Glyceryl Monostearate Research Articles

Nanostructured Lipid Carrier of Cinacalcet HCl: Formulation, BBD Enabled Optimization, Pharmacokinetic and In-Vitro Cytotoxicity Study

Background: Cinacalcet hydrochloride (CINH) is a BCS class IV drug. It is mainly used for the treatment of chronic renal disease and parathyroid cancer. It exhibits poor oral bioavailabil-ity of less than 25%. Objectives: The main objective is to improve the bioavailability of CINH by formulating the nanostructure lipid carrier (NLC). Methods: In this research, glyceryl monostearate (GMS), labrasol, and tween 20 were the main ex-cipients selected for the formulation of NLC. Hot high-speed homogenization and ultra-sonication method was used for the NLC formulation of CINH. The characterization of the NLCs was done as per standard procedures. Optimization of the formulated NLC was carried out by applying Box-Behnken Design (BBD) with the help of the Design Expert software. The pharmacokinetic study was conducted to determine the improvement in the bioavailability of the CINH. The cytotoxicity study was performed by using the MTT assay method to know the cell viability. Results: The optimized NLC formulation exhibited high drug content with a particle size of less than 200nm. A pharmacokinetic study showed 4 fold increase in oral bioavailability for the opti-mized NLC in comparison to the aqueous suspension of CINH. Minimum viability was determined as 94%, which indicates the safety of the incubated formulations. Conclusion: NLC formulation has the potential to improve oral bioavailability with high drug load-ing and cell viability for CINH.

α-tocopherol stabilization by soybean oil and glyceryl monostearate made oleogel: Dynamic changes and characterization for food application

α-tocopherol loaded soybean oil and monostearin-made oleogel were fabricated to explore the protective effect of different concentrations of monostearin as an oleogelator in preserving α-tocopherol. Five oleogel samples were prepared and analyzed after 12 h incubation under 4 °C. The prepared oleogel's physicochemical characteristics were analyzed from thermos-dynamic, microstructural, oxidative, and textural perspectives. The optical microscopy and Cryo-SEM results revealed the presence and formation of needle-like crystals and lamella layers, which the XRD propounds the oleogel's stabilization by the monostearin crystals' network. The oil binding capacity (OBC), gel strength, and whiteness of the prepared oleogels improved (P < 0.05) as monostearin concentration increased. The thermo-rheological analysis also indicated robust pseudo-plastic oleogels with shear thinning behavior. Additionally, the 15-day light stability analysis of α-tocopherol content in the oleogels ameliorated significantly as the monostearin concentration increased. The results are useful in formulating α-tocopherol loaded oleogels for food applications and nutraceutical delivery in which the monostearin content can be adjusted as desired.

Experimental research on the development of composition of complex action ointment based on phytocomplex

The aim of the work is to develop the composition of a complex action ointment based on active pharmaceutical ingredients of natural origin for the treatment of cheilitis of various etiologies. Materials and methods. The development of the ointment base by selecting active pharmaceutical ingredients and auxiliary substances determined by organoleptic, physicochemical, rheological and microbiological research methods. Results. Studies of the antimicrobial activity of experimental samples have established that the optimal ointment base is a water/oil emulsion, which provides better API release rates than absorption bases. According to the results of structural and mechanical studies, the introduction of the API complex reduces the structural viscosity of the ointment base. Furthermore, the ability of the ointment to thin out with an increase in the gradient of the shear rate is shown, which will contribute to the uniform distribution of the API during the technological process and the easy application of the ointment to the skin. The study of textural properties of the experimental ointment samples (cohesion, adhesion, and elasticity) also confirmed the satisfactory spreadability of the sample. The optimal container for its consistent properties was chosen according to the results of the ointment's structural, mechanical and textural properties. A test of the effectiveness of antimicrobial preservatives was conducted, resulting in the minimum effective concentration of sodium benzoate in the amount of 1 % was substantiated. Furthermore, based on the results of a complex of studies, the composition of the emulsion ointment was developed, which includes vaseline (liquid paraffin) 20 %, emulsifiers glycerol monostearate 5.5 %, polysorbate-80 3.5 %, viscosity regulator of the aqueous phase hydroxyethyl cellulose 3 %, phytocomplex API "Phytol" (concentrated aqueous extract of burdock root: oak bark: pot calendula in the ratio 5:1:1.5, respectively) and essential oils of tea tree 1 % and geranium 1.5 %, purified water. Conclusions. Based on organoleptic, physicochemical, rheological and microbiological studies, the composition of the ointment of complex action was developed based on active pharmaceutical ingredients of natural origin for the treatment of cheilitis of various etiologies.

Formulation and Evaluation of Simvastatin Nanoparticles

Present study was aimed to formulation and evaluation of Simvastatin nanoparticles. Simvastatin nanoparticles were prepared by High pressure homogenization method by using lipid (Glyceryl Monostearate), polymer (Chitosan, Sodium Alginate) and surfactant (Tween 80) in the formulation. The prepared nanoparticles were evaluated for particle size, zetapotential, entrapment efficiency, drug excipients compatability studies by FTIR, scanning electron microscopy and invitro release studies. Among all the formulations, The formulation F8 showed particle size 97.47nm, PDI as 0.333, zeta potential -30.60mV and % Entrapment efficiency 85.69%, FTIR studies shown that drug was compatable with excipients, Scanning electron microscopy results shown that particles in the formulation shows moderately spherical in shape and drug release maximum 97.28%. So, formulations F8 showed better sustain the drug release for 12hrs period of time as compared to other prepared formulations, hence drug release kinetics was applied for F8 formulation. Drug release kinetic studies it showed that optimized formulation F8 showed zero order with non-fickian mechanism.

Computational assessment of lipid facilitated membrane permeation of vancomycin using force-probe molecular dynamic simulation

In this study the efficacy of different edible lipids for drug permeation enhancement of vancomycin through biological membrane was investigated using molecular dynamic simulation. In this regard, at first the ability of the lipids for complex formation with the drug was evaluated for number of most common edible lipids including tripalmitin (TPA), trimyristin (TMY), labrafil (LAB), glycerol monostearate (GMS), glycerol monooleate (GMO), Distearoylphosphorylethanolamine (DSPE), dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE), Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), cholesterol (CL), stearic acid (SA), palmitic acid (PA) and oleic acid (OA). Then the complexes were pulled thorough a bilayer membrane while the changes in force were probed. The results showed that besides the SA, PA and OA the other examined lipids were able to perform a perfect molecular complex with the drug. Also the results of pulling simulation revealed that the least of force was needed for drug transmittance through the membrane when it was covered by LAB, TMY and DSPE. These results indicated that these lipids can be the excellent materials of choice as permeation enhancer for preparing a proper oral formulation of vancomycin. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Coencapsulation of Gemcitabine and Thymoquinone in Citrem-Phosphatidylcholine Hexosome Nanocarriers Improves In Vitro Cellular Uptake in Breast Cancer Cells.

Lyotropic liquid crystalline nanoassemblies (LLCNs) are internally self-assembled (ISA)-somes formed by amphiphilic molecules in a mixture comprising a lipid, stabilizer, and/or surfactant and aqueous media/dispersant. LLCNs are unique nanoassemblies with versatile applications in a wide range of biomedical functions. However, they comprise a nanosystem that is yet to be fully explored for targeted systemic treatment of breast cancer. In this study, LLCNs proposed for gemcitabine and thymoquinone (Gem-TQ) co-delivery were prepared from soy phosphatidylcholine (SPC), phytantriol (PHYT), or glycerol monostearate (MYVR) in optimized ratios containing a component of citric and fatty acid ester-based emulsifier (Grinsted citrem) or a triblock copolymer, Pluronic F127 (F127). Hydrodynamic particle sizes determined were below 400 nm (ranged between 96 and 365 nm), and the series of nanoformulations displayed negative surface charge. Nonlamellar phases identified by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) profiles comprise the hexagonal, cubic, and micellar phases. In addition, high entrapment efficiency that accounted for 98.3 ± 0.1% of Gem and 99.5 ± 0.1% of TQ encapsulated was demonstrated by the coloaded nanocarrier system, SPC/citrem/Gem-TQ hexosomes. Low cytotoxicity of SPC-citrem hexosomes was demonstrated in MCF10A cells consistent with hemo- and biocompatibility observed in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos for up to 96 h postfertilization (hpf). SPC/citrem/Gem-TQ hexosomes demonstrated IC50 of 24.7 ± 4.2 μM in MCF7 breast cancer cells following a 24 h treatment period with the moderately synergistic interaction between Gem and TQ retained (CI = 0.84). Taken together, biocompatible SPC/citrem/Gem-TQ hexosomes can be further developed as a multifunctional therapeutic nanodelivery approach, plausible for targeting breast cancer cells by incorporation of targeting ligands.

Scrutinizing Caesalpinia bonducella phytoactive compounds as potent regulators targeting proteins of drug instigated apoptotic and inflammatory pathways: An in-silico approach

Drug-instigated toxicity is a leading source of organ injury due to apoptosis and inflammation. It is still a serious issue that demands the development of successful drugs to treat and prevent such organ damage. Herbal remedies are effective in the treatment of organ toxicity. Thus, the objective of this current study emphasizes scrutinizing interactions between phytoactive compounds of Caesalpinia bonducella seeds and targeted proteins of the apoptosis and inflammatory pathway. The SwitssADME online server was used to screen the pharmacokinetics and molecular properties of phytoactive compounds from Caesalpinia bonducella seeds. The PASS program was employed to assess phytoactive compounds' anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammatory activity. Using AutoDock Vina software, the ligands were docked onto targeted apoptotic and inflammatory proteins. The protein-ligand interaction was analyzed and visualized using Discovery studio software. The two most efficient regulators were glyceryl monostearate and 2-Palmitoylglycerol which interacted strongly with the binding sites of all the targeted proteins of apoptosis and inflammatory pathways. Glyceryl monostearate and 2-Palmitoylglycerol could be potential regulators for mitigating the inflammation and apoptosis instigated by therapeutical drug toxicity. They have the potency to be used as anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory agents and are intriguing research candidates for further research.

Drug-excipient compatibility studies in formulation development: A case study with benznidazole and monoglycerides

Monoglycerides (MGs) such as glycerol monolaurate (GML) and glycerol monostearate (GMS) have been used as excipients in oral formulations because of their emulsifying effect as well as their ability to inhibit the precipitation and intestinal efflux of drugs. Excipient-drug compatibility studies, however, have been underexplored. In this study, benznidazole (BNZ) was selected as a drug model due to the difficulty in improving its solubility and because of the potential impact on public health (it is the only drug currently used to treat Chagas disease). The effect of different processing conditions (maceration, ball milling, and melting) on the physical-chemistry properties of BNZ/MGs mixtures was investigated to guide the rational development of new solid formulations. GML was more effective in improving the solubility of BNZ, which could be due to its more malleable structure, less hydrophobic nature, and greater interaction with BNZ. The formation of hydrogen bonds between the imidazole group of BNZ and the polar region of GML was confirmed by spectroscopy analyses (IR, 1H NMR). The higher the monoglyceride content in the mixture, the higher the BNZ solubility. Regardless of the method of processing the mixture, the drug was found to be crystalline. Polarized light microscopy analysis showed the presence of spherulites. Overall, these findings suggest that preparation methods of BNZ:MGs formulations that involve thermal or/and mechanical treatment have a low impact on the solid properties of the material, and this allows for the production of formulations with reproducible performance.

The structural properties and resistant digestibility of maize starch-glyceride monostearate complexes

This study investigated the effects of pullulanase debranching on the structural properties and digestibility of maize starch (MS)-glyceryl monostearate (GMS) complexes. According to our results, the apparent amylose content of MS increased from 36.34 % to 95.55 % and complex index reached 93.09 % after 16 h of pullulanase debranching. The crystallinity of prepared MS-GMS complexes increased to 33.24 % with a blend of B-type and V-type crystals. The surface of prepared MS-GMS complexes granules emerged more small lamellar crystals tightly adhering to the surface of granules. The Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that debranching pretreatment MS-GMS complexes exhibited higher levels of short-range orders structure. These results indicated that maize starch was favorable to form more ordered starch-lipid complexes structure after debranching pretreatment, which resulted in the restriction of starch hydrolysis. In vitro digestion data implied that resistant starch (RS) content increased with the extension of the debranching time, and the highest RS content (69.58 %) appeared with 16 h pullulanase debranching. This work suggests that debranching pretreatment could be an efficient way to produce ordered starch-lipid complexes with controllable structure and anti-digestibility.

Formulation of Methotrexate Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles By Micro Emulsion Technique

AIM: The aim of this study was to develop and characterize Methotrexate loaded solid lipid nanoparticles by Microemulsion technique. Background: Methotrexate is a preferable anti metabolite drug. It is used in the treatment of certain cancers like breast cancer, skin and lung cancer. Clinical studies have revealed that the curative effect of MTX tablet on cancers was limited due to their toxic dose-related side effects to normal cells, nephrotoxicity, and bone marrow suppression, acute and chronic hepatotoxicity and also due to the drug resistance of the tumour cells. Hence, there is a need to develop methotrexate solid lipid nanoparticles in order to minimize the adverse effects associated with the MTX tablet dosage form. Objective: The objective of the research work is to formulate, characterize and evaluate Methotrexate solid lipid nanoparticles by micro emulsification solidification technique. Methods: Solid lipid nanoparticles are prepared by using lipids stearic acid and glycerol monostearate by varying the concentration of surfactant. Three formulations were prepared with each lipid. Micro emulsion technique was adopted for the preparation of solid lipid nanoparticles. Each formulation was evaluated for drug content, entrapment efficiency, loading capacity&amp; invitro drug release studies. Both the lipids were compared for the characterization and evaluation parameters. Result: On comparison Glycerol monostearate was found to be a better lipid over Stearic acid for the preparation of Methotrexate solid lipid nanoparticles because of its smaller mean particle diameter (238.8 nm), higher stability (-56.5 mV) and greater entrapment efficiency. Conclusion: Methotrexate solid lipid nanoparticles were successfully prepared with higher stability and drug release rate.

Engineering more sustainable catalysts based in ecological and economic synthesis routes from renewable raw material: Novel mesoporous silicas for remediation technologies

Iron modified mesoporous silica structures were achieved from biomass-derived renewable molding agents (glyceryl monostearate and glycerol) and can become potential substitutes for conventional mesoporous catalysts synthesized from petrochemical-derived precursors. These materials were prepared by different methods (wet impregnation with iron contents of 2.5, 5, 10 and 20% w/w and direct incorporation using a molar ratio Si/Fe = 20) and characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption and desorption isotherms, UVvis-DR and ICP. By using these solid as heterogeneous catalysts in the wet oxidation reaction of the herbicide glyphosate with air under extremely mild reaction conditions (atmospheric pressure and room temperature), herbicide degradation/fragmentation levels of around 70% were achieved. The methodology employed for the synthesis played a key role in the development of the structure and dispersion of Fe species as well as in the stability of the catalytic system. In this way, an advanced technology with low environmental impact for the treatment of a pollutant of great concern at the global level was developed, which adds sustainability to the chemical industry from the use of residual glycerol and/or glyceryl monostearate in the catalyst synthesis.

Ocular Delivery of Bimatoprost-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Effective Management of Glaucoma.

Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy characterized by a rise in the intraocular pressure (IOP) leading to optic nerve damage. Bimatoprost is a prostaglandin analogue used to reduce the elevated IOP in patients with glaucoma. The currently available dosage forms for Bimatoprost suffer from relatively low ocular bioavailability. The objective of this study was to fabricate and optimize solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) containing Bimatoprost for ocular administration for the management of glaucoma. Bimatoprost-loaded SLNs were fabricated by solvent evaporation/ultrasonication technique. Glyceryl Monostearate (GMS) was adopted as solid lipid and poloxamer 407 as surfactant. Optimization of SLNs was conducted by central composite design. The optimized formulation was assessed for average particle size, entrapment efficiency (%), zeta potential, surface morphology, drug release study, sterility test, isotonicity test, Hen's egg test-chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) test and histopathology studies. The optimized Bimatoprost-loaded SLNs formulation had an average size of 183.3 ± 13.3 nm, zeta potential of -9.96 ± 1.2 mV, and encapsulation efficiency percentage of 71.8 ± 1.1%. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study revealed the nearly smooth surface of formulated particles with a nano-scale size range. In addition, SLNs significantly sustained Bimatoprost release for up to 12 h, compared to free drug (p < 005). Most importantly, HET-CAM test nullified the irritancy of the formulation was verified its tolerability upon ocular use, as manifested by a significant reduction in mean irritation score, compared to positive control (1% sodium dodecyl sulfate; p < 0.001). Histopathology study inferred the absence of any signs of cornea tissue damage upon treatment with Bimatoprost optimized formulation. Collectively, it was concluded that SLNs might represent a viable vehicle for enhancing the corneal permeation and ocular bioavailability of Bimatoprost for the management of glaucoma.

Formulation and Characterization of Herbal Cleansing Gel from Turmeric Extract Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers

The herbal cleansing gel from turmeric extract is a natural skin care product with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Despite its advantages, turmeric extract has a higher metabolism, a low absorption rate, stability, and solubility. Encapsulation of turmeric extract had been developed to increase the bioavailability of turmeric extract for topical drug delivery. Hence, turmeric extract is encapsulated via nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to produce turmeric extract-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (T-NLCs). This project highlights the formulation and characterization of an herbal cleansing gel from encapsulated turmeric extract. To produce T-NLCs, medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) as liquid lipid and glycerol monostearate (GMS) as solid lipid generated an imperfect matrix incorporating turmeric extract. The T-NLCs were then characterized in terms of particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and stability. The T-NLCs exhibited particle size 129.407 ± 1.278 nm, polydispersity index 15.067 ± 2.105%, zeta potential -44.7 ± 1.8 mV, encapsulation efficiency 98.04 ± 9.19 % and remained stable over 30 days. The herbal cleansing gel was formulated with T-NLCs and characterized in term sensory test. The formulation is believed to improve the turmeric extract's phytochemical stability, biocompatibility, skin permeability, and dermo-cosmetic efficiency. In conclusion, developing turmeric in an innovative encapsulated formulation has aided in developing herbal-based cosmetic products for a wide range of skin care systems.

Study Of Wheat Flour And Tubers With The Addition Of Glycerol Monostearate

Bread is a food made from wheat flour which can be used as an alternative food substitute. Wheat flour is made from wheat which is still imported. Therefore, one way to reduce the increase in import numbers is by using local food ingredients that can be used as raw materials for making white bread. Local food ingredients that can be used are cassava tubers, kimpul tubers, uwi tubers. The use of local food ingredients as ingredients for making white bread can add variety to white bread and increase the value of white bread. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the proportions of wheat flour and tuber flour and the addition of glycerol monostearate on the volume of white bread rising. The results of this study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 2 factors with 3 replications. The first factor was the proportion of wheat flour and tuber flour (cassava, kimpul, cassava) (70:30) and the second factor was the addition of glycerol monostearate (2%, 4%, 6%). The results of the best treatment were white bread and uwi flour with the addition of 6% glycerol monostearate, which had a water content of 22.705%, starch content of 40.174%, and swelling volume of 83.623%.

Statistically Optimized Tacrolimus and Thymoquinone Co-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers Gel for Improved Topical Treatment of Psoriasis.

The aim of this investigation was to develop and analyze a tacrolimus and thymoquinone co-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (TAC-THQ-NLCs)-based nanogel as a new combinatorial approach for the treatment of psoriasis. The NLCs were formulated by an emulsification-solvent-evaporation technique using glyceryl monostearate, Capryol 90 (oil), and a mixture of Tween 80 and Span 20 as a solid lipid, liquid lipid, and surfactant, respectively. Their combination was optimized using a three-factor and three-level Box-Behnken design (33-BBD). The optimized TAC-THQ-NLCs were observed to be smooth and spherical with a particle size of 144.95 ± 2.80 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.160 ± 0.021, a zeta potential of -29.47 ± 1.9 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of >70% for both drugs. DSC and PXRD studies demonstrated the amorphous state of TAC and THQ in the lipid matrix of the NLCs. An FTIR analysis demonstrated the excellent compatibility of the drugs with the excipients without interactions. The TAC-THQ-NLC-based nanogel (abbreviated as TAC-THQ-NG) exhibited a good texture profile and good spreadability. The in vitro release study demonstrated a sustained drug release for 24 h from the TAC-THQ-NG that followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model with a Fickian diffusion mechanism. Moreover, the TAC-THQ-NG revealed significantly higher dose-dependent toxicity against an HaCaT cell line compared to a TAC-THQ suspension gel (abbreviated as TAC-THQ-SG). Furthermore, the developed formulations demonstrated antioxidant activity comparable to free THQ. Confocal microscopy revealed improved permeation depth of the dye-loaded nanogel in the skin compared to the suspension gel. Based on these findings, it was concluded that TAC-THQ-NG is a promising combinatorial treatment approach for psoriasis.

Effects of crystalline/non-crystalline emulsifiers on foamed emulsion: Microstructure, rheological properties, and 3D printing

In this paper, glycerol monostearate and fumed silica were used as the crystalline and non-crystalline emulsifier, respectively, to stabilize the oil-water interface together with polyglycerol polyricinoleate. Lacquer wax structured the oil phase as a gelling agent. Then, foamed emulsions were prepared by whipping. For crystalline emulsifier, a mass of wax crystallized on the oil-water interface due to the templating effect that promoted the heterogeneous nucleation. Droplets wrapped with “crystalline shell” could connect to matrix and contribute to system strength as active fillers. Therefore, the modulus of foamed emulsions increased with the water content correspondingly. Similarly, droplets with “crystalline shell” could connect to the wax that absorbed at the oil-air interface and aggregate around the bubble, which could be observed with microscopy. Whereas, the crystal was hardly observed at the oil-water interface stabilized by non-crystalline emulsifiers. The droplets simply filled in the bulk oil phase, and foamed emulsions with different water content had approximate modulus. To further convince the conclusion above, overrun and 3D printing were conducted. The overrun rates of crystalline emulsifier-based foamed emulsion were lower than that of non-crystalline emulsifier at higher water content (W:O=30:70, 50:50 w/w). It might due to the templating effect, which reduced the mass of crystal in bulk phase that could stabilize bubbles during whipping as the Pickering particle. In case of crystalline emulsifiers-based foamed emulsions, the modulus and height of the printed sample increased with the increasing water content, while there was no significant tendency for non-crystalline emulsifiers-based foamed emulsions.

The impact of glycerol monostearate's similarity to fats and fatty acid composition of fats on fat crystallization, destabilization, and texture properties of ice cream.

Fat significantly affects the properties of ice cream. Prior studies have investigated the correlation between fat crystallization, fat destabilization, and ice cream quality. However, the role of fatty acid composition, the similarity between fat and emulsifier in these characteristics, and their impact on final product quality remains unclear. To investigate the influence of the fatty acid composition of fats, as well as their similarity to glycerol monostearate (GMS), on fat crystallization and destabilization during the aging and freezing stages, ice creams were formulated using a combination of two types of fats (coconut oil and palm olein) in five different ratios. In oil phases, decreased saturation of fatty acids (from 93.38% to 46.69%) and increased similarity to GMS (from 11.96% to 46.01%) caused a reduction in the maximum solid fat content. Moreover, the rise in unsaturated long-chain fatty acids (from 34.61% to 99.57%) and similarity to GMS enhanced the formation of rare and coarse fat crystals, leading to a sparse crystalline network. This, in turn, reduced the crystallization rate and the stiffness of the fat in emulsions. Assuming consistent overrun across all ice creams, the enhanced interactions between fat globules in ice cream improved its hardness, melting properties, and shrinkage. The crystalline properties of fat in emulsions were influenced by oil phases, impacting fat destabilization and ultimately enhancing the quality of ice cream. The present study offers valuable insights for the optimization of fat and monoglyceride fatty acid ester selection, with the potential to improve ice cream quality. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Influence of Emulsifiers and Heat Moisture Treatment of Millets on Quality of Gluten-Free Chhana Cake

The present investigation was conducted to develop a technology for the manufacture of a gluten-free chhana cake. Refined wheat flour was substituted with blend of three flours viz., barnyard millet, amaranth and little millet (consisting of 31.86% barnyard millet, 32.69% amaranth and 35.45% little millet) were subjected to heat moisture treatment. In order to select the most suitable heat moisture treatment the millet blend was subjected to three heat moisture treatments. Based on the results the selected heat moisture treatment was: Adjusting the moisture content of millet flour blend to 25% and keeping it at 4°C for 24 h in an air tight plastic container followed by heating the moisture adjusted flour at 100°C for 3 h in a hot air oven and finally drying it at 40°C till a final moisture content of about 9% was obtained. In the second part of the study, the rate of addition of baking powder and glycerol monostearate was optimized using Response Surface Method (RSM) i.e., Design Expert 13.0.5.0. The optimized solution was 1.40% baking powder and 1.66% glycerol monostearate. The desirability of this model was 0.93.

Food-grade bigels: Evaluation of hydrogel:oleogel ratio and gelator concentration on their physicochemical properties

Soft-matter formulations like bigels (i.e., hybrid systems) usually exhibit superior properties than single-structured emulsion gels. In this study, a bigel system was developed using a carrageenan/locust bean gum-based hydrogel (1:1 ratio with concentrations of 0.5–2.5 wt%) and a glyceryl monostearate-based oleogel (5, 10 and 20 wt%), obtaining self-standing semi-solid structures. Solvent holding capabilities, micro-structural, rheological and textural properties, a X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were accessed. Furthermore, bigel formulations starting at 70 wt% of hydrogel fraction showed elevated structural matrix continuity, linked to self-standing ability. The most balanced properties, concerning microstructural stability were exhibited by the formulations containing 2 wt% of biopolymers. These formulations also demonstrate an increased capacity to arrest the oil phase even compared to formulations with high biopolymer concentrations. Rheology studies showed a certain level of destabilization among the sol-gel transition at higher temperatures for high polymer concentrations. The higher storage and loss modulus values were recorded at the end of the non-isothermal sweeps and positively correlated with the glyceryl monostearate (GM) concentration. Despite that, texture analysis did not evidence any increase of bigel hardness when concentrations of GM surpassed 5% (w/w), probably due to a lack of interfacial stabilization. Major differences in bigel hardness due to increased oleogel content were only seen for higher biopolymer concentrations. Also, the non-chemical arrangement was confirmed through FTIR. These results guide the development of bigel systems towards their use in novel food products.

Development of ascorbyl palmitate-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to increase the stability of Camelina oil

In this study, ascorbyl palmitate (AP) incorporated in nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs-AP) was fabricated using the hot-homogenization method. The amounts of AP, Tween 80, glyceryl stearate, and oleic acid were optimized by Box-Behnken Design (BBD) to obtain a high percentage of encapsulation efficiency and loading efficiency. Then, the optimum NLCs-AP, free-AP with rosemary essential oil (REO), NLCs-AP with REO, and tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) at a concentration of 75 ppm were added to camelina oil. Then peroxide value (PV), anisidine value (AV), TOTOX value (TV), oxidative stability using Rancimat, total phenol content (TPC), and antioxidant activity in camelina oil samples were evaluated during 90 days of storage at the ambient temperature. The optimum NLCs-AP had a particle size of 133.4 nm and a PDI of 0.29. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed a spherical and smooth surface of the optimum NLCs-AP. The results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transfer spectroscopy infrared (FTIR) analyses implied that there was no interaction between AP and NLCs. The Korsmeyer-Peppas model was the best model for the evaluation of the release kinetics. The amounts of PV, AV, and TV of camelina oil containing the optimum NLCs-AP were slightly higher than the oil containing TBHQ. The highest oxidative protection, TPC, and antioxidant activity percentage were achieved in camelina oil containing NLCs-AP with REO. Conclusively, the optimum NLCs-AP had excellent potential for encapsulation of AP, and the mixture of REO and NLCs-AP could be applied for giving suitable oxidative stability in camelina oil.