Good Organizational Culture Research Articles

Pelatihan Manajemen Organisasi Dan Service Excellence Dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Pegawai Kesekretariatan GAPENSI Se-Jawa Barat

Infrastructure development is the mainstay of the Government of Indonesia to improve the nation's economy. Infrastructure development must continue because it is one of the drivers of the national economy. A forum for gathering and developing companies in the field of construction implementing business is GAPENSI (National Construction Implementing Association) consisting of 34 (thirty-four) Regional Management Boards or Badan Pengurus Daerah (BPD) spread throughout Indonesia. One of the BPDs is the BPD of West Java Province which currently houses 27 (twenty-seven) secretariats spread across cities and regencies throughout West Java. In the continuity of the organization, of course, human resources are needed in this case the employees who manage the secretariat. Realizing that the function of the secretariat is as a center for administrative activities, communication, and organizational information, as well as being a driving force for the implementation of all work activities both internally and externally, in improving services it is necessary to have the support of all employees. as a stakeholder who provides services, it is necessary to have service excellence training. Providing good service, will not only have an impact on member satisfaction but can build a good organizational culture. Not only in terms of service, but the staff's ability also needs to be improved so that organizational performance can increase with good administrative management. Whether or not the journey of an organization, or whether or not the organization's goals are achieved, depends on the organization's management.

KINERJA PEGAWAI: BUDAYA ORGANISASI DAN MOTIVASI KERJA MELALUI KEPUASAN KERJA PEGAWAI

An organization whether it is profit and public services are required to be able to show their best performance consistently in order to achieve organizational goals. One of the factors that determine the achievement of organizational goals is the performance of human resources. The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of organizational culture and work motivation on job satisfaction and employee performance. In accordance with the subject matter and purpose of the research that has been formulated, then this kind of research is explanatory research. The sample in this study was 103 employees. The analytical tool used is path analysis. Based on the analysis of evidence that organizational culture and work motivation influence on job satisfaction, organizational culture, motivation and job satisfaction influence on employee performance. Job satisfaction may mediate the influence of organizational culture and work motivation on employee performance. In order to improve employee performance, Institutions need to create a good organizational culture that is applied on the ability of the completion of the work, in addition, employees need to be motivated more by policies decided upon as creating a conducive working environment, providing fasiitas and facilities that support, and more consider the form of awards for employees

The Influence of Organizational Structuring and Organizational Culture on the Organizational Effectiveness of Structuring and Development of the Old Banten Cultural Heritage Area

The Old Banten area is an area with high historical value located in Serang Regency, Banten Province. Its existence is very important for the genealogy of the people of Banten and is also a national cultural heritage. As a historical relic, the Old Banten area is continuously being strived by the local government to be developed and arranged so that it is always sustainable so that the area can function as it should. This research departs from the main problem concerning the low effectiveness of work on the structuring and development policy of the Old Banten Cultural Heritage area, which is suspected to be caused by the not yet good organizational and organizational culture management regarding the implementation of the Area Revitalization policy implemented by the Banten Provincial government. The approach in this study refers to the concept of organizational structuring theory and the concept of organizational culture as well as the effectiveness of policy work which is part of the scope of Public Administration Science. This research is a correlational descriptive which is carried out using a quantitative approach with the analysis technique used is the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique using the LISREL application. While the population is employees of implementing agencies for the arrangement and development of the Old Banten Cultural Heritage area, namely the Banten Province Tourism Office, the Banten Province Housing and Settlements Service, and the Banten Province Regional Development Planning Agency. The results showed that partially the organization arrangement variable (X1) which consisted of structural arrangement, technology arrangement, physical arrangement and human arrangement, had a positive effect of 0.18 and a significant value of 2.49 on the effectiveness of policy work (Y). Furthermore, partially the organizational culture variable (X2), which consists of innovation, focus on small things, human orientation, team orientation, result orientation, aggressiveness and consistency, has a positive effect of 0.16 and a significant value of 2.30 on the effectiveness of policy work (Y ). while simultaneously organizational management and organizational culture are able to explain the work effectiveness of structuring and developing the Banten Lama Nature Reserve policy by 79%, with an epsilon of 21%. Which shows that there are still other variables that are also dominant and can be further investigated regarding other variables that can increase the effectiveness of policy work, from the perspective of the science of Public Administration.  

Level of Professionalism and Associated Factors Among Nurses Working in South Wollo Zone Public Hospitals, Northeastern Ethiopia, 2022.

Nurses are the frontline force for patient care, and nursing professionalism is a key tool for quality of care. Nursing professionalism and its characteristics should be defined in accordance with the current system. To determine the level of professionalism in nursing and its associated factors in the South Wollo Public Hospital, Northeast Ethiopia. A multicenter hospital-based cross-sectional study design was used in South Wollo Zone Public Hospitals from March to April 2022, with 357 nurses selected using a simple random sampling method. Data were collected using a pretested questionnaire, then entered and analyzed using EpiData 4.7 and SPSS 26. Finally, predictors of nursing professionalism were identified using a multivariate logistic regression. Of the 350 respondents, 179 (51.1%) were women and 171 (48.9%) were men, with 68.6% displaying high levels of professionalism. Being women (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.93, 95% CI [1.718, 5.000]), having a positive self-image (AOR = 2.96, 95% CI [1.421, 6.205]), having a good organizational culture (AOR = 3.16, 95% CI [1.587, 6.302]), being a member of the nursing association (AOR = 1.95, 95% CI [1.137, 3.367]), and nurses who were satisfied with their job were significantly associated with nursing professionalism. In this study, the level of nursing professionalism was encouraging but needed more effort. Furthermore, sex, self-image, organizational culture, nursing association membership, and job satisfaction were positive predictors of nursing professionalism. As a result, hospital administrations consider factors that maintain a pleasant institutional working environment to foster a positive self-image and increase job satisfaction.

THE ROLE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE MEDIATION ON THE EFFECT OF PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM (SIMANJA) APPLICATION IMPLEMENTATION AND GOOD GOVERNANCE ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE AT THE ACEH CULTURE AND TOURISM OFFICE

This study aims to test the effect of employee performance management information system (EPMIS/SIMANJA) implementation and good governance on organizational performance with organizational culture as a mediator. The population was the employees at the Aceh Disbudpar as many as 191 people. This study took samples based on the census method, namely the number of samples was as much as the population. Data were collected relying on online questionnaire distribution, then the data were processed with SPSS software with the one-sample T-test method for descriptive testing, AMOS software based on the SEM method for direct effect verification testing, and Sobel Calculator for indirect effect verification testing. The result concludes that in Disbudpar Aceh, the EP-MIS Implementation, good governance, organizational culture, and organizational performance are running well, EP-MIS Implementation and good governance affect organizational culture, EP-MIS Implementation and good governance affect organizational performance, and Organizational culture mediates the EP-MIS Implementation and good governance effect on the organizational performance. The organizational culture in this study model contributes as a partial mediator. These findings also prove that the model for improving the performance of the Disbudpar Aceh is a function of improving the implementation of EP-MIS, improving Good Governance, and encouraging a more positive organizational culture.

Kepemimpinan dan Budaya Organisasi terhadap Kinerja Pengajar

This study aims to determine the relationship between leadership and organizational culture on the performance of the Banten Shipping Polytechnic instructor. The method used is descriptive quantitative with a sample of 40 teachers at Poltekpel Banten. Data was collected through questionnaires distributed via google form. The results showed that there was a positive influence between leadership and teacher performance, between organizational culture and teacher performance, and between leadership and organizational culture. Good leadership will affect organizational culture and teacher performance will be good too. Just as a good organizational culture will also have a good effect on teacher performance. That way, teachers are motivated and become loyal to the organization. In conclusion, leadership, organizational culture, and teacher performance influence each other.
 Keywords: Organizational Culture, Work Leadership, Teacher Performance

ANALISIS PERILAKU ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOUR PADA KANTOR PUSAT PT. PERKEBUNAN NUSANTARA XI

This study is useful in knowing the influence of Organizational Culture and Organizational Commitment on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) in employees. The population for this study is all workers of PT. Perkebunan Nusantara XI are 173 people with a total of 63 respondents. This study uses quantitative methods carried out at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara XI and used a technique for data collection by proportional random sampling. With the collection of data through observation, interviews and questionnaires. From the results of this study, it is found that if organizational culture has a positive and insignificant influence on OCB, it can be concluded that a high level of good organizational culture cannot increase the level of OCB. Organizational commitment has a positive and significant influence on OCB, it can be concluded that high organizational commitment can increase OCB well.

Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kinerja Pegawai Pelayanan Hewan dan Peternakan Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan

This study aims to see the influence of (1) Organizational culture on Employee Performance (2) Job satisfaction on Employee Performance (3) OCB on Employee performance (4) Organizational culture, job satisfaction and OCB together affect the performance of Employees of the Livestock and Animal Health Service of South Coast District. The population in this study across all employees was 65 people. Data processing uses Multiple Linear Regression. The results of this study show that (1) Organizational culture has a significant positive influence on Employee performance (2) Job satisfaction has a positive and significant influence on employee performance (3) OCB has a positive and significant influence on Employee performance (4) Organizational Culture, Job Satisfaction and OCB together have a positive and significant effect on employee performance in DPKH Pantai Selatan Regency. It is expected that agency management must pay attention to organizational culture, employee job satisfaction, and create good job satisfaction in the agency, because job satisfaction is a big influence in improving performance. Because to achieve better productivity and achievement of agency goals, good job satisfaction, organizational culture and good OCB are needed.

Management of Character Education in Creating Student Morals: A Multiple-Case Study

Purpose – Quality education with Islamic values will result from character education with good management. This study analyzes and plans character education in MAN 1 Malang Regency and MAN 1 Malang City while implementing and evaluating character education in these institutions. This study also looks at the role of character education in MAN 1 Malang Regency and MAN 1 Malang City.
 Design/methods/approach – This research uses case studies and multi-case designs. In-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation were used to collect data. To conclude, the data are presented in an interactive model. The data’s trustworthiness, transferability, dependence, and certainty were tested for validity. Analyze data with reflective thinking.
 Findings – The findings of this study indicate that character education is planned using a curriculum that includes character education. Character education with good habits, role models, extracurricular activities, and fostering the organizational culture of character education, regular meetings, and home visits to assess the impact of character education on students’ morale by producing character education management. Based on the previous year’s evaluation, designing academic and non-academic curricula, managing the extracurricular environment, and creating a religious culture. Madrasa environment, teaching and learning activities, and extracurricular activities. The head of the madrasah conducts evaluation activities gradually, periodically, and continuously involving the waka and related fields and learning from the vision and mission of the madrasa, creating moral habituation, environmental protection, and cooperation with all stakeholders.
 Research implications/limitations – The study highlights the significance of merging character education with Islamic values in two Islamic schools through good habits, role models, extracurricular activities, and organizational culture while stressing the importance of regular evaluations and collaboration among stakeholders. However, the research’s qualitative methods and limited scope may not be generalizable to all Islamic educational institutions.
 Practical implications – Integrating character education in curricula, emphasizing good habits and extracurricular activities, continuous evaluations, and stakeholder collaboration can effectively promote Islamic values in educational institutions.

PENGARUH BUDAYA ORGANISASI DAN ROTASI PEKERJAAN TERHADAP MOTIVASI KERJA DAN KINERJA PEGAWAI PUSKESMAS DI KOTA TARAKAN

This study aims to determine the effect and analyze the influence of organizational culture and job rotation on work motivation and performance of Public Health Center employees in Tarakan City. . The total population is 215 people and the sample is 85 people. Data collection by distributing questionnaires and continued in the analysis by path analysis. The results of hypothesis testing have proven that organizational culture has a significant effect on the work motivation of Puskesmas employees in Tarakan City, this indicates that every change in organizational culture that is better will have a positive impact on the desire of employees to be more enthusiastic at work. Job rotation has a significant effect on employee work motivation, with this indicating that every job rotation policy can be carried out in every certain period, giving employees more incentive to work harder because of the new position as a result of the rotation. Organizational culture directly has a significant effect on employee performance, this indicates that any increase in the existing organizational culture will have a positive impact on employee performance. Job rotation directly has a significant effect on employee performance, this indicates that job rotation policies are often carried out and proper placement can improve employee performance. Work motivation has a significant effect on employee performance, this indicates the higher employee work motivation will improve performance, and vice versa. The direct influence between organizational culture and job rotation on employee performance is greater than the indirect effect between organizational culture and job rotation through work motivation so that the direct effect is more dominant than the indirect effect. Work motivation does not fully partially mediate the influence of organizational culture and job rotation on employee performance is greater than the indirect influence between organizational culture and job rotation through work motivation so that the direct influence is more dominant than the indirect effect. Good organizational culture and job rotation as well as motivation that is still monitored for its implementation will be able to influence employee performance to be better.

Analisa Budaya Organisasi dan Lingkungan Kerja serta Dampaknya terhadap Kinerja Guru pada SMA Telkom Bandung

Good performance can be supported by a good organizational culture and work environment. Organizational culture and work environment can have an influence on the performance of its resources. The purpose of this study was to determine the organizational culture and work environment at Telkom Bandung High School, as well as whether organizational culture and work environment have a partial or simultaneous influence on teacher performance at Telkom Bandung High School. The method used in this study is a quantitative method. The data collection technique used in this research is to use secondary data and primary data and also conduct interviews with the Principal of Telkom Bandung High School. The sampling method used is non-probability sampling with saturated sampling. In this study, using descriptive analysis techniques and multiple linear analysis, with hypothesis testing using the T test, F test, and the coefficient of determination. Based on the results of the study and the results of responses from respondents, the variables of organizational culture, work environment, and teacher performance are at the level of the "Very High" category. This study found that 56.8% is the influence of organizational culture and work environment on teacher performance. Suggestions that can be given referring to the results of this study for Telkom Bandung High School are for teachers with school management support to maintain the cultural implementation that has been carried out so far, it is hoped that the school will maintain existing physical assets by maintaining or increasing the budget for asset investment, In the future, schools need to periodically and consistently evaluate the planning of learning programs and their implementation.

Effective Communication and Organization Culture in Enhancing Employee’s Work Performance During Work from Home (WFH)

The rapid spread of the covid-19 virus has had an impact on the lives and jobs of communities around the world. The existence of new norms has forced the world community to accept and adapt to living with this virus. In Malaysia, work from home is one of the new norms practiced in every sector to curb the spread of covid-19 pandemics. In Government Link Company (GLC), work from home style working is applied to almost all departments and to high risk individuals. The purpose of this research is to explore the effective communication and organizational culture practices required during work from home when there are changes to employee’s behavior and psychological that affects their work performance. Therefore, the use of effective communication is needed to ensure less constraint in conveying information between employees and employers. This research was conducted by using qualitative method. Data was collected through conducting in-depth interviews with different positions level of employees between ages of 25-40. The semi-structured interview questions were designed to elicit the response towards answering the research questions. The findings suggested that during working from home method, behavior and psychological change affected the style of manage between personal matter and work, at the same time there is interference from the environment. Findings also suggested that the appropriate management style is important to create a good organizational culture and foster mutual trust between employers and employees that help them improve working performance at the same time.

HUBUNGAN BUDAYA ORGANISASI, MOTIVASI KERJA DAN LINGKUNGAN KERJA TERHADAP KEPUASAN KERJA PETUGAS KESEHATAN

Some aspects of work affect the achievement of job satisfaction. Such as good work motivation, a positive work environment and a good organizational culture will foster a positive attitude in loving work and workers will feel satisfied with the work they do. The purpose of this research is to analyze the relationship of organizational culture, work motivation and work environment to the job satisfaction of health workers in Dlanggu Health Center of Mojokerto district. This research design is observational analytics with a crossectional approach. Independent variables in research are organizational culture, motivation and work environment, while dependent variables are job satisfaction. The research population is all health workers in Dlanggu Health Center 52 employees. The sample was taken with purposive sampling techniques as many as 46 respondents. The data was collected with questionnaire instruments and tested with chi square and spearman rho tests. The results showed that all values of ρ < α so that H1 is accepted means that there is a relationship between organizational culture, work motivation and the work environment to the job satisfaction of health workers in Dlanggu Health Center of Mojokerto district. Management or leadership at Dlanggu Health Center of Mojokerto Regency is expected to improve the application of organizational culture better through the attachment of the role of the organization or puskesmas in fostering morale for officers, in addition, facilities or work environments can be modified more comfortably and complete so that officers can carry out activities in providing services to patients well and officers can also feel comfortabel in working so as to spur better work motivation.

Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja auditor internal perusahaan

This study aims to analyze and explain what factors affect the performance of internal auditors from goods and service procurement companies PT. KAI DAOP 8.. This study uses quantitative methods with a population of 80 internal auditors from goods and service procurement companies PT. KAI DAOP 8. Sampling using simple random sampling technique and obtained a sample of 67 samples. The technique used in this study is multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS software. The results are auditor independence, organizational commitment, understanding of good governance, leadership style, and organizational culture have a significant and positive effect on the performance of the company's internal auditors.

The Role of Organizational Culture in the Emergence of Teachers’ Professional Ethics

Introduction. Paying attention to the improvement of teachers’ professional ethics is of special importance in educational organizations, especially secondary schools. Accordingly, the present study seeks to investigate the role of organizational culture in the emergence of teachers’ professional ethics. Materials and Methods. This research is descriptive-correlational in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of the study includes all teachers in Khosf, 180 people, of which according to Cochran’s formula, 123 people were selected as sample members by simple random sampling. Respondents included a majority of female. Denison’s Organizational Culture Questionnaire and Cadozier Professional Ethics Questionnaire were used to collect data. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed using content validity and their reliability was obtained by Cronbachʼs alpha of 0.97 and 0.94, respectively. Data analysis was performed in SmartPLS 3 software environment using structural equation modeling method. Results. The results of testing the main hypothesis of the research showed that organizational culture plays a role in the development of teachers “professional ethics and about 94% of changes in teachers” professional ethics in schools are explained by organizational culture. Also, the results of testing the sub-hypotheses of the research based on examining the role of each component of organizational culture in the emergence of teachers’ professional ethics showed that each of the components of work engagement, integration, adaptation and mission explain the changes in the professional ethics of teachers in schools, among which, the mission component has the most and compatibility has the least impact. Discussion and Conclusion. The conclusions contribute to the development of the concept of organizational culture, provided that organizational culture and its components play a critical role in the development of teachers’ professional ethics. Accordingly, it can be concluded that a good organizational culture in schools can strengthen the professional ethics of teachers and create a good environment for the emergence of professional ethics among them.

Pengaruh pengawasan dan vudaya organisasi terhadap kinerja karyawan anglo eastern plantation group (UKINDO BLANKAHAN)

Supervision is an activity in the company to achieve company goals. Supervision is needed to improve the quality of work of human resources to advance the company. In addition to Supervision, Organizational Culture can also affect the personal lives of employees and affect the progress of the company. Therefore a company needs to form a good organizational culture. The objective of the study is to test and analyze the effect of supervision and organizational culture on employee performance at the Anglo Eastern Plantation Group (Ukindo Blankahan). The research used a quantitative research method. This type of research is quantitative descriptive and the nature of this study is an eplanatory research. The research data were analyzed by using multiple linear regression analysis. The research populaions were 221 employees with the samples of 143 respondents. The result of the study showed that the T test on supervision was T-count 2.222> T-table 1.6558 with a significant level of 0.000 <0.05. Therefore, it is concluded that partially supervision has a positive and significant effect on employee performance at Anglo Eastern Plantation Group (Ukindo Blankahan). Partially, on organizational culture, it was found that T- count> T-table or (12,173> 1.6558) with a significant level of 0.000 <0.05. Therefore, it was concluded that partially, organizational culture has a positive and significant effect on employee performance at Anglo Eastern Plantation Group (Ukindo Blankahan). The result of the study shows that supervision and organizational culture have a significant effect on employee performance at Anglo Eastern Plantation Group (Ukindo Blankahan) in which F-count 86.44> F-table 3.07 with a significant value of 0.004 <0.05 which means that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted at a level of significance 0.004 <0.05.

PERAN KOMPETENSI MANAJERIAL DALAM MEMODERASI HUBUNGAN GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE DAN BUDAYA ORGANISASI TERHADAP KINERJA LEMBAGA PERKREDITAN DESA (LPD) SE-KECAMATAN SUKAWATI

This study aims to determine the effect of good corporate governance and organizational culture on the performance of Village Credit Institutions (LPD) in Sukawati District and to determine the role of managerial competence in moderating the relationship between good corporate governance and organizational culture on the performance of Village Credit Institutions (LPD) in Sukawati District. The population in this study were 33 LPDs in Sukawati District with 99 respondents consisting of the Head of the LPD, the LPD Treasurer and the Chair of the LPD Internal Supervisory Board. The sampling technique used in this study was saturated sample technique so that the entire population was used as the sample, namely the sample obtained in this study was 99 respondents. The data analysis techniques used in this study were descriptive statistical tests and Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis. The results of this study indicate that good corporate governance and organizational culture have a positive and significant effect on LPD performance. Meanwhile, the interaction between managerial competence with good corporate governance has a positive and insignificant effect on LPD performance and the interaction between managerial competence with organizational culture has a negative and insignificant effect on LPD performance.

Organizational Culture: The Key to Improving Service Management in Industry 4.0

Industry 4.0 can enhance the operational efficiency of the supply chain, but the current research mainly focuses on analytics and smart things. Many companies integrate their organizations more closely with data by adopting Industry 4.0, but this study found that some companies have changed their leadership, organizational, and customer relationships through the adoption of CPS. Industry 4.0 is a socio-technical system that should be explored in terms of management practices, employee feedback, and the cause-and-effect relationship between them. This study proposes a modeling framework using the Su-field analysis of TRIZ method (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) and applies the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method to investigate the relationship between leadership, organizational culture, and service management in the Taiwan industry. The results show that the data analysis, CPS, IoT, and intelligent technologies of Industry 4.0 can facilitate connections within the value chain and increase agility in response to environmental changes. Companies must have a good organizational culture and provide the right incentives to gain the organizational commitment of their employees to implement Industry 4.0.

ROLE OF ORGANIZATION CULTURE ON ORGANIZATIONAL AGILITY FOR DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION IN XYZ GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION

The current situation of VUCA, where changes are more directed at customer needs, speed, accuracy, and sustainability. The presence of technology and the almost simultaneous COVID-19 pandemic requires organizations to have agility in the digital transformation process. This change in situation was also brought about by the XYZ organization, an organization engaged in digital security management. The purpose of this research is to be able to create the right model for talent management within the organization in order to encourage organizations to be more agile and able to go through digital transformation well through organizational culture and knowledge sharing. This research was conducted using quantitative methods. Data were obtained through filling out online questionnaires to 259 members of the XYZ organization. The results showed that there was a significant and positive influence of organizational culture on organizational agility. In addition, knowledge sharing has a significant and positive effect on organizational culture. Meanwhile, the perception of organizational support has a significant and positive effect on both knowledge sharing and organizational culture. This research shows that it is important for organizations to build a good organizational culture in supporting each other to become an agile organization in changing situations like today.

Governance and regulation of aligning ISO 37001 in mitigating corporate bribery risks

The purpose of this paper is to examine how corporate social responsibility (CSR) and good corporate governance (GCG) can reduce the occurrence of bribery cases in companies. The research object for this study was ISO 37001. The theoretical foundations used for this study were adopted from Veselovská, Závadský, and Závadská (2020) and Méan and Gehring (2018), focusing on the implementation of ISO 37001 to mitigate bribery risks in reinforcing CSR. A qualitative research method produces descriptive data in words and notes related to meaning, values, and understanding with a doctrinal and social approach. The socio-legal research approach is used to explore primary data in the form of values and interpret the behavior of corporations and legal institutions with an interest in preventing corruption by corporations. The results reveal that the implementation of GCG in the company will minimize the opportunistic nature of management so that it has an impact on improving company performance and supporting the prevention of bribery in company performance. Likewise, the role of a good organizational culture is very important in anticipating opportunistic behavior from a handful of parties who still commit bribery for their own interests and harm other parties