Google Books Ngram Viewer Research Articles

SDG 4 and SDG 8 in the knowledge economy: A meta-analysis in the context of post-COVID-19 recovery

Almost all human activity spheres, from the health care system to the education system, were unprepared for the pandemic. This, in turn, has slowed down the progress in achieving sustainable development goals. The Sustainable Development Goals 4 “Quality Education” and 8 “Decent Work and Economic Growth” were particularly vulnerable. In addition, the widespread concern was caused in the context of the transition to a “knowledge-based economy”. This paper analyzes the readiness of the scientific community to provide preconditions for the acceleration of these SDGs achievements. To do this, a meta-analysis of the academic literature on SDG 4, SDG 8, and the knowledge-based economy during 2015–2021 was conducted. Several special methods and instruments were used, including Scopus, WoS, VosViewer, Publish or Perish, Google Trends, and Google Books Ngram Viewer. The results show the inability of the modern academic community to provide a theoretical and empirical framework for a successful transition to a knowledge-based economy, taking into account the need to achieve sustainability. This is partly due to the relative subject novelty and the lack of academic attention. The challenges posed by the pandemic (lockdowns, unemployment, closing of educational institutions, financial flows reorientation, etc.) together with potential threats (new pandemic, climate change, population displacement, armed conflicts, etc.) necessitate a radical intensification of academic activity in economics to achieve SDGs.

COMPARATIVE CONCEPTOLOGY OF POWER AND RESISTANCE USING GOOGLE NGRAM BOOKS

The article discusses the evolution of key concepts referring to governmentality in comparative perspective. The Russian discourse on government and power is compared with the Western discourse. The Google Books Ngram Viewer databank covering the period from 1800 to 2019 is used as a source of information. This databank contains more than 5% of all published books. The proposed discourse analysis suggests that the Russian and Western discourses have some elective affinity: in both cases there is little room for truth telling and whistle-blowers face significant risk.

Management of the metacognition and successful learning strategies in pre-university education. an analytical sociological study

The irreversible impact of the societal challenges and/or changes on individual and social behavior requires new ways of teaching, learning, and assessment. These methods involve metacognition and successful learning strategies in tandem with a teacher strategy and the students’ tactics. The difference between cognition (involves the cognitive mechanism of the mental activities and processes set based on predetermined goals) and metacognition (the control of the goal achievement) points to the research problem stabilized for the article: the study of the metacognition management and successful learning strategies in pre-university education. The research methodology is focused on analysis metasystemic delimitations with Google Books Ngram Viewer based on articles published online. Solving the goal allows to state the following assymptions a) metacognition is a dimension of cognition “developed” as a result of the permanent control of cognition, b) metacognitive abilities must be identified and developed starting with the preschool stage, and c) at the school stage it is important to observe and mitigate the formation of strategies. The conclusion of the research refers to the topicality and importance of studying metacognition at the preschool and school stages.

L’uso di risorse online per lo studio sincronico e diacronico del lessico politico. Il caso di “democrazia rappresentativa”

In this article we wish to provide a survey of online documentary resources for the historical study of political thought and illustrate a series of “good practices” which could be adopted to optimize the use of publicly available digital collections in historiographical research. As a case study, we first report on the search, in very large digital collections of historical documents, for occurrences of the phrase “representative democracy” (and its dictionary equivalents in Italian and French) between 1778, the first occurrence of the term recorded in our data, and 1799. Most of the occurrences retrieved through a careful process of selection and scrutiny have not previously been discussed in the literature. In the last part of the article we discuss the contribution of text analysis tools to diachronic research, looking at frequency data from resources such as Google Books Ngram Viewer and HathiTrust + Bookworm, and comparing findings about the lexical profiles of “democracy” and “representative democracy” in historical and contemporary corpora.

The linguocultural concept based on word frequency: correlation, differentiation, and cross-cultural comparison

ABSTRACT This paper proposes (1) to develop mixed research framework for linguocultural concept analysis by integrating word frequency analysis using Google Books Ngram Viewer with Pearson correlation, word collocation, integrating qualitative analysis; and (2) to determine its feasibility and effectiveness with regards to correlation, cross-cultural comparison, and differentiation of linguocultural concepts. Findings suggest that war may be one of the contributing factors to the religious consciousness of the Russian people (r = 0.471, p < 0.001). The results of the collocation analysis suggest that ‘freedom’ has boundaries, whilst the ‘will’ has none. A cross-cultural study of Chinese and American cultures revealed that the consciousness of sacrifice was stronger than that of obedience. In addition, frequencies of conceptual words show that China has a stronger collectivist culture as compared to the United States. However, it is difficult to obtain a correct and credible statement of conceptual differences only by relying on word frequency.

Google Books Ngram Viewer

The Google Books Ngram Viewer is a data mining tool that searches datasets derived from Google Books to generate frequency charts of language usage from the dawn of print until the present time. The available languages are English, French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Spanish, Chinese, and Russian. With a database in excess of two trillion words, it is the largest corpus of linguistics information in existence. In spite of concerns about the reliability of metadata used in Ngram Viewer, it is still viewed as a valuable resource for research into long-term cultural trends.

THE GLOBAL CONTEXT OF OPEN ACCESS TO SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS

Scientific publications are migrating to the digital environment. This phenomenon is characterized by universal norms determined by specifics of the global context ensuring open access to scientific publications. To investigate these norms in this article the ideal type method is applied, and the research data are extracted with the on-line search engine Google Books Ngram Viewer. The results obtained are: a) the study of dynamics of open science is a priority concerning the topics of open access and license of using open information; b) in the area of open science, the importance of studying the forms of access to pre-published works is prioritized; c) “the green access” is the most investigated model of the open access to scientific publications. The publication of scientific results in open access requires regular adjustment to the global norms of open science.

REPORTING AND FINANCIAL INTERMEDIARIES: META-ANALYSIS OF KEY CONCEPTS

Financial intermediaries increase the efficiency of capital allocation by accumulating it between the parties to match the needs of all stakeholders. Due to market imperfections and information asymmetries, financial intermediaries have moved from traditional banking to intermediaries that are more complex: investment banks, pension funds, venture capital funds, mutual funds and hedge funds. The interrelation between intermediaries and economic indicators is a topic of discussion for many scholars around the world. The final opinion on this does not yet exist, because the hypotheses that are put forward are polar in nature. This study is based on the assumption that financial intermediaries have a positive impact on economic development. This study is aimed at bibliometric analysis by means of VOSviewer v.1.6.16 to identify key contextual areas of the research topic. The paper identifies numerous trends in the study of financial intermediation. The main national and foreign approaches to the studied concept are systematized. Key subject groups of the studied phenomenon are revealed. The most cited authors who worked in this direction are analyzed. Articles on key aspects of the study were clustered. The connection between the concepts of "financial intermediation" and "non-financial reporting" is revealed. Google Books Ngram Viewer and Google Trends analyzed the frequency of mentions of research concepts and the frequency of user queries. As a result, on the basis of 405 documents indexed by the Scopus database during 2012 - 2018, 6 clusters were identified, focusing on: the place of financial intermediaries in the financial system; role in ensuring financial stability; the prerequisites for the formation of this phenomenon; roles in the financial market; interactions between financial intermediaries and systemic risks; connection with shadow banking. The growing number of mentions of the research topic among Ukrainian and foreign scientists indicates an increased interest in the nature and role of this phenomenon.

Teaching the Google Books Ngram Viewer and JSTOR Text Analyzer in the Graduate Music Bibliography Course: Benefits, Issues, and Challenges

Teaching the Google Books Ngram Viewer and JSTOR Text Analyzer in the Graduate Music Bibliography Course: Benefits, Issues, and Challenges

РОЗВИТОК РЕГІОНІВ: ВІД МОДЕЛІ ЕКОНОМІЧНОГО ЗРОСТАННЯ ДО МОДЕЛІ ЗДОРОВОЇ СМАРТ-СПЕЦІАЛІЗАЦІЇ

In the article, the author notes that many regions of Ukraine are characterized by increasing uneven socioeconomic development. According to the author, this is facilitated by observing the aggregate influence of infrastructure policy with the natural formation of the system "center – periphery" with disproportionate regional development. The article deals with the paradigm of healthy development, which intersects with the theory and practice of inclusive development and the concept of sustainable development. The analysis of the number of scientific researches on regional equality from the software environment Google Books Ngram Viewer is shown. Graphically, the distinctive features of the factors of regional development models determine the success of their implementation and starting points for the movement to meet the conditions of the following models. The article emphasizes the effectiveness of gradual regional development with the transition from the economic growth model to the model of a healthy economy with each transition model. Examples of practical approaches to regional development in the countries of the European geographical region are given. The author tests the hypothesis that taking into account the principle of phasing is the factor that determines the prospects for the region's development, and under other conditions, there is an asymmetric development of territories within the area. The comparative analysis of critical parameters of the rating of countries on innovation, purchasing power, environmental friendliness, etc. is carried out. The author analyzes the consolidated results of the all-Ukrainian survey of respondents on self-assessment of health and related socioeconomic parameters – a sense of happiness and purchasing power. To find out the predominant factors that motivate respondents to assess their level of health at the level they subjectively indicate, it is advisable to conduct field research. A cluster approach to the development of regions with SMART specialization with an emphasis on health is proposed. To combine information about all the region's proposals, the author considers it appropriate to create a specialized platform with a primary focus on the B2C audience, followed by the addition of B2B areas to find mutually beneficial partners.

Directed correlation network of concepts determined by the dynamics of publications

A technique for forming, clustering and visualizing so-called directed correlation networks is herein proposed. The links between nodes of such networks correspond to the values of cross-correlations between vectors - sets of parameters corresponding to these nodes modified in a certain way. To build network structures for each node (topic), vectors are formed - arrays of numbers corresponding to a certain time series. As an example, the article considers a time series generated by the Google Books Ngram Viewer service. This approach, unlike the existing one, has advantages such as intuitive and realistic rules, the definition of the weight of nodes and links, a reliable mathematical basis for correlation analysis, an accounting of previously unused parameters of time series of publications corresponding to entities, allowing one to the group said entities according to their trends in time, and objectivity and relative simplicity. This technique can be based on data obtained, for example, from content monitoring systems, and can be used in analytical systems for various purposes in order to generalize a set of variables without explicit links between them.

Lexical Competition and Change: A Corpus-Assisted Investigation of Gambling and Gaming in the Past Centuries

This article investigates the interplay of lexical competition and socio-historical events through a close examination of the use of gambling and gaming based on large-scale synchronic and diachronic corpora. We first set the background for comparison through a synchronic study of the collocational patterns and grammatical relations of the two words using Sketch Engine. We show that gambling tends to be associated with negatively perceived activities and strong disapproval, whereas gaming tends to collocate with recreational activities, business, and technology. Using Google Books Ngram Viewer, we focus on the drastic diachronic changes in use of the two words, from competition to co-development. Based on corpora trends, we correlate the rise and fall of the two words and the change in their competition relation to particular socio-historical events: gold rushes, sports betting, the popularity of video games, and the gaming industry boom. The classical competition model of near synonyms remained valid until recent socio-economic events introduced additional and unique meanings for both words. The article thus shows that linguistic variations as collective human behavior changes can be leveraged to evidence other collective human behavior changes.

Bibliometrics and data science

Este estudo prático mostra como um estudante pode usar as técnicas e ferramentas da Bibliometria, Ciência de Dados, Ciência de Redes e Big Data para realizar o levantamento bibliográfico de pesquisas. A partir da situação problema de um estudante que necessita fazer o levantamento bibliográfico dos assuntos: estudo de usuários e emoções envolvidas em episódios de interação com sistemas de informação, o estudo é desenvolvido. Busca responder questões como: (i) quais são as palavras-chave que mais ocorrem e como estão relacionadas? (ii) quem são os autores mais citados na área de estudo? (iii) quais são as referências compartilhadas pelos autores dos documentos? (iv) quais são as principais fontes dos documentos? A partir dos assuntos, do levantamento bibliográfico inicial e de consulta no Google Books Ngram Viewer, foi determinado um conjunto de termos usados nas ferramentas de busca: “information science”, “user study”, “user experience”, “user emotion” e “user affect”. Esses termos foram usados para consultar bases de dados científicas: Web Of Science (WoS), Scopus, PubMed e SciELO. Por meio da análise de 2.198 documentos recuperados da WoS na ferramenta VOSviewer foram construídas e examinadas as redes de palavras (em Inglês) e as redes de co-citação de autores, de referências e de fontes. Os resultados da análise das redes facilita a combinação de elementos para entendimento de informações e conhecimentos da área estudada. Possibilita uma visão geral da área, bem como, a exploração de contextos específicos. Por fim, facilita e direciona a delimitação da pesquisa, minimizando a ansiedade da informação.

Diffusion of the Discourse on Love of Reading in Europe from the 18th till the 20th Century

When reading in the 18th century became an activity common among an ever growing part of the European population and thereby a socially more visible cultural phenomenon, a need arose to create concepts and linguistic terms to refer to the new types of reading behavior. The new masses of readers did not seemingly have a rational goal for their reading, they just read for the sake of reading itself. Therefore, an explanation for their behavior was that they had a love of reading. To speak about people’s love of reading became a recurrent feature of the discourse on reading, a sub-discourse of its own, the discourse on the love of reading. The birthplace of the discourse may have been in 17th century France, wherefrom it was mediated into other countries and language areas. Even the contemporaries believed that the reading mania was contagious, and expected, feared, or hoped that something similar would happen in their own country. This caused debate and the use, even invention, of words and phrases that belong to the discourse on love of reading. Even the words and phrases used for speaking about reading migrated over linguistic, political, and social borders. The initiation, growth, and diffusion of the discourse can be followed by searching the typical words and phrases that indicate the presence of the discourse. Data were obtained from Google Books Ngram Viewer and national full-text databases of books and newspapers. A map representing the geographical diffusion of the discourse in Europe until the 20th century is constructed. The historical conditions for the diffusion of the discourse are discussed. Methodological problems are discussed and future research is outlined.

The Importance of Business Partnership on the World Wide Web

An integral component of successful entrepreneurial activity is the establishment of strong relations with partners, the form and type of which varies depending on the sphere of activity and its scope. Considering that a prerequisite for a business partnership is constant communication, the style, and quality of which mainly determines the success of doing business, the development of business communication skills becomes an object of continuous research by both scientists and enterprise managers. The main goal of this study was to examine the role and the importance of business partnerships in Google Trends. Another goal of the study was to look at how often the term business partnership appears in Google books, with the help of Google Books Ngram Viewer, as well as in a database of Science Direct, with the help of Science Direct’s search function. The top year of the interest frequency of business partnership was 2004 in the Google Trends worldwide in business and industry categories. The bottom year of interest frequency was 2006. The geographic analysis revealed that most people searched in Botswana, in Jamaica, in Zimbabwe, in Ghana, and Uganda for the term business partnership. Interestingly, these countries are all located on the African continent, except Jamaica. Most people searched in Accra, in Nairobi, in Manila, in Quezon City, and Cebu for the term business partnership. The results of the bibliometric analysis of the relationship of business partnerships with other categories made it possible to conclude that people (mostly from the Philippines, Ethiopia, the USA, Canada, and Kenya) inquired about the joint venture and limited partnership. The conducted study revealed that from 1950 to 1970, the frequency of appearance of business partnership in the Google Books` database has been decreasing continuously. From 1972 the frequency has been growing gradually, then from 2006, the frequency has been decreasing gradually. The use of the term “business partnership” shows in the Science Direct a second-degree polynomial growing trend. Summarizing all these results, we can conclude that while people in developing countries in Africa and Jamaica were most sought for expressing business partnerships, people in developed countries were more interested in types of business partnerships. Keywords: Business partnership, Google Trends, Google Books Ngram Viewer, Science Direct, Time Series Analysis.

Theoretical and applied aspects of tourism mobility in the global dimension

The purpose of the article is to develop the theoretical and applied foundations of the study of tourist mobility with the identification of features of its implementation in the global dimension, the analysis of global trends and values in terms of different groups of countries. Methodology of research. The tasks of the article are solved with the help of the following general scientific and special methods of research: analysis and synthesis, systematization and generalization, dialectical approach. Findings. The article summarizes the different approaches to understanding mobility and highlights its perspectives. Tourism is considered as a determinant of employment, self-realization in the sphere of service and hospitality. The meaning of the term “tourist mobility” has been defined and the retrospective of their use has been explored. The analysis of global trends in the implementation of tourist mobility with a focus on the dynamics of displacement and cost indicators in terms of different groups of countries on the basis of geography and profitability. The main trends of realization of tourist mobility of the population in the context of stimulating influence on human development are generalized. Practical value. The main trends of tourist mobility of the modern world are highlighted, in particular the growth of the level of tourist mobility of modern society is shown, which confirms the quantitative dimension of its realization and the change of approaches to the organization of travel. The link between the tourist mobility of the population and the quality of life is outlined. The necessity of complex monitoring of the level of tourist mobility according to different vectors with understanding of qualitative indicators of human development and finding ways to optimize the impact of tourism as an industry on the economy (state, region), capable of providing development in the conditions of stability, is substantiated. Keywords: mobility, tourist mobility, international tourism, global trends, international tourism revenues and expenditures. REFERENCES 1. A Dictionary of the Derivations of the English Language (1872). London and Glasgow: William Collins, Sons, and Company [in English]. 2. Stryuk, M. I., Semerikov, S. O. &amp; Stryuk, A. M. (2015). Mobilʹnistʹ: systemnyy pidkhid [Mobility: a systematic approach]. Informatsiyni tekhnolohiyi i zasoby navchannya – Information technologies and training tools. 49 (5), 37–70 [in Ukrainian]. 3. Khorunzha, L. A. (2009). Formuvannya intelektualʹnoyi mobilʹnosti starshoklasnykiv u navchalʹnomu protsesi zahalʹnoosvitnʹoyi shkoly [Formation of intellectual mobility of high school students in the educational process of secondary school]. Extended abstract of candidate’s thesis. Kharkiv : Kharkivs’kyy nats. ped. un-t im. G. S. Skovorody [in Ukrainian]. 4. Urri, Dzh. (2012). Mobil’nosti [Mobility]. (A. V. Lazareva Trans.). Moskva : Izdatel’skaya i konsaltingovaya gruppa “Praksis” [in Russian]. 5. Svyrydenko, D. B. (2014). Akademichna mobilʹnistʹ: vidpovidʹ na vyklyky hlobalizatsii [Academic Mobility: the Response for Globalization Challenges]. Kyiv : National Pedagogical Dragomanov University (NPU) [in Ukraіnian]. 6. Bilyk, O. M. (2009). Mobilʹnistʹ v systemi lyudsʹkoho kapitalu: metodyka otsinyuvannya ta napryamy aktyvizatsiyi [Mobility in the human capital system: evaluation methods and directions of activation]. Extended abstract of candidate’s thesis. Kyiv : DVNZ “Kyyivsʹkyy natsionalʹnyy ekonomichnyy universytet imeni Vadyma Hetʹmana” [in Ukraіnian]. 7. Google Books Ngram Viewer. Retrieved from: https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=tourism+&amp;year_start=1800&amp;year_end=2008&amp;corpus=15&amp;smoothing=3&amp;share=&amp;direct_url=t1%3B%2Ctourism%3B%2Cc0#t1%3B%2Ctourism% 3B% 2Cc1 (accessed 10 April 2019) [in English]. 8. Bilʹ, M. (2018). Prostorova mobilʹnistʹ naselennya: teoriya, metodolohiya, praktyka [Spatial mobility of the population: theory, methodology, practice]. Lviv : PAIS [in Ukraіnian]. 9. Oliveri, Antonino Mario, Parroco, Anna Maria &amp; Vaccina, Franco (2012). Tourist mobility and destination competitiveness. Rivista Italiana di Economia, Demografia e Statistica – Italian Review of Economics, Demography and Statistics, 66 (2), 213–234 [in English]. 10. Hall, M. M. (2004). Tourism and Mobility. Presented at the CAUTHE conference in Brisbane, Queensland. Retrieved from: http://www.dcuci.univr.it/documenti/Avviso/all/all956735.pdf (accessed 21 April 2019) [in English] 11. Number of international tourist arrivals worldwide between 1950 and 2016 (in millions). Retrieved from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/262750/number-of-international-tourist-arrivals-worldwide/ (accessed 18 June 2019) [in English]. 12. UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2018 Edition. Retrieved from: https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284419876 (accessed 11 July 2019) [in English]. 13. Global travel and tourism industry – Statistics &amp; Facts: Statistician. Retrieved from: https://www.statista.com/topics/962/global-tourism/ (accessed 29 June 2019) [in English]. 14. International tourism: DataBank. Retrieved from: https://data.worldbank.org/ indicator/ST.INT.ARVL (accessed 24 June 2019) [in English]. Published: 2020-03-28

Examination of trends in education with the Google Books Ngram Viewer

In the modern world there has been change in education environment and education technologies, which has led to new concepts and tendencies in training and education. The purpose of this research is to explore evolution of terminology in distance, open, online education and learning. The change in use of the terminology is analysed through the Google Books Ngram Viewer that allows to define frequency of the use of the terms in six publications corpora for the certain period. The research identifies tendencies of the use of the terms in the sphere of education in different language groups compared and reveals interrelation between the change in the use of the terminology and economic, social, political and technological factors.

Nutritional Culturomics and Big Data: Macroscopic Patterns of Change in Food, Nutrition and Diet Choices

Nutritional culturomics (NCs) is a specific focus area of culturomics epistemology developing digital humanities and computational linguistics approaches to search for macro-patterns of public interest in food, nutrition and diet choice as a major component of cultural evolution. Cultural evolution is considered as a driver at the interface of environmental and food science, economy and policy. The paper presents an epistemic programme that builds on the use of big data from webbased services such as Google Trends, Google Adwords or Google Books Ngram Viewer. A comparison of clearly defined NCs in terms of geography, culture, linguistics, literacy, technological setups or time period might be used to reveal variations and singularities in public's behavior in terms of adaptation and mitigation policies in the agri-food and public health sectors. The proposed NC programme is developed along major axes: (1) the definition of an NC; (2) the reconstruction of food and diet histories; (3) the nutrition related epidemiology; (4) the understanding of variability of NCs; (5) the methodological diversification of NCs; (6) the quantifiable limitations and flaws of NCs. A series of indicative examples are presented regarding these NC epistemology components.

O problemie wieloznaczności terminu ‘bibliografia’ kolejny raz — o terminie ‘bibliografoznawstwo’ po raz pierwszy

ON THE AMBIGUITY OF THE TERM BIBLIOGRAPHY YET AGAIN — ON THE TERM “BIBLIOGRAPHY STUDIES” FOR THE FIRST TIME Referring to the term “bibliography” and its ambiguity, the author proposes the introduction of a new term, “bibliografoznawstwo” into the Polish terminological system. The proposal is preceded by a description of a similar situation from the 1970s in the Soviet Union, where eventually the Russian term библиографоведение and its equivalents — бібліографознавство in Ukrainian, and бібліяграфазнаўства in Belarusian were fully accepted. Finally, the author challenges the theses concerning the existence of equivalents of the term in other languages on the basis of a lexicographic analysis and data from Google Books Ngram Viewer. In conclusion he argues extensively in favour of the introduction of the new term “bibliografoznawstwo” as well as possible benefits of such a decision.

Responding to Freud: A Brief Sketch of Contemporary Shame Studies

Responding to Freud: A Brief Sketch of Contemporary Shame Studies Wenwen Guo Two contrary tales Written in 1903 and opened at the Royal Court Theatre in London in May 1905, George Bernard Shaw's four‐act drama Man and Superman features an intriguing conversation between Jack Tanner, Octavius Robinson, and Roebuck Ramsden early in act one, during which Tanner makes a passionate argument on shame. We live in an atmosphere of shame. We are ashamed of everything that is real about us; ashamed of ourselves, of our relatives, of our incomes, of our accents, of our opinions, of our experience, just as we are ashamed of our naked skins. Good Lord, my dear Ramsden, we are ashamed to walk, ashamed to ride in an omnibus, ashamed to hire a hansom instead of keeping a carriage, ashamed of keeping one horse instead of two and a groom‐gardener instead of a coachman and footman. The more things a man is ashamed of, the more respectable he is. Why, you're ashamed to buy my book, ashamed to read it: the only thing you're not ashamed of is to judge me for it without having read it; and even that only means that you're ashamed to have heterodox opinions. To increase the power of his statement, Tanner prefaces his speech by admitting to be “the most impudent person,” who should be in the best position to “wholly conquer shame.” Usually taken as a comedy of manners, the play does offer a valuable insight into the turn‐of‐the‐century mentality in relation to shame. By Tanner's account, shame is pervasive and fundamental; it interferes with almost everything man does and can be triggered by matters as rudimentary as one's heritage and as trivial as a book purchase. Contained in his confession is a fascinating view that shame is directly correlative to respectability, which gestures at shame's proximity to social norms and collective values. Such contentions are usually made in regard to non‐Western societies and are only starting to appear in cross‐cultural psychological studies on shame in the late twentieth century. Contrary to Shaw's portrayal, when Peter Stearns presents his historicist overview of shame in Western Europe and in the United States, he understands the turn of the century as a part of what he calls a “period of reconsideration,” in which shame, an emotion that “had been ubiquitous at least since the advent of agriculture, as part of both social and personal experience, was now being downgraded, perhaps for the first time.” As a historian who specializes in world history, Stearns gathers major findings from sociology, anthropology, psychology, philosophy, and history to trace shame's evolution in Western societies from the pre‐modern to the contemporary era. Even as he mainly focuses on the United States, he does make sure that this reconsideration of shame applies to the Britons as well. Citing the diagrams generated by Google Books Ngram Viewer as support for his argument, Stearns points out a “fairly steady decline into the mid‐twentieth century” and “even beyond” in British shame references, starting from the late 1880s. By nature of modernity's effects upon traditional values and practices, the “pervasiveness of shame in premodern communities” has been replaced with a prolonged and serious reconsideration in modern societies starting from the early nineteenth century. How do we assess the divergent accounts of shame's presence in modernity across the disciplinary divides? My primary goal in the paper is to outline the differentiated responses to Freud in contemporary shame studies by way of accounting for the seemingly unbridgeable gap between Shaw's and Stearn's mapping of shame. Freud, I argue, is such a seminal figure for shame studies, despite a lack of direct contributions on his part when he was alive. Not only does he remain relevant to the contemporary scholarships on shame, but he has been crucial in generating continued interest among theorists and practitioners precisely because of his “originary” neglect. I also aim to point to the sociocultural context in the decades leading up to the turn of the twentieth century that witnessed a decided “turn” to shame. To some extent...