Islamic Government Research Articles

Monopoli dalam Perspektif Ekonomi Islam

Monopoly is one of a form of market failure. Monopoly have a positive or negative impact. The positive impact of monopoly will only be obtained by greedy producers in the form of profit maximization. Meanwhile, the negative impact on small businesses and consumers can make a destruction of society. Small businesses will not be able to survive in a monopoly market, while consumers will experience a scarcity of goods and services due to monopoly. The impact of monopoly, which is a derivative of the capitalist economic system, is felt by consumers, so the emergence of an Islamic economy provides new hope for economics. This study aims to describe the Islamic view of monopoly. This type of research is library research using descriptive qualitative methods. Data were obtained from various secondary data sources related to monopoly. The results of this study indicate that in Islamic terminology there is no concrete term monopoly, but monopoly is almost similar to ikhtikar. Basically, monopoly that shows indications of ikhtikar is a prohibited category of monopoly, although there are still differences of opinion among mujtahid regarding the law of ikhtikar, whether it is haram or makruh. The mujtahid then gave the conditions for ikhtikar which were prohibited based on the hadith about ikhtikar. The Islamic government led by the Prophet Muhammad also implemented a monopoly, but it was not a monopoly that was categorized as ikhtikar. The monopoly applied by the Prophet Muhammad is the control of the state over state assets that contain the livelihood of many people

KHALED HOSSEINI’S A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS: INTERSECTIONS OF HISTORY, MEMORY AND CULTURE

Memory studies as an interdisciplinary approach uses memory as a tool for remembering the traumatic experiences. Khaled Hosseini’s text A Thousand Splendid Suns (2007) narrates the events of the past by combining history, culture and politics in the South Asian context and it also explains about the gender and religion in particular the lives of women under Islamic regime. The novel is set in the historical era of Afghanistan during soviet invasion and until the Taliban occupation. The theme revolves around the struggles and challenges of the people at times of war and invasion. Through the protagonists’ Mariam and Lalia’s struggle against the patriarchal clutches, Khaled Hosseini symbolizes Afghan people’s desire for independence. Mariam and Lalia undergo cultural trauma, the former traumatizes due to the internal displacement and by the vigorous imposition of religious practices, and the latter suffers from trauma through the forceful external migration and also by the memories of homeland. Khaled Hosseini as a diaspora writer describes the ancient history and cultural practices of Afghanistan. This shows his individual and cultural memory towards his native land. The research argument takes into account the intersection of trauma and memory in the interpretation of the literary text as it represents the interrelated and complimentary fields of study since 1990s. Trauma is considered as the act of remembering, thus this paper tends to highlight the traumatic histories embedded in the culture of oppression.

9. Protection of Non-Muslim Places of Worship in the Islamic State: A Research Study of the Differences of the Jurists

Just as Islamic law has stated the various rights of the people of Islam and obliges the Islamic government to ensure the protection of their lives, property, honor and dignity, it has also stated the various rights of non-Muslims. The Islamic State is responsible for protecting the rights of non-Muslims who live in the Islamic State. It is the responsibility of the ruler of the time not only to protect the lives, property and honor of the Muslims but also to ensure the protection of the lives, property and honor of the non-Muslim minorities living in his state. Non-Muslim minorities have been granted complete religious freedom, even from interfering in their religious festivals, and from damaging their ancient places of worship. However, Islam has imposed some restrictions on non-Muslims living under the Islamic State, which they must take care of. In view of these restrictions, they can live in the Islamic State with complete religious freedom. In the Islamic State, there are various views of jurists regarding the protection and construction and development of places of worship for non-Muslim minorities. In the article under review, these statements have been mentioned with arguments and through this article the positive face of Islam has been brought before the world that Islam not only gives complete religious freedom to non-Muslim minorities but also their places of worship. Also ensures safety.

Peran Pluralisme Agama Dalam Membangun Kebudayaan Serta Peradaban Masyarakat Islam

Religious pluralism is reused to popularize that a religious community has experienced the peak of the glory of an Islamic country. The supporting factors are described in this paper so that the religious community in the present era can learn to return to what it was in the heyday of Islam. The formation of civilization in Islam cannot be separated from the management of diversity carried out by the Islamic government in the past. The practice of pluralism is a forming factor in building an advanced civilization, so that people can live in harmony and in carrying out their respective religious rituals peacefully.

Partisipasi dalam Pengambilan Keputusan pada Pemerintahan Nabi Muhammad SAW. di Madinah

<p><em>The title of this research is the alignment of democracy with Islamic governance practices, especially in terms of participation in decision-making. The purpose of this study is to describe how aspirations are accommodated in the government of the Prophet Muhammad SAW. The purpose of more detail in this study is to see further whether decision-making in the government of the Prophet was in line with democratic principles. This research was conducted using the literature study method using qualitative analysis. The focus of this article is related to the space for conveying aspirations in the practice of decision making in the government of the Prophet Muhammad in Medina. The conclusion obtained from the results of the discussion is that the government of the Prophet Muhammad SAW is capable of aspirations in decision making through the opportunity to express opinions. Democratic values are also present in the process of delivering this opinion. Freedom of opinion is for things that are not determined by revelation. Participatory decision making is done through mushararah (syuro), consultative and initiative.</em></p>

Hz. Ali ile Hristiyanlar Arasında İmzalanan Bir Antlaşma ve Bu Antlaşmanın Satır Arası Türkçe Tercümesi

Throughout history, the geography of the Middle East has encompassed various religions and denominations, which in some periods have been in conflict with each other, and in some other periods, have continued to live peacefully in one geography. Undoubtedly, the signed treaties between governments and tribes have played an important role in creating a peaceful atmosphere. As a result of the spread of Islam, numerous treaties have been signed between Muslims and non-Muslims, through them non-Muslims, in exchange for paying jizyah (a per capita yearly taxation), maintained their beliefs and culture. Considering that for centuries, Jews, Christians, and other religious groups were citizens of Islamic governments, they were forced to make treaties with Muslim rulers in order to preserve their religion and culture. This situation has been evident since the early years of the rise of Islam. One of these treaties is the treaty signed between Imam Ali and the Christian elders in the year 660 AD (40 AH). Seven copies of this treaty have been found in Iran, Italy, and Armenia. Among these, the only one with a Turkish translation is kept in the Isfahan Chehel Sotoun Museum. This version, at an unknown time, was written on the parchment page in Kufic script, below the mainline, the words were rewritten with Naskh, and at the bottom of these two lines, the Turkish translation of the words is mentioned. The linguistic features of this treaty indicate that this version was translated into Turkish after the sixteenth century; it is a scroll, 6.87 cm long, and 35.5 cm wide. The treaty emphasizes the protection of the full rights of Christians, as well as the commitment of Muslims to its provisions. In addition to the historical significance of this document, its Turkish translation is also important. Some scholars believe that this treaty is fictitious and claim that Imam Ali did not signed such a treaty with Christians. This article examines the Chehel Sotoun version of the treaty, and its Turkish part is transcripted. The version is clean and legible, except for a few words. In the Turkish part, due to the nature of interlinear translation, the correct translation of each word has been considered more than the correct sentence spelling.

Mobilizing for what? Polarized citizens and electoral turnout in transitioning Tunisia

ABSTRACT In countries that have recently transitioned to democracy, what factors most drive citizens to mobilize and participate in early elections? Many comparative studies on democratization and elections stress the vital importance of early elections in new democracies – with voter turnout inexorably linked to a democracy’s long-term stability and legitimacy – however, much of this literature focuses on aggregate rather than individual-level behaviour, and very little targets the Middle East/North Africa region. This study closely examines individual voting behaviour in democratizing Tunisia’s critical second election in 2014. We argue that amidst great uncertainty, the polarizing issues of national and political identity created systematic disparities in participation – with the most ideologically polarized citizens/social groups more likely to vote. Using original data from a survey conducted in Tunisia right after its November 2014 elections, we find that Tunisians were sharply divided in their support for democracy, the previous regime, and Islamic governance. Specifically, Tunisians who were more ideologically polarized along its secular-Islamist divide and those more satisfied with the new democratic system were more likely to vote – overall suggesting somewhat uneven electoral participation in this critical election and, therefore, the potential for the kind of instability conducive to democratic breakdown.

A Comparative Study of Imam Khomeini’s and Rashid Reza’s Views on the Theoretical Foundations of the Islamic Government

نظریة ولایت فقیه امام خمینی و خلافت اسلامی‌ ‌رشیدرضا در باب حکومت و سیاست، تشابهات بسیاری‌ دارد طوری که در ساختار و اصول کلی مدلی یکسان را ارائه می‌‌دهند که در آن، هم بر نقش مردم تأکید شده و رأی ‌ایشان اهمیت‌ دارد و هم حکومت باید بر اساس مبانی و احکام دینی باشد. اجتهاد و مصلحت نیز موجب انعطاف‌پذیری دین و زمینه‌ساز اجرایی شدن حکومت دینی با توجه به شرایط روز خواهند شد. با وجود‌این شباهت در نظریه، نتایج عینی و خروجی اجتماعی جریان‌های وابسته به آن‌ها با یکدیگر تفاوت‌های زیادی‌ دارند. با بررسی مبانی نظری ‌این دو نظریه مشخص می‌‌شود نوع نگاه به دین و برخی ویژگی‌های آن، شامل: کارکرد دین، جاودانگی و جامعیت آن، و همچنین مبانی‌ای از الهیات و انسان‌شناسی، موجب بروز چنین رویکردی در حکومت و سیاست می‌‌شود. اما تفاوت‌هایی در نوع مواجهة شیعه و اهل سنت به ‌این مباحث، موجب تفاوت‌های مهمی‌ ‌در اجرای آن‌ها می‌‌شود. رویکرد شیعه مبتنی بر عقل و نقل است و از پشتوانة عقلی غنی‌ای بهره می‌‌برد در حالی که دین‌شناسی اهل سنت، بیشتر بر اساس نقل بوده و بر پایة فقه است.‌ این تفاوت موجب شده در عمل نظریة خلافت اسلامی‌ ‌نتواند به اهداف خود برسد.

Legitimation of governments by renaming of everyday things and places: a comparison of the Pahlavi and Islamic Republic in Iran

ABSTRACT Political systems employ a variety of resources to acquire legitimacy and support from society. Any changes in the political system and sources of legitimacy can fundamentally alter the social world and the sign system, and even lay the foundations for identity conflict. Since the collapse of the Pahlavi dynasty and the establishment of the Islamic Republic government, Iran has experienced such a trend. Therefore, the Pahlavi dynasty and the Islamic Republic government can be considered the most important periods of civilization and identity conflict in contemporary Iran. The present study aims to apply semiotics to examine the naming process as one of the elements of the sign system in the legitimacy of the Pahlavi and the Islamic Republic of Iran governments. The findings show that the changes in the naming process during the Pahlavi and the Islamic Republic governments represent a shift in the source of legitimacy from ancient Iran to the Islamic period, which has been reflected in the names of individuals, places, coins, and commemorative medals. The change of political system has also intensified the identity and ideology conflicts in the sign systems of Iran.

KONSEP NEGARA MENURUT IMAM AYATULLAH KHOMEINI DALAM TINJAUAN FILSAFAT POLITIK

Government in Islam has long historical roots, starting from the reign of the Prophet, the companions, the tabi'in, to the Imams. The purpose of this paper is to describe the main discussion of the research on the concept of the state according to Imam Ayatullah Khomeini and the analysis of Islamic political philosophy on the thoughts of Imam Ayatollah Khomeini. This research is a literature study, with qualitative methods, and Islamic political philosophy as a knife of analysis. The finding in this study is that the concept of the state in Khomeini's view is a system of government through the leadership of the ulama (Wilayah al-Faqih). Which in the al-Faqih Region government system, monotheism is the basis of the law. This theory is at the core of Khomeini's thoughts on the concept of the Islamic State. This concept is the result of his reinterpretation of the Islamic political system that the Prophet had built, which was then continued by the Imams to Imam Mahdi. Iran's democracy is a “theo-democracy”, and not a democracy as practiced by other democracies. However, the point that needs to be underlined is that Faqih's position cannot be applied arbitrarily, but rather to control democracy, so that it remains in line with Islamic values and the mandate of the Islamic Revolution of Iran.

30 years of research in Islamic accounting: a literature review

PurposeThis paper aims to examine the Islamic accounting research. In particular, the paper extensively investigates the literature on Islamic accounting to understand the issues, contexts, methods and theoretical paradigms thereof.Design/methodology/approachThe study has adopted a literature review approach. It has examined the key journal publications for 30 years in accounting discipline and systematically identified the Islamic accounting papers during 1990–2020. In total, 95 papers were identified until June 2020, and they were thoroughly reviewed to identify the relevant issues, contexts, methods and theoretical paradigms.FindingsThe study has found that Islamic accounting papers covered issues of both Islamic organizations (e.g. Islamic financial institutions) and of Muslim countries. The key issues include the regulation and regulatory compliance, annual report disclosures, corporate and Islamic governance, accounting profession, gender, accountability matters, management accounting and control, waqf accounting and zakat management. The study has also observed various normative guidelines from the academics on how the teaching of Islam is enacted in accounting, accountability and governance matters to attain the maqasid al-shari'a, i.e. human welfare, social justice and equity.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is not empirical. Hence, the limitations of literature review papers are applicable in this case. Moreover, it is possible that this study could not identify some of the important literature on Islamic accounting (such as the papers published in Arabic by the academicians and professionals of Arab world).Practical implicationsThe study enables both Islamic accounting academics and practitioners to identify the main Islamic accounting issues and realize the importance of Islamic accounting.Social implicationsWhen the author considers Islamic accounting as a social construction and tries to understand the phenomenon through social theories, the author acknowledges the relevance of Islamic accounting in the society in which it operates. It can be noticed from the discussion that Islamic accounting emphasizes on social welfare, balance, equity and providing relevant information to follow the commandments of God.Originality/valueTo the best of the author’s knowledge, this study is the first to provide a synoptic view on the issues, context, methods and theoretical paradigms of Islamic accounting, while covering major accounting journals in 30 years.

Innovation in the indicators of the republic from the perspective of the Imams of the Islamic Revolution of Iran

This research has been formed with the aim of explaining and comparing the innovative features of the republic in the political ideas of the Imams of the Islamic Revolution of Iran. In this regard, by using the research method of content analysis, all the statements and thoughts of Imam Khomeini from 1963 to 1989 and the Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei from 1989 to 2015 in full as a statistical population under study Is located. In order to carry out the research, 15 indicators for the republic were determined from the perspective of the Imams of the Islamic Revolution of Iran After obtaining the approval of experts regarding the desired innovative indicators, coding was performed and a total of 420 items of Imam Khomeini's orders and 512 items of the Supreme Leader's statements were cited in statistical analyses. In the following, the collected data and information are analysed and the research findings indicate that the most important indicator from Imam Khomeini (Allah’s pleasure)'s point of view is the "Populares of the Islamic government" and from the perspective of the Supreme Leader " Obligation, constructiveness and honest service to the people " which is defined and explained based on the conditions and requirements of the time.

Intolerance of non-Muslim political rights and engagement in political violence: a study of public opinion in 11 Arab countries

ABSTRACT Majority respect for the political rights of minorities is an important value undergirding peace and political stability in societies. This study examines whether intolerance for minority political rights affects the likelihood that an individual has engaged in violent activities for political causes. Using public opinion data from 11 Arab countries, the study finds that Muslim residents who interpret Islam to mandate inferior political rights to their non-Muslims compatriots are more likely to have engaged in political violence in the past three years. Moreover, the effect of attitudes toward non-Muslim political rights on engagement in political violence is unaffected by subject support for Islamic government/rule, attitudes about democracy and Islamic government, interpretation of Shari’a and general intolerance of or bigotry against non-Muslims.

Sistem Pemerintahan Kesultanan Tidore Perspektif al-Siyāsah al-Syar'iyyah di Kota Tidore Kepulauan

This study aims to find out how the system of sultanate government applies in the Tidore Kingdom from a siyāsah syar`iyyah perspective. This research is a field research, where the researcher conducts research directly on the location to obtain and collect data, then it is processed using qualitative methods. The results showed that the system of government that prevailed in the Tidore Sultanate from the perspective of al-Siyāsah al-Syar`iyyah was not fully using the Islamic government system, due to a lack of understanding of al-Siyāsah al-Syar`iyyah and various customs that were ingrained in society. the city of Tidore. The results of this study are an initial effort for preachers and missionaries to always try to convey their da'wah about the Islamic government system so that they can understand the Islamic system well. Hopefully this research can provide an overview for all the figures in the Tidore sultanate and the people of Tidore in general so that they always follow what has been explained by Islam regarding the Islamic government system.

The armed struggle of the 1980s in Iranian Kurdistan: a space for survival

ABSTRACT The armed struggle of the entire decade of the 1980s in Iranian Kurdistan is an understudied subject. It deserves scholarly attention for its significance for the continuation of the post-1979 Kurdish movement and the way militarization made violent forms of resistance attractive. The armed struggle was triggered by the remilitarization of Kurdistan, vigorously defying the new Islamic regime which had suppressed the opposition across Iran by the early 1980s. In contrast to powerful discourses and prevalent assumptions, armed struggle is not intrinsic to Kurdish political movements, nor does it constitute an integral part of the plan to achieve political and cultural rights. Based on the events following the 1979 Revolution, this article presents armed struggle as a space for the continuation of the Kurdish movement when de facto self-rule is terminated by militarization and dictatorship. It analyses several significant aspects of the armed struggle of the 1980s in order to make a connection between the past and the present. Methodologically, the article follows a comparative analysis of various forms of armed struggle around the world to analyse the characteristics of the Kurdish armed struggle.

Performance Measurement of Islamic Bank in Indonesia, is Merger Necessary?

In 2021, Indonesia’s administration decides to conduct a merger among Islamic government bank. The emerge of syariah financial market is the reason of this policy. This study analyzes Islamic banks merger policy by assessing their financial performance. The purpose of this study is to analyze financial efficiency of Islamic Banks and Conventional Banks in Indonesia based on the 2019 financial reports by using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. Practical contributions of this study for the banking industry was as a guidance for the management in measuring banking activities by analysing the efficiency level so that it can be used to compile business strategies. Basically, financial performance analysis is the result of evaluation of past performance. In this study, we use different analyses in order to obtain a company’s financial position that represents the company’s reality and potential for continuous performance. Business performance represents effectiveness and the efficiency of an organization or company. Company or organization assess their performance to understand their achivement and evaluate their business plans. In this study we developed business performance measurement based on input and output of Islamic and conventional banks in Indonesia. We employ Data Envelopment Analysis which calculate the ratio between output and input. In this study, we use deposits, fixed assets and labor costs as input, while credit or financing and operating income as output variables. In this study, we find that there are several conventional and Islamic banks that suffers inefficiency. This inefficiency occurs due to the ratio of inputs and outputs in conventional and Islamic banks are not optimum.

Analisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja keuangan Bank Umum Syariah

This study aims to examine how much Intellectual Capital, Islamic Corporate Governance, Islamic Social Responsibility, Islamic Ethical Identity, and Zakat can affect Islamic commercial banks' financial performance. The population in this study is Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia. The method of determining the sample using the purposive sampling method. The data used is secondary data. Hypothesis testing is done by using multiple regression analysis techniques. The study results indicate that Intellectual Capital and Islamic Ethical Identity affect financial performance. Islamic Corporate Governance does not affect Financial Performance, Islamic Social Responsibility, Islamic Corporate Governance, Islamic Social Responsibility, and Zakat does not affect Financial Performance of Islamic Commercial Banks. Simultaneously, these independent variables have a positive and significant influence on the Financial Performance of Islamic Commercial Banks.

Investigating the relations between the Mongols and Christians and its role in the collapse of Islamic governments. From the beginning of the Mongol conquests until Abaqa Khan’s death

The emergence of the Mongols and their invasion of Islamic lands is the most important phenomenon of the thirteenth century which dealt a severe blow to the Muslim governments present in the Islamic world and shook and sometimes uprooted their political-military as well as social and economic structures. At this time, the Christians of Europe and the Catholic Church, as well as the Christians living in the Eastern and Islamic lands, who saw the Muslims as their long-time enemy, tried to accompany the Mongols and interact with them from various religious, political, and military aspects to suppress and destroy the existing Islamic governments in the region, including the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad, the Ayyubids the Levant and the Mamluks in Egypt. The present research, with theoretical analysis and review of historical events of this time and evaluating the available data, emphasizes not only the effective role of Christians in the Mongols confrontation with Islamic governments. It also explains their relations with the Mongols, taking into account the ruling families of the Mongols.

Girls’ education in Balochistan, Pakistan: exploring a postcolonial Islamic governmentality

This paper explores the status of girls’ education in the schools of rural Balochistan in Pakistan, and examines the dimensions of access, enrolment and retention. In order to explore the complexities of this governmental problem, we will propose the concept of postcolonial Islamic governmentality. Drawing on Foucault’s work on the arts of government, with Dean’s (2010) writing on illiberal governmentalities, and the work of Salehin (2016) on pious governmentality in Bangladesh, we will suggest that postcolonial Islamic governmentalities emerge at the intersections of the legacies of British colonialism in Pakistan’s post-colonial governance; the influence of processes of neo-liberal globalisation in the policies of developing countries by donor countries, development NGOs and the SDGs; and the forms of Islamic governance embedded in the juridical, cultural, social and gender relations of Pakistan as a postcolonial, Islamic state.

Editor's Note

Editor's Note