her experiences as a teacher, she foregrounds the stories of her girls to (re)invent a new meaning at the backdrop of the Islamic Regime. The author recounts memories of the past to fill the void left behind by the Iranian Revolution. By embodying the works of literature in her memoir, she forms a counter-reality, one, where memory acts as an escape from the strict policies and repression of women under the Islamic regime. It also observes how veiling had become a way of stripping away the individuality andpersonality of women. The research illuminates the author's aim to remember and expose the dehumanizing impact of the Iranian government on the lives of women. It also focuses on Azar Nafisi's writings to analyze how she has (re)shaped the identities of her students by constructing an alternative narrative and forming a link between fiction and reality.

A Critical Assessment of Turkey’s Positive Obligations in Combatting Violence against Women: Looking behind the Judgments

Abstract After almost two decades in power, R. T. Erdoğan and his Justice and Development Party (AKP) have established authoritarian and Islamist governance in Turkey, which has adversely affected gender equality and women’s rights. So much so, that in 2009 the European Court of Human Rights acknowledged that there is a climate conducive to domestic violence in Turkey (Opuz v. Turkey). Despite Erdoğan withdrawing Turkey unconstitutionally from the Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (Istanbul Convention), the government cannot withdraw from the state’s duty to protect its citizens from the criminal acts of private individuals. By using international and regional organisations’ approaches to positive obligations and due diligence as a measure, the article addresses whether Turkey is fulfilling its duty of protecting women from the violent conduct of others. It is concluded that the government is failing in its positive obligations and instead, is reinforcing the climate through its discourse and practices that strengthen a national tolerance of violence against women and the national authorities’ reluctance to address it, thus allowing for impunity of its perpetrators.

Monetary Policy Literature in the History of Islamic Economic Thinking

One of the Government's strategies is to promote the welfare aspect of the community's economic life. Economic development can be carried out with various strategies. One of them is empowering the wealth of natural resources that have been created by God. The government can open mines of gold, silver, coal, kerosene, gas, tin, etc. that are stored in the bowels of the earth as a form of natural empowerment. From another dimension, to maximize the ability of the economy, the government can make monetary and fiscal policies. In this paper, the author will explain how the government's monetary and fiscal policies in economic empowerment. Broadly speaking, the Islamic version of monetary policy is different from the non-Islamic version of monetary policy. This article focuses on the discussion of monetary policy in the history of Islamic economic thought, which will discuss how monetary policy was carried out in the early days of Islamic rule, starting from the time of the Prophet, his companions, to classical and contemporary economic thinkers. The explanations and descriptions that will be presented in this article can provide benefits both theoretically and practically regarding monetary policy in classical civilization, and its suitability for the present. The method used in writing this article uses a literature review approach, is used to collect relevant information related to monetary policy in the history of Islamic economic thought, secondary data in this article is collected from various research reports in order to obtain an explanation more comprehensive. The impact of monetary policy on the economy at the beginning of the Islamic Government was seen by the increasing demand for Aggregate Demand from the community after moving to Medina by bringing together muhajirin and ansar. With this brotherhood, each ansar is responsible for the muhajirin so that the distribution of income from ansar to muhajirin increases and has an impact on increasing the total demand of the community and resulting in an increase in resources, labor, land and capital. Keywords: Monetary, Policy, Islam, Economy, Development.

Iran's Reconstruction Jihad—Rural Development and Regime Consolidation after 1979

Iran's Reconstruction Jihad—Rural Development and Regime Consolidation after 1979

PERKEMBANGAN DEMOKRASI DI TUNISIA

This paper discusses the development of democracy in Tunisia. The goal is to understand the development of Tunisian democracy which is full of dynamics of the effects of the Arab Spring. This research uses the library method. Data collection through journals and books. The results of this study found that the long journey of the Tunisian people, in achieving independence from the occupation of the Tunisian government itself, was a road that was not easy, steep and sharp. Many became victims, in the name of the revolution. Both physically and psychologically. However, the struggle is carried out not only in the name of religion but also human humanity at stake, the rights and obligations desired by the Tunisian people, who become their driving force in their journey to achieve a democratic government. Of course, this requires a sacrifice in the long journey of democracy in Tunisia. Although in some Middle Eastern countries the process of democratization is still uncertain, Tunisia is not. Tunisia has become a hope for countries in the Middle East to rise from adversity. Tunisia has successfully held elections to democratically appoint a leader. Tunisian democracy is getting better with the inauguration of a new constitution that provides equality between men and women so that Tunisia becomes a pioneer of feminism in the Middle East. Although we cannot compare it with other contexts of Islamic government, Tunisia is a system that continues to rise to renew the slump of democracy by removing the influence of secular, far-right ideologies, and the monarchical system. Therefore, the political dynamics of the state system is a transition period whether it will lead to destruction or even towards democratic maturity, thus there is still optimism for the implementation of Islamic democracy in the Tunisian government system in the midst of all the dynamics that are faced.

TELAAH PROSES SUKSESI KHILAFAH PADA MATERI SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN ISLAM MASA KHULAFAURRASYIDIN KELAS X MADRASAH ALIYAH

Learn history can help someone to determine several options that will be made, how to act, and also to know all of the factor failure as well as the success in the past. So that's why material of history must be explained comprehensively in order to the wisdom that have taken by it is historical episodes would be implemented for students. Material study in this discussion is succession process of khilafah on the material history of Islamic development class X at senior high school. It turns out found that no standard system or procedure in the Islamic government. Proven by processes selecting leaders of Islam society in the Khulafaurrasyidin periods, almost all of them implementing different systems. There are similar aspects on the Khulafaurrasyidin systems includes candidates inauguration assessed by criterias of seniority, pieties, most can be keep integrity and entity of Islam societies. Ijtihad space given in Islam to implement government structure based on the people's wishes. That matter occurs cause of no postulate found about state concept.

Konsep Khilafah Islamiyyah dalam Tafsir Klasik dan Kontemporer

The study of the Islamic caliphate is always interesting to discuss until now—either from a historical perspective, Islamic politics, or the interpretation of the Qur'an. Al-Qur'an as the holy book of Muslims, is believed to be eternal against all changes in time and place (sahih li kulli zaman wa makan) certainly gives signs about Islamic government (Khilafah Islamiyyah). This is clarified by the reading of the text of the Qur'an by the commentators, so that in this study it is expected to be able to conceptualize or construct the Khilafah Islamiyyah comprehensively in terms of various classical and contemporary commentaries. This study uses qualitative research methods, namely research that contains written data such as documents or other texts that are relevant to the topic of discussion, this written data is usually in the form of words or actions and not in the form of numbers (numeric). The collection of sources in this study was obtained using library research or book surveys. There are three steps in this technique. First, take an inventory of the verses about the Khilafah Islamiyyah. Second, reading, exploring, and collecting the interpretations of classical and contemporary commentators. Third, describe and analyze the concept of the Islamic Caliphate, so that comprehensive and holistic research findings or results can be obtained.

MENGULIK KONSEP NEGARA MENURUT PEMIKIR ISLAM PERIODE KLASIK, PERTENGAHAN, DAN MODERN

Abstract: Islam as a religion that comes from Allah does not only talk about the problems of ubudiyah and the hereafter, but also talks about various aspects of life, including governance. However, it is recognized that it is strictly and clearly not found the concept of government or caliphate in Islam, let alone the concept of the state in the sense of nation-state. Understanding the concept of the state will feel more complicated when we include various points of view and perspectives. Because the order to establish a state will not be found in the literature of the Holy Qur'an and the Hadith of the Prophet. However, when we want to know the organs of this country, we find many in the Al-Quran and Hadith. Islam is a cooperative religion, discussing all issues, both ukhrawi and worldly problems. From this worldly discussion, it will definitely discuss constitutional issues including discussing the issue of the concept of the state according to Islam. The purpose of this research is to add and enrich the knowledge about the state as a positive side. Keywords: Concept, State, Islamic Scholar

The Nature of and the Decree on Civil Disobedience in Islamic Jurisprudence

Civil disobedience is one of the important concepts and topics in political science, especially contemporary public law literature. And because this concept has a relationship with the origin of freedom and under the heading of one of the basic rights in government, we must scrutinize and analyze this subject through the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence, in order to distinguish its similarities and concepts in political jurisprudence. In this article, by looking at the different arenas, we will discuss the partial conflict of persons in governance, clarify the ruling, and dismantle the jurisprudential ruling on objection, advice, enjoining good, transgression, and fighting against the Islamic government.

The Administration of Religion in a Majority Muslim Nation-State: The Case of Turkey’s Presidency of Religious Affairs (Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı) and Pakistan’s Ministry of Religious Affairs

The Republic of Turkey has a formidable and well-financed establishment for the management of Islam, which offers a vigorous and active state-society relation at both the state and at the grassroots levels. What is perhaps most notable concerning this type of governance of Islam is Turkey’s national history. It is most remarkable that Turkey with its majority Muslim population and its designation as a secular republic has established such a massive and effective bureaucracy for the administration of Islam, which is far larger and more extensive than that of Pakistan, a state that describes itself as an Islamic republic. and officially acknowledges the Islamic law in its constitution. The main institutions for the administration of Islam in Turkey, the Directorate of Religious Affairs [Diyanet Isleri Baskanligi, commonly abbreviated as Diyanet) not only has a substantial administrative bureaucracy across the country for religious services related to Islam but also oversees a vast staff of religious personnel such as imams, hatips, vaiz, muftis, Qur’an teachers, counselors, and administrators. It is well known that the budget of Diyanet Isleri Baskanligi has been rising since its inception, especially in the last two decades, making it a substantial budget currently. It must be acknowledged that the current high level of expenditure on religious affairs reflects the AK party of President Erdogan, yet it is also true that the origins and expansion of this religious bureaucracy took place by an authoritarian secularist Turkish government during the early 1920s. Whereas in Pakistan, a nation-state built for the Muslims in the Indian sub-continent, the Ministry of Religious Authority (MRA) was not even built during its inception in 1947. Instead, its establishment took place 27 years after the Islamic Republic of Pakistan’s birth. Moreover, during the next half a century MRA has not developed much in becoming a successful bureaucratic institution for administrating Islam at both state and grassroots levels. It is important to try to explore the reasons behind this stagnation and attempt to pinpoint the various impediments and obstacles lying in the path of MRA in Pakistan becoming as successful as the Diyanet in Turkey.

Exploring the Methods of the Prophet (PBUH) in forming an Islamic government

According to Islamic researchers and scholars, the Prophet (PBUH) is the founder of the Islamic government. In this research, we study the most important methods of the Prophet (PBUH) in forming the Islamic government in order to clarify that we mean the Islamic government, the government that the Prophet (PBUH) worked hard for its formation, using his wise behavioral and practical methods, inspired by Allah Almighty. He accomplished it in the best possible way. In this study, we discuss the most important methods of Islam Prophet in forming the Islamic government that include inviting and training people in Meccan and Medina periods, and preparing them for the establishment of the Islamic government, prioritizing invitation to war, kindness, and compassion, using common points, political relations, and so on in forming the Islamic government

Democracy and Modern State: Siyasah Shar’iyyah Analysis

This article aims to reveal the intersection of the relevance of democracy in the modern state system and the system of government in Islam. This research uses a socio-cultural approach. The results show that democracy has two essential aspects, namely as a system and form of the state, and as universal values that are fought for the sake of human dignity. In the first aspect, as a system and form of state, democracy cannot meet the concept of Islam because it does not speak of a particular system and form of a state. Islam is more of a religion and a social rule of life, not talking about a system, let alone the form of a state. In the second aspect, human values must be fought. Democracy can be in line with Islamic teachings. It covers the value of egalitarianism (al-musāwah), freedom (al-huriyah) and pluralism (ta` adudiyah), does not contradict Islamic principles, even long before Islam has spoken about and fought for these values. It does not mean that democracy is entirely following the spirit and breadth of Islam. Islam also contains other principles that democracy does not carry. The principles in question are the principles of syūrā (deliberation). From this understanding of democracy, what the Islamic democratic system wants to aim at is the implementation of Islamic teachings as a whole and consequently to create a benefit as aspired by siyāsah syar'iyah.Keywords: Democracy; Islamic Politics; Modern State; Siyasah Shar’iyyah

Legal Mobilization to Protect Women against Rape in Islamist Sudan

The article explores the variety of normative and legal resources that Sudanese women inside and outside of Sudan’s Islamist regime, as well as their conservative religious opponents, have mobilized to campaign for legal reform to protect women against rape. Women’s rights activists and Islamist women within government institutions have largely mobilized in parallel, without much interaction and collaboration, to address the problems associated with the law’s definition of rape as adultery and fornication without consent. In 2015, Sudan’s National Assembly enacted an amendment to the 1991 Criminal Code with a new definition of rape, de-linking it from adultery and fornication; a process which completely excluded consultation with civil society. The reform has been poorly enforced and has come under harsh critique especially for not explicitly criminalizing marital rape.

The effect of Islamic intellectual capital, corporate governance, and corporate social responsibility disclosure on maqashid sharia performance, with reputation as a moderating variable

This study aims to show that there is a positive relationship between Islamic intellectual capital, corporate governance, disclosure of corporate social responsibility on the performance of maqashid sharia, and this study wants to show that reputation strengthens this positive relationship. This study's sample consists of 33 annual reports from 11 Islamic banking companies in Indonesia for the 2016-2018 period, chosen using the purposive sampling method. This study was tested by using the Moderated Regression Analysis test. The results of this study indicate that Islamic intellectual capital, corporate governance, disclosure of corporate social responsibility have a negative effect on the performance of Islamic maqashid. The role of reputation can not increase the relationship of Islamic intellectual capital to the performance of maqashid sharia. Reputation also can not increase the relationship of disclosure of corporate social responsibility to the performance of maqashid sharia, but reputation has been proven to improve the relationship of corporate governance to the performance of maqashid sharia. The results of this study are input for the Financial Services Authority (OJK) and Bank Indonesia (BI) as regulators to monitor the performance of Islamic financial institutions in order to protect the public interest as a whole.

Implementation of Islamic Religious Education Governance in Forming Environmentally Concerned Characters at State High School 5 Karawang

Humans and the environment are two things that cannot be separated. Humans are very dependent on environmental conditions. Education plays a significant role in shaping human character to be able to care about the environment. Education, predominantly Islamic religious education, focuses on forming human morality and spirituality who care about the environment. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the implementation of Islamic religious education governance in shaping the character of environmental care in the adiwiyata school of SMAN 5 Karawang located in West Kawang. The method used in this research is qualitative with a descriptive approach. The study results indicate that the implementation of Islamic religious education in shaping the character of caring for the environment is outlined in the school education curriculum by integrating environmental education with Islamic religious education in schools. Teachers, especially PAI teachers, are carried out by teachers by focusing on character education caring for the environment in the dimensions of divinity, humanity, and nature.

Political Islam in South Asia: A critical appraisal of the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami

The Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami (BJI) is the largest Islamist Party in Bangladesh. It was founded in 1941 in British-India, by Maulana Mawdudi, a prominent South Asian Islamist leader. The BJI has undergone political vicissitudes during its eight-decade-long political history. The most notable political success of the Party was to have a couple of cabinet positions as a coalition partner in the Nationalist–Islamist Government between 2001 and 2006. Since the beginning of the 2010s, the Party has been in severe crisis: most of its national leaders were convicted of war crimes and put to death in the period 2011–2016. This article aims to examine the BJI’s growth and development and role in political Islam in Bangladesh. It also explores the challenges to, and responses of, the Party and their sociopolitical implications for the future of political Islam in Bangladesh. The methodology of the article is a critical analysis based on an exhaustive review of published secondary literature about the Party. The author argues that the BJI has generated a massive Islamic movement and made an enormous contribution to political Islam in Bangladesh. Yet it has failed to reform its almost-century-old organizational structure and modus operandi and effectively respond to the changed social and political contexts of Bangladesh, which has affected its organizational mobility and success.