Glycosmis Pentaphylla Research Articles

In-silico and In-vitro Investigation of Flavonoids and Alkaloids from Artocarpus heterophyllus, Tinospora cordifolia, and Glycosmis pentaphylla as Potential NF-κB Inhibitors in Oral Cancer.

Oral cancer is a global health concern, particularly because of its aggressive tissue invasion and metastases, holding 16th position on occurrence among all carcinoma worldwide. The aberrated transcription factor NF-κB1 influences development and spread of oral cancer, making it a potential therapeutic target. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of a few natural compounds from Artocarpus heterophyllus, Tinospora cordifolia, and Glycosmis pentaphylla in the treatment of oral cancer. Two FDA-approved drugs (5-fluorouracil, Docetaxel) and 16 natural compounds, including Artocarpin, Artocarpanone, Cycloartocarpin from Artocarpus heterophyllus; Berberine, Hydrastine, Magnoflorine, Palmatine Chloride, Tetrahydropalmatine from Tinospora cordifolia; and 5-Hydroxyarborinine, 5-Hydroxynoracronycine, 1-Hydroxy-3-methoxy-10-methyl-9-acridone, Des-N-methylacronycine, Des-N-methylnoracronycine, Kokusagenine, Noracronycin, Skimmianine from Glycosmis pentaphylla were examined using in-silico techniques. Among the 16 natural compounds studied, Hydrastine shown the highest binding energy (-6.87 kcal/mol) against NF-κB1, surpassing all other drugs, including the standards 5-fluorouracil (-4.04 kcal/mol) and docetaxel (-2.4 kcal/mol). Further molecular dynamics simulations and in-vitro experiments verified Hydrastine's exceptional anti-cancer activity. The results of in-vitro were well-aligned with the findings of in-silico, revealing considerable cytotoxicity, apoptosis induction, and cell cycle arrest. The findings revealed natural compounds' potential as safer, more effective alternatives to current cancer therapeutics, opening up new avenues for oral cancer treatment.

Anti-Platelet Activity of Sea Buckthorn Seeds and Its Relationship with Thermal Processing.

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a tree or shrub with small, orange berries. Sea buckthorn seeds have shown many properties beneficial to human health, including antioxidant, anti-hypertensive, anti-hyperlipidemic, and retinoprotective activities. Seeds, as a component of food, are often exposed to high temperatures, which can increase or decrease their biological activity. In our previous study, we showed that both raw and roasted sea buckthorn seeds had significant antioxidant activity, which was measured in human plasma in vitro. In this paper, we evaluated the effect of extracts from raw and roasted sea buckthorn seeds on several parameters of hemostasis in vitro, including thrombus formation in full blood (measured by the Total Thrombus formation Analysis System-T-TAS), blood platelet activation (based on the exposition of P-selectin, the active form of GPIIb/IIIa on their surface and platelet-derived microparticles formation), aggregation (measured with impedance aggregometry), adhesion to fibrinogen and collagen, arachidonic acid metabolism in washed platelets stimulated by thrombin, and COX-1 activity. We also measured the levels of free 8-isoprostane in plasma and the total non-enzymatic antioxidant status of plasma. The extract from roasted seeds (50 µg/mL) significantly prolonged the time of occlusion measured by T-TAS-the AUC10 (area under the curve) value was decreased by approximately 18%. Both extracts decreased the exposition of the active form of GPIIb/IIIa on the surface of platelets activated with 10 μM ADP (by 38.4-62.2%) and 20 μM ADP (by 39.7-51.3%). Moreover, the extract from raw seeds decreased the exposition of P-selectin on the surface of platelets stimulated with 20 μM ADP (by 31.2-34.9%). The adhesion of thrombin-stimulated platelets to fibrinogen and collagen was inhibited only by the extract from roasted sea buckthorn seeds (by 20-30%). Moreover, the extract from raw seeds inhibited the level of TBARS (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, an indicator of enzymatic peroxidation of arachidonic acid) in washed platelets stimulated with thrombin; the activity of COX-1 was inhibited by both extracts, although the effect of the extract from raw seeds was stronger. These results indicate that sea buckthorn seeds have anti-platelet activity that is not decreased by thermal processing, but more research is needed to determine which exact chemical compounds and mechanisms are responsible for this phenomenon.

Isolation and characterization of bioactive alkaloids and GC–MS based identification of volatile oil metabolites from fruits of Glycosmis pentaphylla and evaluation of their cytotoxic activity

Glycosmis pentaphylla, a member of the Rutaceae family, has been extensively studied for its pharmacological activities, focusing mainly on the cytotoxic properties of its roots and stems. Conversely, limited researched has been done in terms of the phytochemical composition of the fruits. The objective of this study is to isolate and identify the bioactive compounds found in the fruits of G. pentaphylla and then evaluate their potential for anti-cancer activity in oral cancer CAL 27 cell lines. The extraction of bioactive compounds from fruits was done by maceration, and the isolation of alkaloids and volatile oil fractions (F1-F5) was performed by column chromatography. The alkaloids, such as 3-O-methoxyglycocitrine II, noracronycine, 1-hydroxy-3-methoxy-10-methyl-9-acridone and kokusaginine, were first isolated from the fruits of G. pentaphylla. Additionally, GC–MS analysis identified 78 metabolites. The isolated compounds and identified volatile oil fractions were explored for their anti-cancer activity by cell viability assay. Results demonstrated that isolated compounds were found inactive, while the volatile fraction F1 was found active in CAL 27 cell line. Fraction F1 impeded wound healing in CAL 27 cells by scratch assay, and significantly inhibited colony formation in colony formation assay. In cell cycle analysis, treatment with fraction F1 redistributed cells to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. α-elemol (2) is the major metabolite identified from the F1 fraction by GC–MS, which could be responsible for the anti-cancer activity. There is potential for future work to further isolate volatile oil metabolites and evaluate their anti-cancer activity through in-vivo techniques.

Novel studies on Isolation, purification and characterization of dibenzonitro compound from Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. and effect in downregulating neuronal cancers

To isolate Letrozole from Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. and to determine its effect on regulating the proliferation, cell cycle distribution, apoptosis and key mechanisms in human neuroblastoma cell lines. Letrozole was isolated through column chromatographic technique and its effect was checked on human neuroblastoma cell lines, IMR 32. The effects of Letrozole on cell viability were measured by MTT assay, and the cell cycle distribution was determined by flow cytometry. The expression changes in mRNA of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclin D1 and Bcl-xL were taken from real-time PCR analysis and the protein levels were detected by Western blotting. The results of the present study showed that Letrozole, isolated from leaves of G. pentaphylla could cause significant inhibitory effect on proliferation of IMR 32 cells in a dose dependent manner. Cell arrest was obtained at S phase with the treatment of Letrozole. Apart from this, the expression of PCNA, cyclin D1 and Bcl-xL were decreased both at mRNA and protein levels for the same treatment. Letrozole can inhibit proliferation, induce cell arrest and cause apoptosis in IMR 32 cell lines. The decreased expression of PCNA, cyclin D1 and Bcl-xL induced by Letrozole contributes to the above effects in vitro. This is the first report on the isolation of Letrozole from G. pentaphylla.

Literatur Review: Plant Efficacy as Biolarvicide for Anopheles Mosquito Vector Control

Mosquito vectors are a severe threat to the prevalence and incidence of malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, and filariasis. Malaria is a Plasmodium infection that is transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito. Malaria cases in tropical and subtropical countries have social and economic impacts. Mosquito vector control has been using chemical and synthetic compounds. This method can reduce malaria cases, but it creates new problems that also slow down the elimination of malaria in the long run. Vector control in the larval phase using bioactive compounds of various plants is an alternative to eradicating vectors; besides that, utilizing these bioactive compounds is relatively safer, cheaper, and more accessible. Plants contain several compounds that are toxic to Anopheles mosquito larvae. This literature study summarizes research on extracts of various plants that function as larvicides of the Anopheles mosquito. The research method uses a literature study. The literature related to the research topic was obtained from the databases of Google Scholar, Semantic Sholar, Garuda, PubMed, and Science Direct. The primary literature is a publication of the last ten years. The literature study results showed that the plants Vitex negundo Linn., Lawsonia inermis Linn., Stachys byzantina K.Koch., Pithecellobium dulce Bth., Olax dissiti?ora Oliv., Ipomea cairica Linn., Ricinnus communis Linn., Carica papaya Linn., Paederia foetida Linn., Glycosmis pentaphylla Retz., Terminalia chebula Retz., Annona squamosa Linn., Tagetes erecta Linn. and Azadiracha indica Juss. against mosquito vectors. This study concludes that secondary plant metabolites can be used as candidates and alternatives for controlling Anopheles mosquito larvae.

Isolation, Characterization of Undescribed Alkaloids, and Semisynthetic Modifications of Cytotoxic Pyranoacridone Alkaloids from Glycosmis pentaphylla.

Two undescribed alkaloids (10 and 11), along with nine known alkaloids (1-9), have been isolated from the stem and root bark of Glycosmis pentaphylla. Among them are carbocristine (11), a carbazole alkaloid first time isolated from a natural source, and acridocristine (10), a pyranoacridone alkaloid first time isolated from the genus "Glycosmis". In vitro cytotoxicity of isolated compounds has been analyzed on breast cancer (MCF-7), lung cancer (CALU-3), and squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (SCC-25). The results demonstrated that compounds are moderately active. In order to study the structural activity relationship of majorly isolated compounds, semisynthetic modifications have been done on majorly isolated compounds such as des-N-methylacronycine (4) and noracronycine (1) to synthesize 11 semisynthetic derivatives (12-22) on functionalizable -NH and -OH groups of the pyranoacridone scaffold at 12th and 6th positions. Semisynthetic derivatives are explored on the same cell lines as isolated compounds, and the results exhibit that semisynthetic compounds showed potent cytotoxic activity compared with naturally isolated compounds. In the case of CALU-3, the dimer at -OH position of noracronycine (1), i.e., compound 22, showed 24-fold better activity with an IC50 of 4.49 μM compared with noracronycine (1) with IC50 97.5 μM. In MCF-7, the dimer at -OH position of noracronycine (1), i.e., compound 22, showed 14-fold better activity with an IC50 of 13.2 μM compared with noracronycine (1) with IC50 187 μM.

In vitro and in vivo Anti-arthritic and Antioxidant potential of Glycosmis pentaphylla in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant model

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic, chronic inflammatory and auto immune disorder. RA is provoked by genetical predisposition and environmental factors. Oxidative stress makes the human liable to diseases like diabetes, RA, cancer, atherosclerosis etc. Hence the study investigated the anti-arthritic and oxidative activity of ethanolic extract of Glycosmis pentaphylla (EEGP) as it has not been pharmacologically tested. Anti-arthritic potential was evaluated in vitro using protein denaturation by bovine serum albumin and in vivo by Complete Freund Adjuvant (CFA) models at 200 and 400mg/kg doses. Also, in vitro and in vivo antioxidant ability was appraised by DPPH scavenging and assessment of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and lipid peroxidation (LPO). The results exhibited concentration dependent inhibition of albumin denaturation with maximum results obtained at 800μg/ml. The results of CFA model depicted better protection against arthritic lesions and body weight alterations. Also G. pentaphylla remarkably ameliorated histopathological changes. Additionally, plant exhibited remarkable anti-oxidant activity.

Prenylated sulfonyl amides from the leaves of Glycosmis pentaphylla and their potential anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities

Six previously undescribed sulfur-containing amides were isolated from the leaves of Glycosmis pentaphylla. Their structures were delineated by HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, and DP4+ analyses based on gauge-independent atomic orbital (GIAO) NMR calculations. Compounds 1–4 belong to the type of methylsulfonylpropenoic acid amides. Through different cyclization pathways of geranyloxy, compounds 1 and 2 carry uncommon cyclohexane-1, 3-diol and cyclohex-3-en-1-ol moiety, respectively. Compound 3 is the oxidation product of the double bond Δ6′′(7′′) of geranyloxy. Compound 5 is elucidated as the type of methylsulfonylpropanoic acid amide. Compound 6 represents a rare sulfur-containing amide possessing a morpholin-3-one moiety. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities. Compound 4 significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells with the IC50 value of 0.55 µM. Moreover, compounds 3 and 4 exhibited different anti-proliferative activities against HepG-2 with IC50 values ​​of 11.52 and 9.41 µM, respectively.

Components with Anti-Diabetic Activity Isolated from the Leaves and Twigs of Glycosmis pentaphylla Collected in Vietnam.

A phytochemical investigation of the leaves and twigs of Glycosmis pentaphylla (Rutaceae), collected in Vietnam, yielded three new compounds named glyfuran (1), glyphyllamide (2), and glyphyllazole (3), along with twenty-five known compounds (4-28). The structures of isolates were determined by IR, MS, NMR, and UV data analyses. In the anti-diabetic activity screening, (+)-isoaltholacton (4), glycoborinine (17), 2',4'-dihydroxy-4,6'-dimethoxychalcone (24), and flavokawain A (25) simultaneously exhibited inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) and stimulation of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion on the murine intestinal secretin tumor cell line (STC-1).

BIOAUTOGRAPHY, COMBINATION EFFECTS AND PHOTO-ACTIVATED ENZYMATIC RESTRICTION INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF ANTIMICROBIAL ALKALOIDS FROM GLYCOSMIS

Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC., locally known as nerapan, has long been used in Asian countries as a traditional remedy for ailments attributed to microbial infections. This study aims to isolate antimicrobial alkaloids from G. pentaphylla, to determine their combination effects with selected antimicrobial agents and to screen for their photoactivated enzymatic restriction inhibitory activity. Bioautography-guided isolation of antimicrobial alkaloids was performed by using column chromatography with Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans as the indicator microbes. The antimicrobial effects of the alkaloids combined with selected antimicrobial agents, namely, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, vancomycin, and ketoconazole, were determined by using a checkerboard assay. Photoactivated enzymatic restriction inhibitory activity was assessed by using agarose gel electrophoresis. Two antimicrobial active alkaloids were isolated and identified as arborinine and arborine. The antimicrobial activity of arborinine and arborine was determined to be in the range of 250 µg/ml and 1000 µg/ml. Partial synergy was observed for all arborine-antibiotics and arborinine-ketoconazole interactions against S. aureus and C. albicans, respectively. Arborine was relatively the strongest photoactivated enzymatic restriction inhibitor, particularly against EcoRI, PstI, and SalI. The results obtained are promising and encourage further research on alkaloids as potential antimicrobial-enhancing agents.

Isolation and characterisation of endophytic bacteria present in the leaves of Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) Correa

Endophytes are an endosymbiotic group of microorganisms that dwell in plant tissues and are reservoirs of bioactive compounds. However, the researches on this area are limited. The present investigation was undertaken to isolate and characterise endophytic bacteria from the leaves of Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) Correa. An effective surface sterilisation procedure was developed from the experiment to isolate endophytic bacteria from the leaves of the candidate species. There was no bacterial growth observed in the sterility test. A total of 3 endophytic bacteria were isolated from leaves of G. pentaphylla. Isolates showed distinct morphological and biochemical characteristics. Biochemical characterisation of the isolates was performed by following Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. Two isolates were found gram-positive, and one was gram-negative. All three isolates were found positive for the catalase test and negative for the indole test; two isolates (GP-1, GP-3) were positive for the oxidase test; 2 isolates (GP-1, GP-2) were found positive for both citrate and methyl red test. Some plant growth-promoting activities of the isolates were also performed. All the 3 isolates (GP-1, GP-2, and GP-3) were found positive for the ammonia production test; isolate GP-2 was found positive for phosphate solubilisation test; isolate GP-3 was found positive for both IAA production and lipase activity test. The isolated endophytic bacteria survived in different salt concentrations.

Tissue Repairing Activity of Glycosmis pentaphylla Leaf Extract on Oreochromis mossambicus Against Arsenic Induced Toxicity

Acute toxicity of arsenic to Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and tissue repairing activity of Glycosmis pentaphylla leaf extract and its histological impacts on gill, liver, and kidney tissues were evaluated. Fish were divided into six groups viz. control, group 1, group 2, group 3, group 4, and group 5. 4.87 ppm of NaAsO2 was administrated in group 1, group 3, and group 5. In group 3, after arsenic exposure, 2.5 g of leaf extract of Glycosmis pentaphylla per kg of fish food was added. In group 5, 5g of G. pentaphylla leaf extract per kg of fish food was added. In group 2, 2.5 g of leaf extract per kg of fish food was added and in group 4, 5g leaf extract per kg of fish food was added. The control group showed normal histology of the gill, liver, and kidney. The histological observations revealed the tissue repairing activities in group 2 fish’s gill, liver, and kidney. These results revealed the protective and tissue repairing potential of G. pentaphylla as a feed supplement against NaAsO2 induced toxicity.

Identification of Naturally Occurring Carbazole Alkaloids Isolated from <i>Murraya koenigii</i> and <i>Glycosmis pentaphylla</i> by the Preparation of HPLC Fingerprint

The plants Murraya koenigii and Glycosmis pentaphylla are rich sources of different carbazole alkaloids. A number of monomeric carbazole alkaloids with C13, C18, and C23 carbon frames and a good number of dimeric carbazole alkaloids were isolated from these two plants. Scientists are still working on these two plants in search of more and more novel compounds. Many of these alkaloids have potential biological activities. Scientists have determined the structures of these compounds by detailed analysis of spectral data like UV, IR, Mass,1H NMR, and 13C NMR (1D and 2D). These procedures require expertise in spectral data analysis and huge time, and also these instruments are very costly. In this paper, I report the preparation of the HPLC fingerprint of some known carbazole alkaloids. These HPLC data will be helpful in quick and unambiguous identification of the natural products.

Mitigation of apoptosis-mediated neurotoxicity induced by silver nanoparticles via rutaceae nutraceuticals: P53 activation and Bax/Bcl-2 regulation

Rapid progress in nano-scales and nanostructure extremely altered the way of diagnosing or preventing numerous diseases. One of the most important nano-medicines used in cancer treatment and diagnosis is silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Regardless of their extensive utilization, their prospective neurotoxicity wasn’t studied yet. Herein, male Swiss Albino mice were intoxicated via two Nano-scales of AgNPs; (20 nm and 100 nm) for one month (100 mg/kg) then treated by leaves extracts of both Casimiroa edulis (C. edulis) and Glycosmis pentaphylla (G. pentaphylla), in addition to, mucilage and protein, the separated compounds from C. edulis fruits and seeds respectively in a dose of (500 mg/kg). Molecular, Biochemical and histopathological examinations were then conducted. Data recorded showed a significant elevation in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level and reduction in glutathione peroxidase (GPX) level post AgNPs intoxication. The oxidative stress occurred was modulated upon treatment regimens. Protein expression of C-reactive protein (CRP) showed a significant elevation and Molecular analysis recorded a significant up-regulation in the expression of both Bax and caspace-3 genes upon AgNPs intoxication in both particles size. On the contrary, both Bcl2 and P53 gene expression were shown to be significantly reduced. Treatment by C. edulis, G. pentaphylla, protein and mucilage extracts revealed modulation in apoptotic and pro-apoptotic biomarkers. Histopathological examination confirmed the obtained results. AgNPs exposure could induce neurotoxicity, genetic alternation and oxidative stress; the targeted extracts could be considered as a promising candidate in modulating apoptosis and neurotoxicity induced by AgNPs.

The radical scavenging activity of glycozolidol in physiological environments: a quantum chemical study.

Glycozolidol was isolated from the root of Glycosmis pentaphylla (6-hydroxy-2-methoxy-3-methylcarbazole, GLD). This molecule attracted considerable interest due to its beneficial biological activities that likely stem from its antioxidant activity; yet, the radical scavenging action of GLD has not been investigated thus far. In this study, DFT calculations were used to estimate the radical scavenging activity of GLD against a variety of biologically significant radical species in physiological environments. The findings demonstrated that GLD exerts significant antiradical activity in water at pH = 7.40 and in pentyl ethanoate (as a model of lipidic media) with k overall = 8.23 × 106 and 3.53 × 104 M-1 s-1, respectively. In aqueous solution, the sequential proton-loss electron transfer mechanism made the highest contribution to the activity, whereas in nonpolar solvents the formal hydrogen transfer mechanism dominated the activity. GLD is predicted to have strong antiradical activity against CH3O˙, CH3OO˙, CCl3OO˙, NO2, SO4˙-, DPPH and ABTS+˙ k app ≈ 109 M-1 s-1 and k f ≈ 106 M-1 s-1. The results suggest that GLD is a good radical scavenger in physiological environments.

Ki-67 pulmonary immunoreactivity in silver nanoparticles toxicity: Size-rate dependent genotoxic impact

Engineered nanoparticles have been recently utilized in numerous domains particularly, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Nonetheless, the possible side effects resulting from AgNPs exposure are not fully clarified. The present study was designed to clarify the toxicity of AgNPs on lung tissue. Furthermore, therapeutic impact of Glycosmis pentaphylla (G. pentaphylla) and Casimiroa edulis (C. edulis) leaves extracts in addition to mucilage and protein (the purified compounds from C. edulis) was investigated against AgNPs induced pulmonary toxicity. Male Swiss albino mice were administered AgNPs orally in two different particle sizes (20 nm and 100 nm) for one month and was further treated via G. pentaphylla, C. edulis, mucilage and protein in a dose of 500 mg/ kg for three weeks. Biochemical, molecular, immunohistochemistry, and histopathological investigations were further assessed. An obvious alteration in oxidative stress biomarkers as well as mRNA gene expression of both survivin and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) was recorded in AgNPs intoxicated group. In addition to, exploration of positive nuclei for Ki-67 was also observed upon AgNPs intoxication. Data declared a significant improvement in the assessed parameters upon G. pentaphylla, C. edulis, mucilage and protein treatment. In conclusion; G. pentaphylla and C. edulis extracts could be considered as a promising candidate as therapeutic regimen against pulmonary toxicity induced via AgNPs due to their enrichment with different active constituents. Practical applicationsDue to the expansion of AgNPs applications, it is urgent to investigate their toxic impact associated with release of free silver ions. Different particle sizes of AgNPs can induce various alterations in cellular biochemical parameters, mRNA gene expression, histopathological and immunohistopathological examination. Herein, this natural products extracts are used for the first time as promising therapeutic regimen to ameliorate the toxic effect in AgNPs intoxicated lung tissue in mice model as a result of the bioactive metabolites, especially flavonoids and polyphenolic compounds.

Description of A New Archaeococcoid of the Genus Perissopneumon Newstead (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Monophlebidae) from India.

A new archaeococcoid (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Monophlebidae), Perissopneumon kalyaniense Das & Das sp. nov., is described from specimens collected on twigs of Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. (Rutaceae), a medicinal plant from Kalyani, West Bengal, India. The new species is similar to Perissopneumon ferox Newstead 1900, but can be distinguished by different character states of ventral multilocular pores and anal tube. An updated identification key to the species of Perissopneumon Newstead found worldwide is provided. The current status of the genus Perissopneumon Newstead is discussed.

Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC leaf extract mediated synthesis of selenium nanoparticle and investigation of its antibacterial activity against urinary tract pathogens

Having a wide range of interactions with biomolecules, green synthesized selenium nanoparticles are being broadly studied to investigate their activity in several fields of health science as antimicrobials, anticancerous or sometimes as carriers for drug delivery. Being a semiconductor metalloid, selenium got substantial attention in biological field. Here, spherical shaped selenium nanoparticles with fine crystalline properties have been synthesized within 4 h at 60°C, with an average particle size of 56.21 nm, through a green route using aqueous leaf extract of Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC which is commonly known as orangeberry and contains several antimicrobial compounds. No use of hazardous or toxic chemicals is involved in this synthesis process hence it is environment friendly. These green synthesized selenium nanoparticles capped with numerous bioactive molecules from G. pentaphylla, has shown strong antibacterial activity against four urinary tract pathogens viz., Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized from fruit epicarp of Glycosmis pentaphylla(Funded Work)

Antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized from fruit epicarp of Glycosmis pentaphylla(Funded Work)

Green synthesis of antimicrobial silver nanoparticles using fruit extract of Glycosmis pentaphylla and its theoretical explanations

The present study reports a novel, one-pot, cost-effective, green synthesis route of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the fruit epicarp extract of Glycosmis pentaphylla (FGP). The UV–Vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies confirmed that the synthesis produces stable, monodispersed AgNPs with an average size of 17 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies suggested that the carbonyl group of the different compounds of FGP made significant interaction with AgNPs. With this indication, a theoretical simulation using density functional theory (DFT) was performed, which established that among the different compounds of FGP, arborine was mainly responsible for the stabilization of AgNPs with a binding energy of 58.45 kJ/mol. Synthesized AgNPs showed strong antifungal (against Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Fusarium moniliforme, and Candida glabrata) and antibacterial (against Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium) activity. Synthesized AgNPs showed the highest antifungal activity against Fusarium moniliforme and the highest antibacterial activity against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. A remarkable synergistic activity of AgNPs was observed with fungicide Bavistin (∼25% increased activity against Alternaria alternata) and antibiotic Streptomycin (∼33.3% increased activity against Bacillus subtilis), which indicated that AgNPs could be applied to control crop and human pathogens with a lower dose of synthetic antimicrobial compounds (e.g., Bavistin, Streptomycin, etc.). Hence, green synthesized AgNPs by this method can be a blessing for crop productivity and hospital management as an effective alternative to conventional fungicides and antibiotics, respectively.