Glycol Dibutyl Ether Research Articles

Sole-Solvent High-Entropy Electrolyte Realizes Wide-Temperature and High-Voltage Practical Anode-Free Sodium Pouch Cells.

Anode-free sodium batteries (AFSBs) hold great promise for high-density energy storage. However, high-voltage AFSBs, especially those can stably cycle at a wide temperature range are challenging due to the poor electrolyte compatibility toward both the cathode and anode. Herein, high-voltage AFSBs with cycling ability in a wide temperature range (-20-60°C) are realized for the first time via a sole-solvent high-entropy electrolyte based on the diethylene glycol dibutyl ether solvent (D2) and NaPF6 salt. The sole-solvent high-entropy electrolyte with unique solvent-ions effect of strong anion interaction and weak cation solvation enables entropy-driven electrolyte salt disassociation and high-concentration contact ion pairs, thus simultaneously forming stable anion-derived electrode-electrolyte interphases on cathode and anode. Moreover, the wide liquid range of D2 further extends the temperature extremes of the battery. Consequently, ampere-hour (Ah)-level anode-free sodium pouch cells with cyclability in a wide temperature range of -20-60°C are realized. Impressively, the pouch cell achieves a leadingly high cell-level energy density of 209Wh kg-1 and a high capacity retention of 83.1% after 100 cycles at 25°C. This work provides inspirations for designing advanced electrolytes for practical AFSBs.

Anion‐Reinforced Solvation Structure Enables Stable Operation of Ether‐Based Electrolyte in High‐Voltage Potassium Metal Batteries

AbstractElectrolytes with anion‐dominated solvation are promising candidates to achieve dendrite‐free and high‐voltage potassium metal batteries. However, it's challenging to form anion‐reinforced solvates at low salt concentrations. Herein, we construct an anion‐reinforced solvation structure at a moderate concentration of 1.5 M with weakly coordinated cosolvent ethylene glycol dibutyl ether. The unique solvation structure accelerates the desolvation of K+, strengthens the oxidative stability to 4.94 V and facilitates the formation of inorganic‐rich and stable electrode‐electrolyte interface. These enable stable plating/stripping of K metal anode over 2200 h, high capacity retention of 83.0 % after 150 cycles with a high cut‐off voltage of 4.5 V in K0.67MnO2//K cells, and even 91.5 % after 30 cycles under 4.7 V. This work provides insight into weakly coordinated cosolvent and opens new avenues for designing ether‐based high‐voltage electrolytes.

Anion-Reinforced Solvation Structure Enables Stable Operation of Ether-Based Electrolyte in High-Voltage Potassium Metal Batteries.

Electrolytes with anion-dominated solvation are promising candidates to achieve dendrite-free and high-voltage potassium metal batteries. However, it's challenging to form anion-reinforced solvates at low salt concentrations. Herein, we construct an anion-reinforced solvation structure at a moderate concentration of 1.5 M with weakly coordinated cosolvent ethylene glycol dibutyl ether. The unique solvation structure accelerates the desolvation of K+, strengthens the oxidative stability to 4.94 V and facilitates the formation of inorganic-rich and stable electrode-electrolyte interface. These enable stable plating/stripping of K metal anode over 2200 h, high capacity retention of 83.0 % after 150 cycles with a high cut-off voltage of 4.5 V in K0.67MnO2//K cells, and even 91.5 % after 30 cycles under 4.7 V. This work provides insight into weakly coordinated cosolvent and opens new avenues for designing ether-based high-voltage electrolytes.

Ether‐Based Electrolyte for High‐Temperature and High‐Voltage Lithium Metal Batteries

AbstractThe compatibility of lithium metal with organic solvents is the most crucial for lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Even though ether solvents show excellent compatibility toward lithium metal, the reactivity of the ether solvents at elevated temperatures and high voltages hinders their utilization in lithium metal battery systems. In this study, a high‐temperature ether electrolyte is designed comprising lithium oxalyldifluoroborate (LiODFB), diethylene glycol dibutyl ether (DGDE), 3‐methoxypropionitrile (MPN), and fluorinated ethylene carbonate (FEC), which is abbreviated as MDF electrolyte. The presence of MPN in the electrolyte changes the solvation structure, thereby facilitating increased redox reactions of ODFB− and synergizing with FEC to build a robust solid electrolyte interface (SEI), effectively inhibiting lithium dendrites growth and solvent decomposition. Consequently, the MDF electrolyte exhibits not only long cyclic stability and high coulombic efficiency in Li||Cu and Li||Li cells but also excellent cyclic characteristics in both Li||LiFePO4 (LFP) and Li||LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) cells. Remarkably, these cells demonstrate stable operation even when exposed to higher temperatures of up to 80 °C, while the Li||NCM811 cell maintains consistent cyclic stability at an elevated voltage level of 4.5 V.

Solvation structure regulation for an ether/ether biphasic electrolyte to balance cathodic and anodic reactions in metal-based batteries

An ether/ether biphasic liquid electrolyte is constructed via the difference in solvation abilities of ethylene glycol dibutyl ether (EGDE) and tetraglyme (G4) for lithium salt to prevent the shuttle effect of redox mediators (RMs).

Probing the nanofriction of non-halogenated phosphonium-based ionic liquid additives in glycol ether oil on titanium surface

The nanofrictional behavior of non-halogentated phosphonium-based ionic liquids (ILs) mixed with diethylene glycol dibutyl ether in the molar ratios of 1:10 and 1:70 was investigated on the titanium (Ti) substrate using atomic force microscopy (AFM). A significant reduction is observed in the friction coefficient μ for the IL-oil mixtures with a higher IL concentration (1:10, μ ∼ 0.05), compared to that for the lower concentration 1:70 (μ ∼ 0.1). AFM approaching force-distance curves and number density profiles for IL-oil mixtures with a higher concentration revealed that the IL preferred to accumulate at the surface forming IL-rich layered structures. The ordered IL-rich layers formed on the titanium surface facilitated the reduction of the nanoscale friction by preventing direct surface-to-surface contact. However, the ordered IL layers disappeared in the case of lower concentration, resulting in an incomplete boundary layers, because the ions were displaced by molecules of the oil during sliding and revealed to be less efficient in friction reduction.

Synthesis of Monomers for Promising Membrane Materials, Polyalkylenesiloxanes

Synthesis of monomers is the key and most labor-consuming step in the development of highly selective membrane materials. Polyalkylenesiloxanes show promise for separation of vapors of organic components from gas mixtures. The paper considers two approaches to the synthesis of 1,1,3,3,5,5-hexamethyl-2-oxa-1,3,5-trisilacyclohexane, a monomer for preparing poly-bis(dimethylsilmethylene)dimethylsiloxane, a promising polymer material for gas-separation and pervaporation membranes. Modified synthesis procedures using both approaches, closure of the six-membered ring via formation of the Si–O–Si or Si–C bond, are suggested. Comparative analysis shows that, among organomagnesium cyclization methods, the one-step method in a diethyl ether or diethyl glycol dibutyl ether should be preferred. The suggested procedure allows reaching the monomer yield as high as 75–80% and more.

Excess Properties for the Binary System Diethylene Glycol Dibutyl Ether � Ethanol

This paper reports propertiesdata at 20, 25 and 30 0C and 1 atmosphere pressure for diethylene glycol dibutyl ether - ethanol system depending on concentration. The experimental values of density and viscosities of pure components and mixtures were correlated with temperature. The excess properties were determined from experimental data of densities and viscosities. These excess values were correlated to Hwang and Redlich-Kister equations. The value of excess molar volume for equimolar solution was compared with the values calculated from the Flory and Prigogine-Flory-Patterson theories.

Extraction and carrier mediated transport of urea using noncyclic receptors through liquid membrane systems

Extraction and carrier mediated transport through bulk liquid membrane and supported liquid membrane systems have wide applications in separation technology. This paper highlights the use of six noncyclic receptors (podands) having variations in chain length and end group for the removal of urea using liquid membrane system. These receptors R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 are diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, diethylene glycol dibenzoate, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol and tetraethylene glycol respectively. The sequence of extraction and transport of urea by BLM system using various receptors is R2 > R3 > R1 > R4 > R5 > R6 and R6 ≈ R3 > R5 > R4 > R1 > R2 respectively. Receptor R2 containing butyl end group is best extractant while receptor R6 with flexible backbone is best carrier and this carrier efficiency is used to remove urea using BLM system from the feed phase by recyclization process up to 88.16%. The experimental results influenced by concentration of receptors and urea. Effect of time was also studied.

Experimental Study of a Hydrophobic Solvent for Natural Gas Sweetening Based on the Solubility and Selectivity for Light Hydrocarbons (CH4, C2H6) and Acid Gases (CO2 and H2S) at 298–353 K

Henry’s constants of H2S, CO2, CH4, and C2H6 in a hydrophobic solvent (HPS) consisting of 2-fluorophenethylamine (2-FPEA)/4-methoxy phenol (MePhOH)/a mixture of polyethylene glycol dibutyl ether (G...

Conductivity study of diethylene glycol dibutyl ether (BDG) plasticizer on epoxidized natural rubber-50 (ENR50) polymer based electrolyte system

Abstract Polymer electrolytes have been pursued for decades by researchers to seek polymer electrolyte system that can improve the ionic conductivity with similar counterpart liquid electrolyte. Polymer electrolytes containing modified rubber, Epoxidized Natural Rubber-50 (ENR50), lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) and with and without plasticizer, BDG were prepared using solvent casting technique. ENR50 polymer was incorporated with various amount of ionic salt, LiTFSI ranging 20 – 30 wt. percent respectively. Non- plasticized polymer electrolyte system contained optimal 40 wt. percent of LiTFSI was successfully demonstrated at room temperature. To further increase ionic conductivity, addition of plasticizer, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether (BDG), was incorporated into the system. The effect of varied amount ranging 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 wt. percent concentration of plasticizer on ionic conductivity value and physical properties of the polymer electrolyte films were investigated. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and Electrochemical Impedance Analyzer (EIS) measurements were performed to characterize the properties of the electrolyte films respectively. FTIR spectra showed the interaction occurred between oxygen atoms of ENR polymer chain and lithium ions in the polymer electrolyte network of the system. Non-plasticized polymer electrolyte contained 40 wt. percent of ionic salt exhibited ionic conductivity 2.4474 x10-6 Scm-1 whereas plasticized with 30 wt. percent of BDG revealed higher value 6.6079 x 10-5 Scm-1 at room temperature.

Transport and Association of Ions in Lithium Battery Electrolytes Based on Glycol Ether Mixed with Halogen-Free Orthoborate Ionic Liquid

Ion transport behaviour of halogen-free hybrid electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries based on phosphonium bis(salicylato)borate [P4,4,4,8][BScB] ionic liquid mixed with diethylene glycol dibutyl ether (DEGDBE) is investigated. The Li[BScB] salt is dissolved at different concentrations in the range from 0.15 mol kg−1 to 1.0 mol kg−1 in a mixture of [P4,4,4,8][BScB] and DEGDBE in 1:5 molar ratio. The ion transport properties of the resulting electrolytes are investigated using viscosity, electrical impedance spectroscopy and pulsed-Field Gradient (PFG) NMR. The apparent transfer numbers of ions are calculated from the diffusion coefficients measured by using PFG NMR. PFG NMR data suggested ion association upon addition of Li salt to the [P4,4,4,8][BScB] in DEGDBE solution. This is further confirmed by liquid state 7Li and 11B NMR, and FTIR spectroscopic techniques, which suggest strong interactions between the lithium cation and oxygen atoms of the [BScB]− anion in the hybrid electrolytes.

Densities of Diethylene Glycol, Monobutyl Ether, Diethylene Glycol Dibutyl Ether, and Ethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether from (283.15 to 363.15) K at Pressures up to 60 MPa

Experimental density data are reported for diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether from (283.15 to 363.15) K at pressures up to 60 MPa using a vibrating-tube densimeter. Relative uncertainties of density measurements are 0.001 with confidence level 0.95. The experimental data were fitted with a Tait-like equation; average relative deviations were 0.017% for diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, 0.015% for diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, and 0.019% for ethylene glycol monobutyl ether. The isobaric thermal expansivity and the isothermal compressibility were derived from the Tait-like equation.

Electrochemical Properties of Glyme Based Plasticizer on Gel Polymer Electrolytes Doped with Lithium Bis(Trifluoromethanesulfonyl)Imide

In this study, gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) system is prepared by the solution cast technique. The system consists of cellulose acetate (CA) as a host polymer, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) as a dopant salt and diethylene glycol dibutylether (BDG) from glyme based family as a plasticizer. GPEs (65 wt. % CA–25 wt. % LiTFSI–10 wt. % BDG) sample is the highest conductivity of 2.88×10-3 S.cm−1 at room temperature. The lithium-electrolyte interfaced stability is established and the highest ionic conducting electrolyte is able to withstand up to 3.8V vs Li/Li+.

Temperature-dependent changes of physicochemical and tribological properties of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber elastomer upon ageing in hexadecane and diethylene glycol dibutyl ether

Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber elastomers are widely used in seal and tire industries. Physiochemical, surface and tribological properties of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber exposed to a lubricant in a sealed mechanical contact may gradually change, in particular, at elevated temperatures. In this study, industrial-grade acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber elastomers were aged in two model non-additivated base oils, namely non-polar hexadecane and polar diethylene glycol dibutyl ether at both ambient (298 K) and elevated (398 K) temperatures from 1 to 168 h. Mass changes of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber before and after ageing indicated that acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber had distinct ageing dynamics in different model base oils and at different temperatures. For acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber aged in nonpolar hexadecane, the rate of weight loss of the rubber was larger at 398 K compared to that at 298 K. On the contrary, distinct weight-gaining (swelling) dynamics were observed for acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber aged in polar diethylene glycol dibutyl ether at 298 and 398 K. Based on Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, liquid and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses, it was found that aldehydes and sulfur- and zinc-containing compounds were leached out from acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber aged in both hexadecane and diethylene glycol dibutyl ether. The results of tribological studies showed that the non-aged acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber has a good wear-resistance. Acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber samples had a very similar surface topography before and after tribo-tests. However, the worn surfaces of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber samples were characterized by fine scoring (abrasion) marks after ageing in both model base oils. This has been attributed to changes in the steel–rubber contact environment during the sliding process and degradation of mechanical properties of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber after ageing. For one acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber sample (after ageing in hexadecane at 398 K), very stable friction in the steel–rubber contact was observed.

Glymes as new solvents for lipase activation and biodiesel preparation

Glymes (i.e. glycol diethers) were explored as alternative benign solvents for enzymatic reactions, specifically the lipase-catalyzed transesterification. Long-chain glymes were found highly compatible with immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (iCALB), leading to higher enzyme activities and stabilities than t-butanol and ionic liquids (e.g. the rate of transesterification in diethylene glycol dibutyl ether (G2-Bu) was 77% higher than that in t-butanol). Furthermore, soybean oil was found fully miscible with glymes, which enabled a homogeneous reaction mixture for the enzymatic preparation of biodiesel. In the presence of glymes, CALB showed a very high tolerance to high methanol concentrations (up to 60–70% v/v), and nearly stoichiometric triglyceride conversions could be obtained under mild reaction conditions. A laboratory scale-up achieved a high conversion of soybean oil (95.5%). This study suggests that glymes can be environmentally friendly and inexpensive solvents for lipase-catalyzed reactions, such as the enzymatic preparation of biodiesel.

On the extraction of gold(III) with dibutyl carbitol

Extraction of HAuCl4 with diethylene glycol dibutyl ether (dibutyl carbitol) was studied in the gold(III) concentration range 10−6−1.5 mol/L at cHCl = 1 mol/L and T = 25°C, distribution ratios were determined. Experiments were made at other cHCl. A unified extraction isotherm was obtained with the use of activity coefficients of HAuCl4. The main extraction equilibrium is Haq+ + AuCl4aq− = HAuCl4 org, K0 (extractant and water molecules are omitted). For low cAulogK0 = 1.89 ± 0.06. Dimerization equilibrium 2HAuCl4 org = (HAuCl4)2 org has logK2 = 2.1. Extracts are electrically conducting, the share of ionic subsystem increases with CAu and reaches about 10% at cAu org = 0.1 mol/L. Alteration of phase volumes on extraction was studied: ΔVaq ≈ −0.20nAu, ΔVorg = −0.8ΔVaq, where nAu is the number of moles of gold(III) that transfer from aqueous into organic phase. It was shown that 6 ± 1 water molecules are co-extracted with each HAuCl4 molecule.

Kinetics of Au (III) extraction by DBC from hydrochloric solution using Lewis cell

The kinetics of forward extraction [AuCl4]− from aqua regia medium by diethylene glycol dibutyl ether (DBC) have been investigated by the Lewis cell (LC) technique. At first gold extraction has been carried out under different experimental conditions for achieving the stoichiometry coefficients and the value of the extraction equilibrium constant (K=0.1). For kinetic data treatment, flux ‘F’ method has been applied. Reaction order with respect to DBC, pH and [AuCl4]− was determined and then the rate constant was calculated. The rate of gold extraction from 2M chloride medium can be expressed as F=100.88[AuCl4−]1.25 [DBC]0.4 [H+]−0.22. Kinetics data were treated by EVIEWS software and coefficients were obtained. The comparison of manual and software results indicated that the results had good conformity. Influence of temperature was studied and then activation energy, Ea, (11.17kJ/mol), activation enthalpy (11.66kJ/mol) and entropy (−187J/molK) were calculated by using Arrhenius and activation complex theory respectively. Ea value (<20.9kJ/mol) indicates that, the extraction of gold (III) in the investigated system is controlled by diffusion process.

CO2-Philic Polymer Membrane with Extremely High Separation Performance

Polymeric membranes are attractive for CO2 separation and concentration from different gas streams because of their versatility and energy efficiency; they can compete with, and they may even replace, traditional absorption processes. Here we describe a simple and powerful method for developing nanostructured and CO2-philic polymer membranes for CO2 separation. A poly(ethylene oxide)−poly(butylene terephthalate) multiblock copolymer is used as membrane material. Smart additives such as polyethylene glycol dibutyl ether are incorporated as spacers or fillers for producing nanostructured materials. The addition of these specific additives produces CO2-philic membranes and increases the CO2 permeability (750 barrer) up to five-fold without the loss of selectivity. The membranes present outstanding performance for CO2 separation, and the measured CO2 flux is extremely high (>2 m3 m−2 h−1 bar−1) with selectivity over H2 and N2 of 10 and 40, respectively, making them attractive for CO2 capture.

Drastic solid-state fluorescence enhancement behaviour of imidazo[4,5- a]naphthalene-type fluorescent hosts upon inclusion of polyethers and tert-butyl alcohol

As one of the most promising materials for the construction of desirable solid-state fluorescent system, new solid-state fluorescent host–guest system, which consists of the imidazo[4,5- a]naphthalene-type fluorescent hosts 2 and sterically hindered guest molecules were designed and prepared. The crystals of 2 exhibit sensitive colour change and drastic fluorescence enhancement behaviour upon polyethers (diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (DGDM), diethylene glycol diethyl ether (DGDE) and diethylene glycol dibutyl ether (DGDB)) or tert-butyl alcohol. A comparison of the X-ray crystal structures of the guest-free and polyether- and tert-butyl alcohol-inclusion compounds indicates that the enclathrated polyether or tert-butyl alcohol molecule decrease the π-stacking between hosts and enlarge the distance between the host–host aromatic planes. On the bases of the spectral data and the crystal structures, the effects of the enclathrated sterically hindered guest on the drastic solid-state fluorescence enhancement behaviour of the host–guest crystals are discussed.