GOOSE Messages Research Articles

GOOSE performance assessment on an IEC 61850 redundant network

Conventionally distribution substations utilise hardwires (copper cables) for achieving different operational requirements such as interlocking, inter-tripping and automatic transfer systems. The latest substation communication standard IEC 61850 introduced a new method for horizontal communication of digital and analogue messages between devices in the substation called GOOSE or Generic Object Oriented Substation Event. In addition, IEC 61850 adopted seamless redundancy protocols, namely PRP and HSR, to encourage the utilisation of GOOSE communication in high-dependency applications. Here, the performance of GOOSE communication is assessed under different background traffic conditions in an HSR redundant network. This is achieved by utilising a data quality analyser to inject Ethernet ARP packets simulating background traffic. The network also includes an Ethernet switch, time server, laptop and three IEDs or Intelligent Electronic Devices. The IEDs are natively supporting IEC 61850 with HSR protocol, and configured to exchange GOOSE messages. Test results show GOOSE communication is affected by the traffic, but the severity of the problem, i.e. delays and losses in the communicated messages, depends on the level of traffic, as a percentage of the bandwidth. Tests also show redundancy enhances the overall network reliability via dual paths, limiting the effect of background traffic on the communicated messages..

Utilisation of IEC61850 GOOSE for improvement of EFP sensitivity in compensated MV networks

In this study, the sensitivity of the earth-fault protection (EFP) in medium-voltage distribution networks with a compensated neutral point is investigated. An adaptive residual voltage threshold is proposed as a solution for enhanced EFP sensitivity. The optimal threshold adaptation is based on the horizontal communication between a Petersen-coil (PC) controller and IEDs, utilising IEC 61850 GOOSE messages. The maximum residual voltage information, from a healthy state of the network, is transferred from the PC controller to IEDs, where an optimal residual voltage threshold for the EFP is determined. This adaptation allows maximum protection sensitivity and security to be obtained for each substation and the network state.

Next Generation of Power System Protection Automation—Virtualization of Protection Systems

This paper describes the concept and analysis of virtualization technology and possible virtualization scenarios, which can be used to create a new generation of intelligent electronic devices (IEDs). The overview of the concept was based on solutions used in conventional IT systems. A fully operational working lab environment, in which simulated IED models were implemented, has been successfully tested. Problems associated with environment launch are described. An analysis of the influence of virtual device time synchronization and resynchronization on their correct operations is performed. Time delays of communication when sending GOOSE messages between the IEDs using GOOSE packages are verified.

Safety related functions with IEC 61850 GOOSE messaging

The international standard IEC 61508 introduces the concept of “safety related function” to achieve a satisfactory level of safety in processes that show unacceptable risks. A safety function is actuated by a safety system made up of one or more “sensors” that detect the abnormal condition, a “logic solver” that acquires the data from the sensor(s) and commands one or more “actuators” to drive the plant in safe condition. In many applications, the actuator is an electrical device, i.e. a circuit breaker that may be controlled through an IEC 61850 network. A typical architecture for industrial applications sees a PLC/DCS for controlling the process and an IEC 61850 network for controlling the electrical system. Safety related systems (SIS) are to be certified, and the availability of the system must be calculated using the procedure described in IEC 61508. Today, electrical devices with IEC 61850 are not yet certified for safety applications, so a formal issue arises.In this paper we compare the technical specifications of IEC 61850 with the requirements for safety fieldbus specified by IEC 61784-3. A complete series of tests was carried out to verify the robustness of IEC 61850 to the communication errors that may affect a network, and results are reported.

Applying domain-specific knowledge to construct features for detecting distributed denial-of-service attacks on the GOOSE and MMS protocols

Electric substation automation systems based on the IEC 61850 standard predominantly employ the GOOSE and MMS protocols. Because GOOSE and MMS messages are not encrypted, an attacker can observe packet header information in protocol messages and inject large numbers of spoofed messages that can flood a substation automation system. Sophisticated machine-learning-based intrusion detection systems are required to detect these types of distributed denial-of-service attacks. However, the performance of machine-learning-based classifiers is hindered by the relative lack of features that express GOOSE and MMS protocol behavior.This paper evaluates a number of features described in the literature that may be used to detect distributed denial-of-service attacks on the GOOSE and MMS protocols. However, these features do not include advanced features that capture the periodic transmission behavior of SCADA protocols. Three SCADA-protocol-specific steps are specified for constructing new GOOSE and MMS advanced features by leveraging domain knowledge and adopting a time-window-based feature construction method. The resulting feature set, which comprises seventeen new GOOSE and MMS advanced features, outperforms the feature sets described in previous research when used with the popular decision tree, neural network and support vector machine classifiers. The evaluations also reveal that the decision tree classifier is superior to the neural network and support vector machine classifiers. A key contribution of this research is the application of SCADA-protocol-based domain knowledge to develop high-performance intrusion detection systems that require reduced training and testing times.

Lessons Learned from Protection and Control Schemes Testing: The Results of Multiple Trials Using IEC 61850 Goose Messaging at an Oil Refinery

Several Trials for Protection and Control Schemes based on the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61850 standard were recently implemented for the new electrical system at a U.S. oil refinery. IEC 61850, generic object-oriented substation event (GOOSE) messaging, was used for several schemes, including transfer tripping, breaker failure, islanding detection, remote synchronizing, automatic restoration, manual transfer, and load shedding. Site acceptance tests validated the operation of the protection and control schemes. Bench testing was also performed for the load-shedding scheme using a power-system simulator. All of the testing focused on verifying scheme operations during normal operation and failure modes. The experience gained during early project trials influenced the design and testing of subsequent schemes. This article describes the bench and site acceptance testing approaches used and presents example tests along with their relevant results and the lessons learned.

Performance of communication networks for Integrity protection systems based on travelling wave with IEC 61850

Smart grid system protection can be divided into wide area network, WAN, and substation area protections. The IEC 61850 Ed.1 standard contains models for SV and GOOSE messages that can be used in intra-substation protection. This paper investigates the WAN and substation area protections based on a travelling wave with IEC 61850 that have not been used in a product since 2016. The high sampling frequency for processing the travelling wave may block the communications channel and reduce security. In order to address this problem, an approach is proposed that is based on using real-time travelling wave signal packing with lossless compression and travelling wave feature extraction. The performance of these techniques has been tested using an OPNET modeler, while their validity has been tested through computer simulation. The application of WLAN based on transient travelling wave for real-time protection has also been investigated. The lower sampling, or transformed, data can be used for the applications of transient waves in digital substations. The comparison protection based on travelling wave between the Ethernet and second-generation WLAN results has also been discussed. An IED design is proposed for fast tripping that can be used in WAN protection based on the travelling wave. This work paves the way for other research to start developing fast protection systems based on travelling wave with IEC 61850.

Real-Time Co-Simulation Platform for Smart Grid Volt-VAR Optimization Using IEC 61850

This paper presents an implementation of an IEC 61850-based real-time co-simulation platform for verification of the performance of a volt-VAR optimization (VVO) engine for smart distribution networks. The proposed VVO engine is able to minimize grid loss, volt-VAR control asset operational costs, and conservation voltage reduction operational costs through its comprehensive objective functions, weighted by fuzzification using advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) data. The optimization engine receives the AMI data stream through measurement aggregators. Moreover, it sends control commands to volt-VAR control components modeled in real-time digital simulator (RTDS) through DNP.3 protocol. To check the performance and the precision of proposed VVO, a fault scenario is imposed upon the system. IEC 61850 GOOSE messages are generated and sent to change the status of specified breakers, while the VVO engine receives system reconfiguration commands via IEC61850 Manufacturing Message Specification (MMS) protocol. The results of the study on 33-node feeder showed adequate performance of proposed VVO in grid operating scenarios.

RT-HIL Implementation of the Hybrid Synchrophasor and GOOSE-Based Passive Islanding Schemes

Real-time hardware-in-the-loop performance assessment of three different passive islanding detection methods for local and wide-area synchrophasor measurements is carried out in this paper. Islanding detection algorithms are deployed within the phasor measurement unit (PMU) using logic equations. Tripping decisions are based on local and wide-area synchrophasors as computed by the PMU, and trips are generated using IEC 61850-8-1 generic object-oriented substation event messages. The performance assessment compares these islanding detection schemes for the nondetection zone and operation speed under different operating conditions. The testbench that is demonstrated is useful for a myriad of applications where simulation exercises in power system computer-aided design software provide no realistic insight into the practical design and implementation challenges. Finally, different communication latencies introduced due to the utilization of synchrophasors and IEC 61850-8-1 GOOSE messages are determined.

A Hybrid Synchrophasor and GOOSE-Based Power System Synchronization Scheme

The design and real-time hardware-in-the-loop implementation of a hybrid synchrophasors and GOOSE-based automatic synchronization algorithm are presented in this paper. Automatic synchronization is performed by utilizing the synchrophasor measurements from two commercial phasor measurement units (PMUs), while the coordinated control commands to automatic voltage regulator and/or turbine governor control and trip command to the circuit breaker are issued using IEC 61850-8-1 GOOSE messages. The algorithm is deployed inside the PMU using the protection logic equations, and direct communication between the PMUs is established to minimize the communication latencies. In addition, the algorithm is tested using a standard protection relay test-set, and automatic test sequences are executed to validate its performance. It is concluded that the hybrid synchrophasor and GOOSE-based automatic synchronization scheme ensures minimum communication latencies, reduces equipment cost, facilitates interoperability, and performs automatic reconnection adequately.

Comparison of the Operational Speed of Hard-wired and IEC 61850 Standard-based Implementations of a Reverse Blocking Protection Scheme

This paper focuses on the reverse blocking busbar protection scheme with aim to improve the speed of its operation and at the same time to increase operational reliability, flexibility and stability of the protection during external and internal faults by implementation of the extended functionality provided by the IEC61850 standard-based protective Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs). The practical implementation of the scheme by the use of IEC 61850 standard communication protocol is investigated. The proposed scheme is designed for a radial type of a distribution network and is modeled and simulated in the DigSILENT software environment for various faults on the busbar and its outgoing feeders. A laboratory test bench is built using three ABB IEDs 670 series that are compliant with the IEC 61850 standard, CMC 356 Omicron test injection device, PC, MOXA switch, and a DC power supplier. Two types of the reverse blocking signals between the IEDs in the test bench are considered: hard wired and Ethernet communication by using IEC 61850 standard GOOSE messages. Comparative experimental study of the operational trip response speeds of the two implementations for various traffic conditions of the communication network shows that the performance of the protection scheme for the case of Ethernet IEC 61850 standard-based communication is better.

IEC 61850 Substation Communication Network Architecture for Efficient Energy System Automation

High-speed peer-to-peer IEC 61850-8-1 GOOSE and IEC 61850-9-2 sampled values based information-exchange among IEDs in modern IEC 61850 substations have opened the opportunity for designing and developing innovative all-digital protection applications. The transmission reliability and real-time performance of these SVs and GOOSE messages, over the process-bus network, are critical to realize these all-digital IEC 61850 substation automation systems (SASs) protection applications. To address the reliability, availability, and deterministic delay performance needs of SAS, a novel IEC 61850-9-2 process-bus based substation communication network (SCN) architecture is proposed in this article. Reliability of the proposed as well as the traditional process-bus based SCN architectures is evaluated using the reliability block diagram (RBD) approach. Network components are modeled, and end-to-end (ETE) time-delay performance is also evaluated for all-digital protection applications running on the SCN architectures simulated in the OPNET modeler platform. The reliability and performance results of the proposed architecture compared to the traditional architectures confirmed its highly reliable, fast, and deterministic nature.

Filtering Methods of GOOSE Messages on Process Level in Smart Substations

How to eliminate the influence of network storm produced by GOOSE messages on equipment of process level is an important task to smart substation. Both valid and invalid GOOSE messages transmitted in process levelare likely to lead to the network storm. At first, the reason that causes network storm in smart substation is analyzed in this paper. Then three kinds of filtering methods are given: Real-time matching method with creating a buffer, the method of cutting off the storm network and abnormal packets discarded method, In the end, the first method is verified on the intelligent terminal.

Real-Time Adaptive VVO/CVR Topology Using Multi-Agent System and IEC 61850-Based Communication Protocol

This paper proposes a new approach for real-time and adaptive Volt/VAr optimization (VVO)/conservation voltage reduction (CVR) system using Intelligent Agents, communicating through IEC 61850 Goose Messaging Protocol. The paper also proposes new real-time adaptive VVO/CVR algorithms tailored for different service level targets and system topologies. The paper argues that each of these variations requires different Intelligent Agent Systems, data structures, and communication requirements. To test the applicability of the VVO/CVR optimization engine, a modified IEEE 34 Node system is used as case study.

The Multi-criterion Relay Technology of Power Distribution System Based on GOOSE

GOOSE network of intelligent substation provides the fast packet transmission channel for the substation automation system, each IED connected in the GOOSE network can choose as subscribers or publishers to receive or publish data in order to achieve the station information sharing and equipment interoperability. In this paper, a 10kV bus protection scheme is proposed by combining intelligent substation requirements and the technical characteristics of the GOOSE protocol. This scheme uses intelligent substation information sharing and it is an application of GOOSE technology. A single-phase ground protection scheme is also proposed. It’s based on the GOOSE technology. Fault information is in GOOSE message, so all the IEDs can share it through the bay layer network .At last, this paper proposes the execution scheme for upgrading the traditional protection. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v11i12.3742

Behaviour Evaluation of GOOSE Message Traffic between Power Substations: A POTT Scheme Case Study

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the behaviour of GOOSE message traffic between two power substations using Ethernet technologies for POTT (permissive overreaching transfer trip) schemes. Moreover, a loss of messages between publisher and subscriber is closely monitored. Two main operation scenarios were defined and for each one of them some parameter variation took place, such as traffic intensity, as well as logical changes. Taking this into account, a practical laboratory was set up in order to carry out these experiments. This practical apparatus mainly consists of three digital relays, Ethernet switches, media converters, IBM personal computers, 20 km fibre optic cable, as well as support software. The results have been shown that the GOOSE messages can be applied for inter-substation communication, delivering a transfer time around 4.4 ms. Besides, traffic condition and switch configuration can heavily influence the time behaviour and loss of GOOSE messages used for POTT schemes in power systems.

Digital Protection Test Platform Based on RTDS

As IEC61850 has become the general international standard of substation communication, protections and the other secondary devices have new characteristics of digitization and network. The input signal is no longer the traditional analog alternating current component and the protection trip switch, SMV Message and Goose Message instead. The network performance is more and more important and normal relay protection test device is no longer suitable for digital protections. This paper has analyzed the transmission methods of the SMV message and GOOSE message, developed the digital protection test platform based on RTDS and put forward a digital protection test interface design based on FPGA.

Design and Realization of a General Intelligent Component Platform

Smart primary equipment as typical components and structure basis of intelligent substation. Intelligent components which is the core component of smart primary equipment, will be the access platform of various smart unit, and smart unit will be the applied terminal of specific intelligence technology. This paper designed a general intelligent component platform, the module structure and configuration program of the intelligence components are given. Meanwhile, the use of The real-time operating systems was used to to manage the cooperative work of intelligence unit, so as to meet the various requirements of the general intelligent equipment. Finally, the real-time validation of the smart component platform was carried out by the GOOSE message. The results meet the requirements of IEC61850 standard and provide a reference for the further research and development of intelligent components.

Implementation of Secure GOOSE Protocol Using HSM

The smart grid is a developing network of transmission lines, equipment, controls and new technologies working together to respond immediately to 21st Century demand for electricity, but the smart grid may also create much new vulnerability if not deployed with the appropriate security controls. In this paper, to evaluate the secure GOOSE message performance, we implemented the IEC 62351-6 MAC mechanism, applied it on F-IED using the IEC 61850 GOOSE stack and the HSM, built the security test environment, and obtained test results.

Optimized Security Algorithm for IEC 61850 based Power Utility System

As power grids are integrated into one big umbrella (i.e., Smart Grid), communication network plays a key role in reliable and stable operation of power grids. For successful operation of smart grid, interoperability and security issues must be resolved. Security means providing network system integrity, authentication, and confidentiality service. For a cyber-attack to a power grid system, which may jeopardize the national security, vulnerability of communication infrastructure has a serious impact on the power grid network. While security aspects of power grid network have been studied much, security mechanisms are rarely adopted in power gird communication network. For security issues, strict timing requirements are defined in IEC 61850 for mission critical messages (i.e., GOOSE). In this paper, we apply security algorithms (i.e., MD-5, SHA-1, and RSA) and measure their processing time and transmission delay of secured mission critical messages. The results show the algorithms satisfying the timing requirements defined in IEC 61850 and we observer the algorithm that is optimal for secure communication of mission critical messages. Numerical analysis shows that SHA-1 is preferable for secure GOOSE message sending.