Goal Intention Research Articles

Reducing Food Waste During COVID-19: Testing Role Model Stories as a Strategy for Promoting Conservation Behaviors

This study investigates how role model stories may inspire food waste reduction during times of perceived food scarcity. We conducted a 2 × 2 between-subjects experiment (N = 358, U.S. adults) to test the effectiveness of messages that emphasized role model success (reduced waste/zero-waste) and achievement difficulty (easy/difficult) on intentions to set a personal food waste goal. Exposure to role models who lived a zero-waste lifestyle had a self-deflating effect, as this behavior was viewed as less attainable by participants. Regardless of difficulty framing, exposure to role models who reduced their waste enhanced participants’ perceptions of goal attainability, motivation, and intentions. No interaction effects were found between levels of success and achievement difficulty. Considering covariates, individuals who reported enhanced food waste awareness due to COVID-19 reported higher goal setting intentions. Hence, times of perceived food scarcity may provide an ideal opportunity for promoting food waste reduction and conservation strategies. Results from this study provide guidance for how role model stories can best inspire waste reduction without hindering attainability and motivation. We discuss implications for applying the motivational theory of role modeling in conservation and communication contexts.

The organization of the movement depends mainly on the anticipation of its sensory and emotional consequences

Two sources of emotions influence directed actions, namely, those associated with the environment and those that are consequences of the action. The present study examines the impact of these emotions on movement preparation. It invokes theories from psychology, i.e., ideomotor theory and motor control's cognitive approach through movement analysis. In addition to their action readiness, emotions related to the environment can interfere with actions directed towards a goal. However, intentional action involves a goal that will cause satisfaction when achieved. While most studies consider each emotion's influence separately, few studies confront them to study their respective impact. In the current study, thirty-two right-handed young adults reach for a left target with a stylus that will reduce or enlarge an emotional picture that is initially present (nontarget stimulus). Kinematic analyses show that anticipating the pointing's emotional consequences impacts the final pointing position. All other results emphasize the impact of reducing or enlarging on the preparation and control of movement depending on the direction of movement. The emotional consequences of the action is a weighting factor that is relevant to the action goal and subject's intention, but it is less important than the action's visual consequences.

Psychological and socio-demographic factors in the pre-decision stage for the purchase of e-cars

In these times of intense political debate about climate change, it is more important than ever to understand which factors are central to adopting environmentally friendly behavior, such as buying an electric car instead of a conventional one. The stage model of self-regulated behavioral change (SSBC) offers a promising explanatory approach in which explicit attitudes, which are connected to factors such as mindfulness, play an essential role. So far, the role of implicit attitudes regarding environmental behavior was neglected in this model. Accordingly, the present study investigated if the (goal) intention to buy an electric car can be predicted by established variables like explicit attitudes, personal and social norms, and the perceived usefulness of electric vehicles and implicit attitudes. Besides, it was investigated if attitudes depend on socio-demographic variables and mindfulness aspects. For this purpose, 168 participants completed questionnaires and performed an explicit rating and an implicit affective priming task with pictures of electric vs. conventional cars. The results showed that while explicitly, electric cars were rated more positively, implicitly, this difference could not be shown. Furthermore, mindfulness was not significantly associated with attitudes or goal intention. However, goal intention was significantly predicted by explicit and implicit attitudes, personal norms, and perceived usefulness, while explicit attitudes mediated the effects of the last two variables. Accordingly, we concluded that implicit attitudes should be integrated into existing models of behavioral change and further predictors need to be identified.

Affective explicit and implicit attitudes towards vegetarian and vegan food consumption: The role of mindfulness

ObjectivesIt was the main goal of this study to investigate the explicit and implicit affective attitudes towards vegetarian food and the role of mindfulness. The results were related to goal intention in the stage model of self-regulated sustainable behavior change. Methods182 participants completed a demographic questionnaire, a mindfulness and a compassion scale, and answered questions about goal intention, personal and social norms. Besides, they completed an explicit rating task and an affective priming task. ResultsThe results showed that people with an omnivorous diet explicitly rated meat-based food as more positive, while vegetarians and vegans rated vegetarian food as more positive. However, all participants rated vegetarian food implicitly as more positive. The observing aspect of mindfulness correlated only with the explicit attitude and with goal intention. The relation between observing and goal intention was mediated by personal norms. Compassion was not related to any attitude. ConclusionThis study provides first evidence, that the relation of mindfulness with the explicit and implicit attitude towards vegetarian food differs and that explicit attitudes are influenced by the own nutrition habit. The results are discussed with respect to the topic of sustainability.

The effect of implementation intention on speeding and acceleration overtime: A simulator study

Speeding is considered a major risk factor for road safety. In this study, implementation intention, which is a type of cognitive intervention, was designed to reduce speeding. Implementation intentions are self-regulatory ‘if-then’ plans, which are the subordinate concepts of goal intentions. Additionally, the type of goal was considered as a factor that could contribute to the subsequent behavior. An approach-type goal aims to achieve a behavior, whereas avoidance-type goals aim to avoid a negative, undesirable outcome. Following this idea, the present study has two aims: (i) to manipulate intentions towards speeding by using implementation intentions, and second (ii) to manipulate goal types (approaching vs. avoidance) of the intentions towards speeding. At the baseline level, participants in the experimental group were manipulated through implementation intentions by using a volitional help sheet, in which they matched critical items with the appropriate responses, whereas participants in the control group received an irrelevant filler task. After a two-week time interval, a follow-up study was conducted. In order to investigate the first aim, simulated driving behaviors of experimental and control groups were compared at the baseline and follow-up levels. For the second aim, the experimental group was divided into two subgroups, namely, approach-type and avoidance-type goals. The repeated measures mixed-model ANOVA results showed a significant difference between experimental and control conditions, yet the goal type (approaching vs. avoidance) did not differ significantly from one another. The results of the present study revealed that implementation intentions do not reduce speeding, however, they do prevent increased speeding. The results were discussed in the context of the related literature.

서퍼들의 관계성이 심리적 욕구, 학습목표내용과 신체활동 의도에 미치는 영향

This study focuses on the influence of the surfer’s relationships of sport participants on psychological need satisfaction, goal content to learn and the future physical activity intention of performing future physical activity. A sample of 301 surfer’s reported their perception of peer’s relatedness support, psychological needs, goal content to learn, and future physical activity intention experiences in sport setting. Reliability, confirmatory factor, regression, and path analysis were analyzed to the collected data using SPSS and AMOS. The results showed that peer’s relatedness support had an impact on psychological basic need, goal content to learn and the intention of participation in future physical activity. More specifically, peer relatedness support had meaningful direct relation with psychological need satisfaction and future physical activity intention than autonomy support. Intrinsic goal also was directly related with future physical activity intention than extrinsic goal. In conclusion, peer’s relatedness support plays important role in terms of enhancing surfer’s psychological need satisfaction, intrinsic goal, and future physical activity intention.

체육고등학교 선수의 목표성향과 운동열의 및 선수지속의도의 관계

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship among goal orientation, athlete engagement, and intention of continuing athlete qualification of physical education high school athletes. <BR> Method: Through the convenience sampling method, 244 survey questionnaires from physical education high school athletes were used for final analysis. With the collected data, multiple regression analyses were performed using SPSS 23.0.<BR> Results: First, task propensity positively (+) impacted confidence, dedication, vigor, and enthusiasm, but ego propensity did not have a significant influence on them. Second, the task propensity positively (+) impacted the intention to continue athlete qualification, but the ego propensity did not have a significant influence on them. Third, confidence, vigor, and enthusiasm positively (+) impacted the intention to continue athlete qualification, but dedication did not have a significant influence on them.<BR> Conclusion: These results mean that it is meaningful to improve students’ athlete engagement and the intention to continue athlete qualification through task propensity, and to improve their intention to continue athlete qualification through athlete engagement.

Struggles and strategies in anaerobic and aerobic cycling tests: A mixed-method approach with a focus on tailored self-regulation strategies.

Endurance sports pose a plethora of mental demands that exercisers have to deal with. Unfortunately, investigations of exercise-specific demands and strategies to deal with them are insufficiently researched, leading to a gap in knowledge about athletic requirements and strategies used to deal with them. Here, we investigated which obstacles exercisers experience during an anaerobic (Wingate test) and an aerobic cycling test (incremental exercise test), as well as the strategies they considered helpful for dealing with these obstacles (qualitative analysis). In addition, we examined whether thinking of these obstacles and strategies in terms of if-then plans (or implementation intentions; i.e., "If I encounter obstacle O, then I will apply strategy S!") improves performance over merely setting performance goals (i.e., goal intentions; quantitative analysis). N = 59 participants (age: M = 23.9 ± 6.5 years) performed both tests twice in a 2-within (Experimental session: 1 vs. 2) × 2-between (Condition: goal vs. implementation intention) design. Exercisers' obstacles and strategies were assessed using structured interviews in Session 1 and subjected to thematic analysis. In both tests, feelings of exertion were the most frequently stated obstacle. Motivation to do well, self-encouragement, and focus on the body and on cycling were frequently stated strategies in both tests. There were also test-specific obstacles, such as boredom reported in the aerobic test. For session 2, the obstacles and strategies elicited in Session 1 were used to specify if-then plans. Bayesian mixed-factor ANOVA suggests, however, that if-then plans did not help exercisers to improve their performance. These findings shed novel light into the mental processes accompanying endurance exercise and the limits they pose on performance.

A THEORETICAL BASED PHYSIOTHERAPY GOAL SETTING MODEL FOR ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT REHABILITATION

ABSTRACT Background Anterior Cruciate Ligament rehabilitation is a lengthy process and requires appropriate goal setting strategies to help optimize patient and athlete outcomes. From a global perspective, ACL injury incidences are continuing to rise, with Australia and the USA having one of the highest incidences of ACL injury rates in the athletic population. In addition, physiotherapists are expected by their professional regulatory body to effectively use goal setting practices. Design Theoretical Goal Setting Model consisting of three phases: 1) Pre goal setting phase (empower); 2) goal implementation phase (strive); and 3) goal evaluation phase (attain). Discussion This model provides physiotherapists with a useful process so that key aspects of setting goals are considered and incoporporated. This model showcases a necessary path a physiotherapist and patient must journey together in order to enhance rehabilitation outcomes. This model will also advance the physiotherapists' awareness of the multi-stages of the patients goal desires, intentions and commitment to their rehabilitation. Conclusion This model is a preliminary attempt to guide both practice, teaching, and research to ensure that goal setting practices in ACL rehabilitation are given an appropriate rehabilitative platform. The next stage is to empirically validate the practical application of the model and how each phase manifests.

The Effect of Implementation Intention on Aftereffects of Prospective Memory Under Different Cognitive Load

Speeding is considered a major risk factor for road safety. In this study, implementation intention, which is a type of cognitive intervention, was designed to reduce speeding. Implementation intentions are self-regulatory ‘if-then’ plans, which are the subordinate concepts of goal intentions. Additionally, the type of goal was considered as a factor that could contribute to the subsequent behavior. An approach-type goal aims to achieve a behavior, whereas avoidance-type goals aim to avoid a negative, undesirable outcome. Following this idea, the present study has two aims: (i) to manipulate intentions towards speeding by using implementation intentions, and second (ii) to manipulate goal types (approaching vs. avoidance) of the intentions towards speeding. At the baseline level, participants in the experimental group were manipulated through implementation intentions by using a volitional help sheet, in which they matched critical items with the appropriate responses, whereas participants in the control group received an irrelevant filler task. After a two-week time interval, a follow-up study was conducted. In order to investigate the first aim, simulated driving behaviors of experimental and control groups were compared at the baseline and follow-up levels. For the second aim, the experimental group was divided into two subgroups, namely, approach-type and avoidance-type goals. The repeated measures mixed-model ANOVA results showed a significant difference between experimental and control conditions, yet the goal type (approaching vs. avoidance) did not differ significantly from one another. The results of the present study revealed that implementation intentions do not reduce speeding, however, they do prevent increased speeding. The results were discussed in the context of the related literature.

When the going gets tough, the committed get going: Preexisting goal commitment determines the consequences of experiencing regulatory nonfit.

A body of empirical research shows that pursuing goals via means that do not fit (vs. do fit) one's regulatory mode creates resistance that disrupts motivation. However, other empirical research shows that resistance sometimes motivates people to work harder toward their goals, suggesting that regulatory nonfit (vs. fit) might be more motivating at times. The current research tests this possibility while also demonstrating how an integral dimension of a goal-a person's preexisting commitment to it-determines when regulatory nonfit (vs. fit) is more motivating. Three initial studies provide evidence that, among people low in preexisting commitment, regulatory nonfit (vs. fit) demotivates people: goal value and intentions to pursue the goal become lower with nonfit (vs. fit). However, among people high in preexisting commitment, regulatory nonfit (vs. fit) motivates people: goal value and intentions to pursue the goal become higher with nonfit (vs. fit). Three additional studies document an experimental causal chain providing evidence for underlying mechanisms: regulatory nonfit (vs. fit) creates an experience of resistance that people need to interpret, and preexisting commitment shifts whether people interpret resistance as a negative or positive motivational signal. Finally, two studies demonstrate how naturally occurring variance in preexisting goal commitment moderates the effect of experiencing regulatory nonfit (vs. fit) on people's subsequent goal-directed behavior. By identifying an integral dimension of goals that can reverse the motivational effects of regulatory nonfit, the present research connects with other work documenting the importance of mindsets about resistance, and suggests novel implications for motivating desired behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

태권도 품새 지도자의 코칭유형과 품새 선수의 성취목표성향 및 운동지속의사의 관계

이 연구는 태권도 품새 지도자의 코칭유형과 선수의 성취목표성향 및 운동지속의사의 관계를 검증하는데 목적이 있다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 2020년 대한태권도협회에 등록된 태권도 품새 선수를 모집단으로 설정하여 214명의 선수에게 자료를 수집하였다. 자료처리는 SPSS 22 통계프로그램을 사용하였으며, 연구목적에 따라 빈도분석, 탐색적 요인분석 및 신뢰도 분석, 상관관계분석, 다중회귀분석을 사용하여 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 태권도 품새 지도자의 코칭유형은 선수의 성취목표성향에 부분적으로 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 태권도 품새 지도자의 코칭유형의 설명지도와 관리지도만 운동지속의사에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 태권도 품새 선수의 성취목표성향은 운동지속의사에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤다.

Change Process in Coaching: Interplay of Nonverbal Synchrony, Working Alliance, Self-Regulation, and Goal Attainment

Background: Psychological literature emphasizes that self-regulation is important as goal intentions, goal setting, or implementation intention does not automatically result in effective results in coaching. The question which coaching strategies to apply to strengthening clients' self-regulatory capacities as prerequisites of effective change outcomes remains a black box in coaching.Method: This quantitative study explored clients' self-regulatory mechanisms by addressing how nonverbal synchrony influences clients' cognitive and emotional self-regulation across sessions. One hundred eighty-four coach–client pairs and their evolving change process were observed over 8 months. Video-recorded sessions were assessed with motion energy analysis to automatically capture coach and client nonverbal behavior and quantify nonverbal synchrony at the level of the dyad.Results: Synchrony was differentially associated with clients' post-session questionnaires on result-oriented problem-reflection and self-reflection, affect balance, and working alliance. Network analyses suggested that the association between synchrony and other process variables did not correspond to the previously found positive association between synchrony and positive aspects of alliance or outcome. Instead, this association depended on the level of perceived outcome.Discussion: Coaching success may be predicted by process variables assessed after each session: goal reflection, alliance, and mood all predict successful coaching. The assessment of nonverbal synchrony suggests a state-dependent effect of embodied processes on a coaching outcome that warrants further inspection.

The psychological decision-making process model of non-commuting travel mode choice under parking constraints

In order to understand the psychological factors that influence car owners’ travel mode selection under parking constraint during non-commuting, a corresponding psychological decision-making process model is established with reference to the stage model of self-regulated behavioral change (SSBC). Partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) is applied to verify and analyze the model with empirical data. According to the purpose of non-commuting and the degree of dependence on private cars, comparative analyses are made in eight cases. The research results show that SSBC is applicable in the study of non-commuting behavior under parking constraints. The choice of non-commuting mode is influenced by psychological factors such as awareness of consequences, responsibility attribution, personal norms, social norms, perceived behavior control, behavior attitudes, parking supply strategy perception, action plan and coping plan. The psychological decision-making process can be divided into four stages, and the implementation intention, behavioral intention and goal intention are important psychological variables to promote the phase transition. Various psychological factors have different degrees of influence on the behavior decisions of people with different degrees of dependence on private cars under different non-commuting travel purposes (business, medical, shopping and entertainment). According to the analysis results, the paper puts forward some suggestions for parking supply optimization and travel behavior guidance.

Activity, Plan, and Goal Recognition: A Review.

Recognizing the actions, plans, and goals of a person in an unconstrained environment is a key feature that future robotic systems will need in order to achieve a natural human-machine interaction. Indeed, we humans are constantly understanding and predicting the actions and goals of others, which allows us to interact in intuitive and safe ways. While action and plan recognition are tasks that humans perform naturally and with little effort, they are still an unresolved problem from the point of view of artificial intelligence. The immense variety of possible actions and plans that may be encountered in an unconstrained environment makes current approaches be far from human-like performance. In addition, while very different types of algorithms have been proposed to tackle the problem of activity, plan, and goal (intention) recognition, these tend to focus in only one part of the problem (e.g., action recognition), and techniques that address the problem as a whole have been not so thoroughly explored. This review is meant to provide a general view of the problem of activity, plan, and goal recognition as a whole. It presents a description of the problem, both from the human perspective and from the computational perspective, and proposes a classification of the main types of approaches that have been proposed to address it (logic-based, classical machine learning, deep learning, and brain-inspired), together with a description and comparison of the classes. This general view of the problem can help on the identification of research gaps, and may also provide inspiration for the development of new approaches that address the problem in a unified way.

Attitude Changes of Stakeholders towards Climate Change Adaptation Policies in Agricultural Sector by Online Deliberation

This study set up online virtual communities consisting of farmers and stakeholders involved in agriculture and nonfarmers living in rural areas interested in agricultural production. We conducted a deliberation within the communities for 14 days on identifying important climate change adaptation policies for 30 years later under climate change impacts with the relevant knowledge from experts. During the deliberation, after self-introduction took place including the realization of climate change impacts, the participants were provided with the expert knowledge on impacts of climate change, adaptation policies in agricultural sector and so on, then the following discussions covered issues such as the distribution of agricultural produce, insufficient successors, and support for farmers, such as impacts on crops during disasters concerning future scenarios. Attitude changes before and after deliberation were observed in terms of the pros and cons of climate change adaptation policies in agriculture and rural areas, but statistically significant differences were not observed. On the other hand, a statistically significant change was observed in some determinants of the pros and cons, such as the perceived effectiveness and goal intention. This structural change results from that the participants became aware of a different perspective through deliberation. Thus, the online deliberation process was effective to some extent in increasing knowledge and promoting deeper understanding among participants during inquiry and reasoning was deepened in the process as they listened to the opinions of others in a different position with a different idea as well as read and search for scientific findings and information provided by experts.

The effect of entrepreneurship education on nascent entrepreneurship

The literature has been enriched by studies examining the effect of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial or goal intention. Yet, few articles have considered how entrepreneurship education affects nascent entrepreneurship as a more sought-after outcome. Similarly, some scholars assess entrepreneurship education as an aggregate rather than a multidimensional construct comprised of alternative methods with peculiar characteristics yielding distinct student outcomes. Possibly, the present shortage of specificity in the investigation of methods in entrepreneurship education reduces empirical understanding of efficacious teaching and learning modes for optimising entrepreneurial behaviour. Hence, by way of contribution, this inquiry isolates and measures the direct effect of courses, workshops, guest speakers and simulations on new venture creation among UK students. It also measures indirect influence in the same relationships, with self-efficacy as a mediator. A structural equation analysis is performed and the findings show that discretely, in this order, simulations, workshops and courses stimulate nascent entrepreneurship. However, there is particular insignificance in the direct link between guest speakers and nascent entrepreneurship, and further dissociation in the indirect link between workshops and simulations leading to self-efficacy. Theoretical implications arise for future correlation and configurational studies, as well as practical ramifications for entrepreneurship education practitioners, simulation developers and public institutions.

Evidence that implementation intentions reduce drivers’ use of mobile phones while driving

Implementation intentions are IF-THEN plans that have the potential to reduce mobile phone use while driving and thus contribute towards the prevention of road traffic crashes. We tested whether an intervention, designed to promote the formation of implementation intentions, could reduce drivers’ use of mobile phones. A randomized controlled design was used. The participants (N = 136) were randomised to an implementation intention or a control condition. Self-report questionnaires were administered to all participants at both pre- and one-month post-intervention to measure the use of mobile phones while driving, goal intentions and the theoretically derived motivational pre-cursors of goal intentions (attitudes, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control). Immediately following the pre-intervention questionnaire, the participants in the implementation intention condition (n = 67) were given a volitional help sheet, which asked them to form implementation intentions by specifying target driving situations that tempted them the most to use a mobile phone and linking them with goal-directed responses that could be used to resist the temptation. The participants in the control condition (n = 69) were asked to specify target situations that tempted them the most to use a mobile phone while driving and to generally try to avoid using a mobile phone in those situations. One-month post-intervention, the participants in the implementation intention condition reported using a mobile phone less often while driving in their specified target driving situations than did the participants in the control condition. As expected, no differences were found between the conditions in the reported frequency of mobile phone use in unspecified driving situations, goal intentions or any motivational pre-cursor of goal intentions. The implementation intention intervention that was tested in this study is a potentially effective tool for reducing mobile phone use while driving in target driving situations, where behaviour-change is most needed.

On the efficacy of volitional personality change in young adulthood: Convergent evidence using a longitudinal personal goal paradigm

The frequency, effectiveness, and impact of personality change goal (PCG) pursuit was explored using a longitudinal goal-setting paradigm within two multi-wave prospective longitudinal studies employing both a university student (study 1; n = 1468) and community adult (study 2; n = 248) sample. Self-determination theory (SDT) was incorporated to explore the extent to which PCGs reflect autonomous processes. Five major findings were revealed in study 1: (1) 20% of participants generated a PCG as one of their three yearly goals; (2) participants reported more progress on their PCGs than on other goals; (3) PCGs were more autonomous relative to other personal goals; (4) Autonomous motivation for goal pursuit was more strongly associated with PCG progress, relative to other goals; and (5) PCG progress resulted in improved psychological well-being over time. Study 2 replicated the motivational findings of study 1 within a community adult sample, and found evidence supporting the validity of the proposed longitidunal goal-setting paradigm. The present studies contribute to current PCG literature by using an alternate goal-assessment method that distinguishes desires to change from meaningful goal intentions and integrated SDT to enhance our understanding of volitional personality change.

Functional Decoupling of Emotion Coping Network Subsides Automatic Emotion Regulation by Implementation Intention.

Automatic emotion regulation (AER) plays a vital role in the neuropathology underlying both suicide and self-harm via modifying emotional impact effortlessly. However, both the effortless account and the neural mechanisms of AER are undetermined. To investigate the neural changes at AER, we collected functional MRI (fMRI) in 31 participants who attended to neutral and disgust pictures in three conditions: watching, goal intention (GI), and reappraisal by implementation intention (RII). Results showed that RII (but not GI) decreased negative feelings and bilateral amygdala activity without increasing cognitive efforts, evidenced by the reduced effort rating and less prefrontal engagement during RII compared with during watching and GI. These emotion-regulatory effects of RII cannot be explained by emotional habituation, as the supplementary experiment (N = 31) showed no emotional habituation effects when the same disgust pictures were presented repeatedly three times for each watching and GI condition. Task-based network analysis showed both RII and GI relative to watching increased functional connectivities (FCs) of the ventral anterior cingulate cortex to the left insula and right precuneus during conditions, two FCs subserving goal setup. However, RII relative to GI exhibited weaker FCs in brain networks subserving effortful control, memory retrieval, aversive anticipation, and motor planning. In these FCs, the FC intensity of putamen-operculum/lingual and paracentral-superior temporal gyri positively predicted regulatory difficulty ratings. These findings suggest that the setup of implementation intention automatizes emotion regulation by reducing the online mobilization of emotion-coping neural systems.