Abstract
The present study reports a novel, one-pot, cost-effective, green synthesis route of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the fruit epicarp extract of Glycosmis pentaphylla (FGP). The UV–Vis spectroscopy (UV-Vis), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies confirmed that the synthesis produces stable, monodispersed AgNPs with an average size of 17 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies suggested that the carbonyl group of the different compounds of FGP made significant interaction with AgNPs. With this indication, a theoretical simulation using density functional theory (DFT) was performed, which established that among the different compounds of FGP, arborine was mainly responsible for the stabilization of AgNPs with a binding energy of 58.45 kJ/mol. Synthesized AgNPs showed strong antifungal (against Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Fusarium moniliforme, and Candida glabrata) and antibacterial (against Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium) activity. Synthesized AgNPs showed the highest antifungal activity against Fusarium moniliforme and the highest antibacterial activity against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. A remarkable synergistic activity of AgNPs was observed with fungicide Bavistin (∼25% increased activity against Alternaria alternata) and antibiotic Streptomycin (∼33.3% increased activity against Bacillus subtilis), which indicated that AgNPs could be applied to control crop and human pathogens with a lower dose of synthetic antimicrobial compounds (e.g., Bavistin, Streptomycin, etc.). Hence, green synthesized AgNPs by this method can be a blessing for crop productivity and hospital management as an effective alternative to conventional fungicides and antibiotics, respectively.
Highlights
Fruit and crop production is under the risk of several biotic and abiotic factors resulting in a downfall in the targeted amount than expected
This study suggests that AgNPs show the highest antifungal activity against F. moniliforme and the highest antibacterial activity against S. enterica serovar Typhimurium
density functional theory (DFT) calculation indicates that arborine of fruit extract of G. pentaphylla stabilizes the AgNPs with a binding energy of 58.45 kJ/mol
Summary
Fruit and crop production is under the risk of several biotic and abiotic factors resulting in a downfall in the targeted amount than expected. Candidiasis is another infectious disease caused by Candida sp.(Spanakis et al 2010) These pathogens are resistant to many anti-candida drugs due to their high biofilm-forming ability(Basavegowda and Lee 2013). The upheaval of multidrug resistance bacteria became a global problem(Sondi and SalopekSondi 2004) These problems direct the whole scientific community to develop new antimicrobial agents with eco-friendly, low toxicity, antimicrobial potency, and excellent compatibility properties. In this situation, nanoparticles (NPs) can be an alternative to chemical pesticides worldwide due to its electrostatic attraction towards microbial cells and a large surface to volume ratio(Jogaiah et al 2019; Kavyashree et al 2015). The antibacterial and antifungal properties of NPs have recently been widely reported (Dutta et al 2020a; Dutta et al 2019; Dutta et al 2020d; Dutta et al 2020j)
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