Glyceryl Monostearate Research Articles

Enhancing exemestane delivery: Solid lipid nanoparticles formulation and pharmacokinetic evaluation

This research investigates the development of exemestane (EXM) solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) for the purpose of improving drug delivery. To prepare EXM SLNs, glycerol monostearate was used as the lipid and Tween 80 as the surfactant and solvent injection followed by high-pressure homogenization as a method of preparation. The formulation parameters were optimized, leading to the development of a promising formula. The formula has a particle size of 188.72 ± 5.62 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.215 ± 0.023, and an %EE of 65.39 ± 2.54 %. The formulation's robustness was indicated by minimal changes in particle size and %EE over 30 days, as revealed by stability studies. The bioavailability of EXM SLNs was found to be significantly improved in Wistar rats compared to conventional EXM suspension, as shown by pharmacokinetic studies. The formula that was optimized showed a higher maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 168.92 ± 2.40 ng/mL, a delayed time to reach Cmax (Tmax) of 4 hours, and significantly higher area under the curve (AUC) values. These results highlight the effectiveness of the optimized formula in improving drug absorption and bioavailability. The findings indicate that EXM SLNs show potential for enhancing the delivery and effectiveness of EXM, specifically in the treatment of breast cancer.

Lymphatic targeting of cilnidipine by designing and developing a nanostructured lipid carrier drug delivery system

Objective The objective of current research is to design, develop, and optimize a cilnidipine (CLN) nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC)-based drug delivery system for the effective treatment of hypertension (HT). Significance Oral administration of CLN-loaded NLC (CLN NLC) containing glyceryl monostearate (GMS) as a solid and isopropyl myristate (IPM) as a liquid lipid may show remarkable lymphatic uptake through payer patches. Methods The emulsification probe sonication technique was used followed by optimization using 32 factorial designs. Results The optimized batch showed a mean particle size of 115.4 ± 0.22 nm with encapsulation efficiency of 98.32 ± 0.23%, polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.342 ± 0.03, and zeta potential (ZP, ζ) was −60.5 ± 0.24 which indicate excellent physical stability. In vitro studies showed a controlled release of CLN NLCs. Pharmacokinetics studies determined the C max of NLCs (373.47 ± 15.1) indicates 2.3-fold enhancement compared with plain drug (160.64 ± 7.63). Pharmacodynamic studies indicated that CLN NLCs were maintaining systolic blood pressure in a controlled manner without any signs of side effects. Conclusion CLN NLCs significantly improved lymphatic delivery and proved to be effective in the treatment and management of HT. It has been proved that CLN NLCs are found to be better than any traditional CLN dosage form due to enhancement in solubility, absorption, bioavailability, intestinal permeability, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, P-glycoprotein efflux and reduction in dose-related side effects, achievement of controlled and sustained release action.

Design of Aerated Oleogel-Hydrogel Mixtures for 3D Printing of Personalized Cannabis Edibles.

Cannabis seed oil oleogel structured with Glycerol Monostearate (20% w/w) was mixed with xanthan gum hydrogel (2% w/w) at different ratios ranging from 0% w/w hydrogel to 75% w/w hydrogel, using a syringe-to-syringe apparatus, for the preparation of 3D-printable food inks. This process enabled the simultaneous blend of oleogel and hydrogel phases and the incorporation of air in a reproducible and accurate manner. The printability of bigel inks with different mass ratios was evaluated by using a conventional benchtop food 3D printer. The printability of the inks was found to be negatively affected by the presence of higher portions of the hydrogel phase, while the printing performance of pure cannabis seed oil oleogel was superior compared to the printing performance of the bigel inks. The physicochemical properties of hybrid gels were investigated with rheological studies, thermophysical studies (Differential Scanning Calorimetry), Polarized Light Microscopy, and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. The microstructure of the aerated inks was affected by the presence of a higher oleogel fraction, in terms of air bubble shape and distribution. The addition of hydrogel at concentrations higher than 50% w/w had a strong negative effect on the mechanical properties of the inks leading to a partial collapse of the printed structures and subsequently to poor printing performance.

Diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate ameliorates salt tolerance associated with ion transport, osmotic adjustment, and metabolite reprograming in white clover

BackgroundSoil salinization is a serious environmental hazard, limiting plant growth and production in different agro-ecological zones worldwide. Diethyl aminoethyl hexanoate (DA-6) as an essential plant growth regulator (PGR) exhibits a beneficial role in improving crop growth and stress tolerance. However, the DA-6-regulated effect and mechanism of salt tolerance in plants are still not fully understood. The objective of current study was to disclose salt tolerance induced by DA-6 in relation to changes in water and redox balance, photosynthetic function, ionic homeostasis, and organic metabolites reprogramming in white clover (Trifolium repens).ResultsA prolonged duration of salt stress caused water loss, impaired photosynthetic function, and oxidative injury to plants. However, foliar application of DA-6 significantly improved osmotic adjustment (OA), photochemical efficiency, and cell membrane stability under salt stress. In addition, high salinity induced massive accumulation of sodium (Na), but decreased accumulation of potassium (K) in leaves and roots of all plants. DA-6-treated plants demonstrated significantly higher transcript levels of genes involved in uptake and transport of Na and K such as VP1, HKT8, SOS1, NHX2, NHX6, and SKOR in leaves as well as VP1, HKT1, HKT8, H+-ATPase, TPK5, SOS1, NHX2, and SKOR in roots. Metabolomics analysis further illustrated that DA-6 primarily induced the accumulation of glucuronic acid, hexanoic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, inosose, erythrulose, galactopyranose, talopyranose, urea, 1-monopalmitin, glycerol monostearate, campesterol, stigmasterol, and alanine.ConclusionsThe DA-6 significantly up-regulated transcript levels of multiple genes associated with increased Na+ compartmentalization in vacuoles and Na+ sequestration in roots to reduce Na+ transport to photosynthetic organs, thereby maintaining Na+ homeostasis under salt stress. The accumulation of many organic metabolites induced by the DA-6 could be attributed to enhanced cell wall and membrane structural stability and functionality, OA, antioxidant defense, and downstream signal transduction in leaves under salt stress. The present study provides a deep insight about the synergistic role of DA-6 in salt tolerance of white clover.

β-carotene and resveratrol loaded glycerol monostearate-based oleogels: Physicochemical characterization at low gelation concentrations

Oleogels are semi-solid systems that can function both as replacers of trans and saturated fats and/or as carriers of lipophilic bioactive compounds. However, bioactive compounds can affect the structure of the oleogel matrix and this effect depends on the properties of such compounds. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop oleogels loaded with β-carotene (BC) or resveratrol (R), with low concentrations of glycerol monostearate (GMS, 2–5 wt%) and sunflower oil as organic solvent. The gels were characterized by polarized light microscopy, rheological measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, oil binding capacity and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. At higher GMS concentrations, stronger oleogels and higher temperatures associated with transitions (sol–gel/gel–sol and crystallization/melting) were observed. The incorporation of bioactive compounds modified the gelation behavior. BC weakened the oleogel structure during the transient molecular organization of GMS, whereas R increased the dynamic moduli. BC also caused slight oil release at lower concentrations, while R improved retention. The high hydrophobicity of BC may be disturbing the solubility balance of the system, while R has phenolic hydroxyl groups that may strengthen hydrogen bonds. However, there were no considerable changes in mechanical properties after storage. We hypothesize that the molecular organization of GMS over time may be masking the modifications that bioactive compounds cause in mechanical properties. In fact, changes in the structure were revealed, as the addition of BC or R changed the morphology of the three-dimensional network crystals. Thus, the results can contribute to the rational choice of system components using low concentrations of oleogelator, as the composition of the bioactive compound exerts influence on the modulation of lipid matrices.

Formulation Optimization and Evaluation of Patented Solid Lipid Nanoparticles of Ambrisentan for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension.

Ambrisentan is a new endothelin receptor antagonist extensively used to manage pulmonary or pulmonary arterial hypertension. The therapeutic efficacy of Ambrisentan is limited due to its reduced solubility, higher log P (3.4), and thus less bioavailability. The recent investigation was concentrated on the improvement of solubility, and bioavailability of Ambrisentan for the therapy of hypertension via solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) administered orally. XRD evaluated the compatibility of Ambrisentan with lipids with FTIR, DSC, and crystalline nature. The SLN was developed by High-pressure homogenization method. The Glyceryl monostearate and Tween 80 indicated the highest solubility, hence selected. The optimization was performed with Box-Behnken Design considering the concentration of GMS (X1), Tween 80 (X2), stirring speed (X3) as independent factors and particle size (Y1), entrapment efficiency (Y2) as dependent factors. The Patents on the SLN are Indian 202321053691, U.S. Patent, 10,973,798B2, U.S. Patent 10,251,960B2, U.S. Patent 2021/0069121A1 and U.S. Patent 2022/0151945A1. The optimized batch F1 showed particle size (130 nm), ZP (-18.9 mV), and entrapment efficiency (85.73 %). The dual release pattern (prompt and sustained) was achieved with the SLNloaded Ambrisentan for about 24 hours. The lyophilized sample was subjected to SEM, which also revealed a spherical shape of a colloidal dispersion with a particle size of 126 nm. Hence, the F1 batch is highly recommended for solid oral delivery and also for the pilot-plant scale-up. A marked improvement in the solubility and dissolution of Ambrisentan was attained with the SLN. Moreover, the sustained delivery via the oral route enabled the patient's comfort, compliance, and therapeutic efficacy.

Falsely Elevated Triglyceride and Lipase Levels Due to Hyperglycerolemia in a Burn Patient Treated with Topical Silver Sulfadiazine

Pseudohypertriglyceridemia is an overestimation of serum triglyceride levels, potentially leading to an inaccurate diagnosis of hypertriglyceridemia. This can result from hyperglycerolemia, which interferes with enzymatic measurement methods. Hyperglycerolemia may arise from drugs or genetic glycerol kinase defects. We present a case of a severely burned patient with very high triglyceride levels (up to 5,696 mg/dL) that was resistant to lipid-lowering treatment, identified during the work up for pancreatitis associated with elevated lipase levels. Despite the very high triglyceride levels reported in the laboratory results, the standing plasma showed clear plasma, with no significant peak of pre-beta lipoprotein observed on serum lipoprotein electrophoresis. Serum apolipoprotein B levels were low, and urine triglyceride levels were high. This case confirms that very high serum glycerol levels caused the falsely elevations of triglyceride and lipase levels, resulting from hyperglycerolemia induced by the massive topical application of silver sulfadiazine cream (containing glycerine and glyceryl stearate) to the severely burned wound, which interfered with the laboratory assays. Triglyceride and lipase levels dramatically decreased after reducing the dose of silver sulfadiazine cream. No genetic defects related to glycerol kinase deficiency were identified.

DESIGN OF FOODGRADE OLEOFOAMS FROM CARNAUBA WAX AND GLYCERYL MONOSTEARATE WHIPPABLE OLEOGELS

The study aimed to design oleofoams based on carnauba wax (CW) and glyceryl monostearate (GMS), investigating the effect of their ratio (10:0, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, 3:7, 2:8; 0:10) on the resulting oleofoam properties. Dynamic rheological analyses were performed to explore the mechanical properties of both oleogels and oleofoams. Oleofoams were also characterized for texture, color and physical stability Both oleogels and oleofoams exhibited a solid-like behaviour confirming the formation of a fat crystal network during the cooling and whipping process. Oleogels with lower G' values generated the most stable oleofoams. CW-based oleogel did not whip, while GMS-based oleofoam did not show desirable properties. . A CW: GMS ratio of 3:7, 4:6, or 5:5 is required to obtain self-standing oleogels with high oil binding capacity, whippable in 25-40 minutes reaching an overrun of 50%. The resulting oleofoams are stable and characterized by high network strength, crucial for food applications.

Engineering crystal network of supramolecular Oleogel via kinetical regulation for improved lutein bioaccessibility

This study presented an approach for controlling supramolecular oleogel crystal network by regulating kinetical factors - specifically, a combination of cooling temperature and aging period. Results indicated that only under long aging period, supramolecular oleogels prepared at different cooling temperature exhibited distinct crystal morphology compared to those under short aging period. The physicochemical properties of oleogels were affected by different crystal networks. Therefore, further research on oleogels under longed aging was explored. For lutein encapsulation, it was observed that supramolecular oleogels with denser crystal network exhibited higher lutein bioaccessibility. This was probably because the denser crystal network providing a solid physical barrier that effectively protected lutein unaffected by gastric acid degradation. Additionally, the micellar capacity was also enhanced to accommodate lutein due to release of long chain fatty acid from the gelator glycerol monostearate (GMS). Collectively, kinetical factors regulation facilitated rational design of oleogels for delivery of lipid-soluble bioactive compounds.

Therapeutic Potential of Molsidomine-Loaded Liquid Crystal Nanoparticles for the Treatment and Management of Niacin-Induced Varicose Veins: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies.

Varicose vein therapy has historically relied significantly on invasive surgical procedures, which frequently resulted in poor compliance among patients. The tendency could stem from the past use of abrasive surgical procedures and a lack of documented drug-induced animal models. To address this challenge, we envisaged an innovative approach for animal model development that uses niacin-induced recurrent flushing. And to further treat the condition, we used liquid crystal nanoparticles (LCNPs) as carriers for the antiangiogenic, cardio protective, and anti-inflammatory drug molsidomine. After the successful initiation of reticular perforant varicose veins, the animals were administered and treated with molsidomine-loaded liquid crystal nanoparticles (MD-LCNPs) that were simultaneously synthesized via a straightforward homogenization method. The preparation of MD-LCNPs involved inducing the disruption of a cubic-phase gel of glyceryl monostearate (GMS) by Milli-Q water in the presence of a Tween-80. Characterization of MD-LCNPs encompassed an assessment of their physicochemical properties. Microscopic studies revealed monodispersity with an average size of 195 ± 55.94 nm. In vitro evaluations demonstrated commendable antioxidant potential, excellent swelling behavior, and sustained release behavior of MD-LCNPs. Furthermore, MD-LCNPs exhibited nontoxicity toward cells, with minimal generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or nitric oxide (NO). Histopathological and hematological analysis indicated the efficacy of MD-LCNPs in ameliorating niacin-induced varicose veins, the absence of detrimental and toxic effects on blood cells and visceral organs, and safety for intravenous administration. Following the administration of nanoparticles, the formulation demonstrated appropriate levels of prostaglandins (PGDs), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This substantiates the formulation's suitability for the treatment and management of varicose veins. In conclusion, our work shows an efficient method that induces varicose veins in rodents, and also a promising nanocarrier-based drug delivery approach using MD-LCNPs for effective and safe varicose vein therapy.

Exploring the oral processing mechanisms for saltiness enhancement with NaCl nanocrystals in oleogel systems based on black pepper oleoresin and sunflower seed oil

Reducing salt content in processed foods while maintaining flavor is crucial for human health. This study investigates the sensory interaction between the pungency of black pepper oleoresin and saltiness within an oleogel matrix by incorporating NaCl nanocrystals into a black pepper oleoresin formulated with glyceryl monostearate and soy lecithin (G-L-P). Psychophysical results revealed that the salt content in the G-L-P and G-L systems (G-L-P without black pepper oleoresin) was reduced by up to 66.77 % and 37.08 % compared to the G system (G-L without soy lecithin), respectively. During oral processing, the G-L and G-L-P systems formed oil-in-water emulsions with smaller and more numerous oil droplets. Within 5 s, the Na+ concentration was lowest in the G system (2.2 g/L), while the G-L and G-L-P systems showed higher concentrations (3.1 g/L and 3.0 g/L, respectively). This research provides a theoretical basis for the food industry to develop low-salt products without compromising flavor.

Microencapsulation for the delivery of terazosin hydrochloride: design, development, and characterization

The aim of the work. Terazosin HCL, which is a selective alpha-1 antagonist, has been recommended for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia-related medical conditions, including hypertension and urinary tract disorders. The purpose of this research was to create microparticles that would have a prolonged release of terazosin hydrochloride (TZ). However, TZ is a medicine that is readily soluble and has a high capability of dissolving in water. Materials and methods. A validated HPLC method was established to assess TZ. The TZ microparticles were produced using the process of melt dispersion by utilising cetyl palmitate (CP), myristic acid (MA), Glycerol monostearate 4055 (type II) or Kolliwax® GMS II (GMS), polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) as a plasticizer, and tween 80 as a stabilizing agent. Different formulations of TZ microparticles were evaluated with regard to particle size, zeta potential, and release, and morphological scanning was performed. Results. A zeta potential that falls between -22.9 and -29.4 mV is possessed by TZ microparticles. Furthermore, the size of TZ microparticles falls between 2.11 and 5.60 µm, and the polydispersity index (PDI) was between 0.24 to 0.41. In addition, the formula (F4) that included CP, GMS, PEG 400, and Tween 80 in the proportions of 0.8:0.2:1:0.5 had the highest zeta potential (ZP) and dissolved more than 85 % of TZ after 8 hours. Therefore, F4 was chosen for the purpose of conducting morphological research. Conclusion. Employing the use of CP, GMS, PEG 400, and Tween 80 in a ratio of 0.8:0.2:1:0.5 could result in the generation of microparticles of TZ that are the most acceptable

Coenzyme Q10-loaded microcapsules stabilized by glyceryl monostearate and soy protein isolates-flaxseed gum: Characterization, in vitro release and digestive behavior

This study aimed to stabilize microcapsules with core materials of glyceryl monostearate (GMS) and octyl and decyl glycerate, and wall materials of soy protein isolates (SPI) and flaxseed gum (FG) by complex coacervation method to overcome the drawbacks of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). It was demonstrated by the study that the obtained microcapsules were irregular aggregates. Differential scanning calorimetry and x-ray diffraction patterns indicated that CoQ10 was entrapped inside the disordered semisolid cores of microcapsules. The CoQ10 loading and encapsulation efficiency analysis revealed that GMS and FG helped CoQ10 better encapsulated inside the microcapsules. The in vitro release curve showed a “burst” release of CoQ10 absorbed on the surface of microcapsules for the first 180 min, followed by a sustained release of the encapsulated CoQ10. GMS and FG contributed to the sustained release and the release mechanism of the microcapsules was Fickian diffusion. The in vitro simulated digestion demonstrated that the constructed microcapsules improved the bio-accessibility of CoQ10. Finally, due to the protection of GMS and FG, microcapsules had good storage stability. In conclusion, this study emphasized the potential of using new microcapsules to deliver and protect lipophilic ingredients, providing valuable information for developing functional foods with higher bioavailability.

Formulation Optimization and Characterization of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles of Apixaban.

Unpredictable situations such as clotting of blood, deep vein thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism arise in the body, which is the leading cause of mortality. Such conditions generally arise after surgery as well as after treatment with oral anticoagulant agents. Apixaban is a novel oral anticoagulant widely recommended for the prevention and treatment of strokes and blood clots suffering from nonvalvular atrial fibrillation by suppressing factor Xa. Apixaban has a log P of 2.71 with poor solubility and reported maximum bioavailability of approximately 50%. Hence, the current research mainly focused on the improvement of solubility, bioavailability, and therapeutic efficacy of Apixaban via solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). The SLN was developed using the hot-homogenization method using a high-pressure homogenizer. The drug-lipid compatibility study was assessed by the FTIR, and the thermal analysis was performed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). During the scrutiny of lipids, the highest solubility of Apixaban was estimated in the glyceryl monostearate, hence selected for the formulation. Moreover, the colloidal solution was stabilized by the polyethylene glycol 200. The Design of Expert software (Version 13, Stat-Ease) was implemented for the optimization analysis by considering the 3-independent factors and 2-dependent parameters. The Patents on the SLN are Indian 202321053691, U.S. Patent, 10,973,798B2, U.S. Patent, U.S. Patent 2021/0069121A1, U.S. Patent 2022/0151945A1. Box-Behnken design was applied along with ANOVA, which showed a p-value less than 0.05 for the dependent parameters such as particle size and entrapment efficiency (p-value: 0.0476 and 0.0379). The optimized batch F10 showed a particle size of 167.1 nm, -19.5 mV zeta potential, and an entrapment efficiency of 87.32%. The optimized batch F10 was lyophilized and analyzed by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which showed a particle size of 130 nm. The solid powder was filled into the capsule for oral delivery. The marked improvement in solubility and bioavailability was achieved with F10- loaded Apixaban via Solid lipid nanoparticles. Moreover, the sustained released profile also minimizes the unseen complications that occur due to the clotting of blood.

Preparation and Properties of GMS/HTSF-Modified Waterborne Polyurethane Fluorine-Free Waterproof and Breathable Film.

Developing a fluorine-free, durable, high-performance waterproof breathable film for fabrics remains a formidable challenge. In this paper, a strategy for the preparation of fluorine-free, durable, and high-efficiency fabric waterproof and breathable membranes using glyceryl monostearate (GMS)/double-ended hydroxy silicone oil (HTSF)-modified waterborne polyurethane was proposed. The orderly orientation of GMS and HTSF gives the fabric excellent water-repellent properties, and the polyurethane macromolecular chain ensures strong adhesion of long-chain alkanes and silicones to the fabric surface. In this paper, the effects of different GMS contents on the stability, chemical structure, particle size, viscosity, water absorption performance, surface morphology, and XPS of a waterborne polyurethane fluorine-free waterproof and breathable membrane (GHWPU) were studied. At the same time, the application properties of GHWPU-treated fabrics, such as waterproof performance, antifouling performance, surface energy, morphology, and air permeability, were discussed. Through the analysis of SEM and XPS, it was found that the folds on the surface of the film were more and more orderly with the increasing content of GMS, and this orderly distribution of water-repellent groups endowed the film with excellent water-repellent ability. When the GMS content was 28 wt %, the finished fabrics had excellent comprehensive properties such as static contact angle of 141.6°, hydrostatic pressure of 96.7 KPa, resistance to more than 30 washes, and air permeability of 119.3 mm/s.

Effect of Different Types of Emulsifiers on the Physical Characteristics and Fat Bloom Stability of Dark Chocolate with Cocoa Butter Alternatives

An emulsifier is incorporated to delay the fat bloom formation and improve the overall quality of dark chocolate. This study aims to investigate the effects of different emulsifiers on the physical properties and stability of fat bloom in dark chocolate with cocoa butter alternatives (CBAs). Dark chocolate formulations were prepared containing different emulsifiers like lecithin, glycerol monostearate and a combination of both with CBAs like cocoa butter substitute (CBS) and cocoa butter replacer (CBR). Physical property analyses included hardness, snap texture, melting behaviour, pH, and water activity. The whiteness index was used to measure fat maturity. The results showed that the addition of lecithin, CBS, and CBR decreased the hardness value. Meanwhile, samples of chocolate formulation with the addition of glycerol monostearate (CB+GMS), and chocolate formulation with the addition of lecithin and glycerol monostearate (CB+2E), increased the hardness and snap texture. Besides, CBR increased the peak temperature, and emulsifiers increased the peak temperature in samples with CB and CBR while decreasing the melting enthalpy. Furthermore, the addition of CBA and emulsifiers improved the stability of the fat bloom. Therefore, mixed emulsifiers, which have favourable physical properties and higher fat bloom stability, are ideal for use in chocolate production. CBAs have the potential for practical application in chocolate production to improve fat bloom stability.

Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Metabolic Profiling of Synechocystis sp. Extract Encapsulated in Nano-Liposomes and Nano-Niosomes Using LC-MS, Complemented by Molecular Docking Studies.

Liposomes and niosomes can be considered excellent drug delivery systems due to their ability to load all compounds, whether hydrophobic or hydrophilic. In addition, they can reduce the toxicity of the loaded drug without reducing its effectiveness. Synechocystis sp. is a unicellular, freshwater cyanobacteria strain that contains many bioactive compounds that qualify its use in industrial, pharmaceutical, and many other fields. This study investigated the potential of nano-liposomes (L) and nano-niosomes (N) for delivering Synechocystis sp. extract against cancer cell lines. Four different types of nanoparticles were prepared using a dry powder formulation and ethanol extract of Synechocystis sp. in both nanovesicles (N1 and N2, respectively) and liposomes (L1 and L2, respectively). Analysis of the formed vesicles using zeta analysis, SEM morphological analysis, and visual examination confirmed their stability and efficiency. L1 and L2 in this investigation had effective diameters of 419 and 847 nm, respectively, with PDI values of 0.24 and 0.27. Furthermore, the zeta potentials were found to range from -31.6 mV to -43.7 mV. Regarding N1 and N2, their effective diameters were 541 nm and 1051 nm, respectively, with PDI values of 0.31 and 0.35, and zeta potentials reported from -31.6 mV to -22.2 mV, respectively. Metabolic profiling tentatively identified 22 metabolites (1-22) from the ethanolic extract. Its effect against representative human cancers was studied in vitro, specifically against colon (Caco2), ovarian (OVCAR4), and breast (MCF7) cancer cell lines. The results showed the potential activities of the prepared N1, N2, L1, and L2 against the three cell lines, where L1 had cytotoxicity IC50 values of 19.56, 33.52, and 9.24 µg/mL compared to 26.27, 56.23, and 19.61 µg/mL for L2 against Caco2, OVCAR4, and MCF7, respectively. On the other hand, N1 exhibited IC50 values of 9.09, 11.42, and 2.38 µg/mL, while N2 showed values of 15.57, 18.17, and 35.31 µg/mL against Caco2, OVCAR4, and MCF7, respectively. Meanwhile, the formulations showed little effect on normal cell lines (FHC, OCE1, and MCF10a). All of the compounds were evaluated in silico against the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (EGFR). The molecular docking results showed that compound 21 (1-hexadecanoyl-2-(9Z-hexadecenoyl)-3-(6'-sulfo-alpha-D-quinovosyl)-sn-glycerol), followed by compounds 6 (Sulfoquinovosyl monoacylgycerol), 7 (3-Hydroxymyristic acid), 8 (Glycolipid PF2), 12 (Palmitoleic acid), and 19 (Glyceryl monostearate), showed the highest binding affinities. These compounds formed good hydrogen bond interactions with the key amino acid Lys721 as the co-crystallized ligand. These results suggest that nano-liposomes and nano-niosomes loaded with Synechocystis sp. extract hold promise for future cancer treatment development. Further research should focus on clinical trials, stability assessments, and pharmacological profiles to translate this approach into effective anticancer drugs.

Metabolic profiling and biomarkers identification in cluster bean under drought stress using GC-MS technique.

The Cluster bean is an economically significant annual legume, widely known as guar. Plant productivity is frequently constrained by drought conditions. In this work, we have identified the untargeted drought stress-responsive metabolites in mature leaves of cluster beans under drought and control condition. To analyse the untargeted metabolites, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique was used. Supervised partial least-squares discriminate analysis and heat map were used to identify the most significant metabolites for drought tolerance. The mature leaves of drought-treated C. tetragonoloba cv. 'HG-365' which is a drought-tolerant cultivar, showed various types of amino acids, fatty acids, sugar alcohols and sugars as the major classes of metabolites recognized by GC-MS metabolome analysis. Metabolite profiling of guar leaves showed 23 altered metabolites. Eight metabolites (proline, valine, D-pinitol, palmitic acid, dodecanoic acid, threonine, glucose, and glycerol monostearate) with VIP score greater than one were considered as biomarkers and three metabolite biomarkers (D-pinitol, valine, and glycerol monostearate) were found for the first time in guar under drought stress. In this work, four amino acids (alanine, valine, serine and aspartic acid) were also studied, which played a significant role in drought-tolerant pathway in guar. This study provides information on the first-ever GC-MS metabolic profiling of guar. This work gives in-depth details on guar's untargeted drought-responsive metabolites and biomarkers, which can plausibly be used for further identification of biochemical pathways, enzymes, and the location of various genes under drought stress.

Effect of α-tocopherol, soybean oil, and glyceryl monostearate oleogel on gel properties and the in-vitro digestion of low-salt silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) surimi

To improve nutritional health, a low-salt (0.5 %) silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) surimi gel with α-tocopherol, soybean oil, and glyceryl monostearate oleogel was fabricated and evaluated for textural qualities, lipid oxidation, and in-vitro digestion analysis. Based on the texture profile analysis, gel strength, water holding capacity (WHC), rheological, protein secondary structure, and microstructural examination, 5 % oleogel addition to low-salt surimi exhibited similar physicochemical properties to regular-salt surimi gels. By crosslinking myosin and filling protein network voids, the oleogel increased surimi gel density. Increasing oleogel content improved the physicochemical qualities of heat-induced surimi, causing protein aggregation during digestion and reducing digestibility. The presence of oleogel altered protein secondary structure, reducing α-helix content and increasing β-sheet and other structures, enhancing WHC and gel strength of low salt surimi. Adding oleogel improved the antioxidant activity of digestive solutions. This study will help understand myosin-oleogel interaction and the development of sustainable and nutritious surimi-based foods.

Simultaneous vehiculation of curcumin and riboflavin in bigels produced through WPI cold-set gelation

The influence of curcumin (model hydrophobic compound) and riboflavin (model hydrophilic compound) on the structure and physicochemical properties of bigels produced with cold-set whey protein isolates (WPI) was assessed. The hydrogel phase was produced with WPI (11% w/v) while for the oleogel phase, sunflower oil and glycerol monostearate (GM) (10% w/v) were used. Curcumin (0.03 mg/mL) was added to the oil phase and riboflavin (0.5 mg/mL) to the water phase. Bigels were produced by hot emulsification (18.000 min−1, 2 min, 55 °C) of different hydrogel:oleogel ratios (90:10, 50:50 and 10:90). NaCl (200 mM) was added to the aqueous phase prior the emulsification. Bigels were evaluated through microscopy, XRD, FTIR, viscoelastic, texture, release kinetics and in vitro digestion analyses. XRD and FTIR showed that the addition of compounds led to some possible structural differences. Microscopy images showed an increase of the oil droplets size proportionally to the amount of oil present, and a conversion of the structure from oil in water (O/W) to water in oil (W/O). The structural differences led to different mechanical behavior. For the bigels with the isolated compounds an improvement in the gel network was observed, making it more structured, according to the phase that is being added. Regarding controlled release, higher values for the 90:10 formulation were observed for both compounds due to the matrix erosion. For bioaccessibility, curcumin presented similar values for 90:10 and 10:90 bigels, and riboflavin showed a growing bioaccessibility, with lower values for bigel 90:10.