Glucose Levels In Diabetic Rats Research Articles

Inhibitory Potential of Six Brown Algae from the Persian Gulf on α-Glucosidase and In Vivo Antidiabetic Effect of Sirophysalis Trinodis.

Background: Brown algae have gained worldwide attention due to their significant biological activities, such as antidiabetic properties. In the present study, the antidiabetic properties of six brown algae from the Persian Gulf were investigated.Methods: An experimental study was conducted from 2017 to 2019 to examine the inhibitory effects of six brown algae against the α-glucosidase activity. Methanol (MeOH) and 80% MeOH extracts of Colpomenia sinuosa, Sargassum acinaciforme, Iyengaria stellata, Sirophysalis trinodis, and two accessions of Polycladia myrica were analyzed. The effect of 80% MeOH extracts of Sirophysalis trinodis on blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was evaluated. Chemical constituents of brown algae were analyzed using thin-layer chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: The 80% MeOH extracts of Iyengaria stellata (IC50=0.33±0.15 μg/mL) and Colpomenia sinuosa (IC50=3.50±0.75 μg/mL) as well as the MeOH extracts of Colpomenia sinuosa (IC50=3.31±0.44 μg/mL) exhibited stronger inhibitory effect on α-glucosidase than the acarbose (IC50=160.15±27.52 μg/mL, P<0.001). The 80% MeOH extracts of Sirophysalis trinodis reduced postprandial blood glucose levels in diabetic rats compared to the control group (P=0.037). Fucoxanthin was characterized as the major antidiabetic agent in most of the algal extracts.Conclusion: Sirophysalis trinodis is recommended as a novel source for isolation and identification of potential antidiabetic compounds due to its high in vivo and in vitro antidiabetic effects.

Outcomes of Cassia Fistula Bark Hexane Extract on Serum Insulin and Glucose Levels in Diabetic Rats

Background: Cassia fistula (amaltas) is commonly found in Pakistan and is frequently used in medicines. Its leaves, bark and pods are conventionally used for the treatment of skin disorders, bacterial infection, constipation, colic, cirrhosis, urinary disorders, dysentery, leprosy, rheumatic conditions, jaundice, syphilis, heart diseases and diabetes mellitus (DM). Aim: To determine and compare the outcomes of cassia fistula bark (hexane extract) on serum insulin and blood glucose measures in high-fat diet-fed (HFD) and Streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic albino male rats.” Study design: Randomized control trial. Duration and setting: Services Institute of Medical Sciences (SIMS), Lahore from August 2016 to January 2017. Methods: The research was carried out on ninety male albino rats. Rats were induced with diabetes by giving high fat diet for 2 weeks and on fourteenth day, single injection of low dose streptozotocin (25mg/kg). The rats were categorized randomly into two groups, randomly, of 45 animals each. Group 1 was diabetic control (n=45) and group 2 was diabetic experimental and was given hexane extract of Cassia fistula bark (0.45g/kg) in 1ml of 0.3 % Carboximethyl cellulose solution by using intra gastric tube for once in a day for a month. On 31st day, 4-5 ml intra cardiac blood sample was collected. Biochemical parameters serum glucose and insulin were evaluated. Results: The diabetic rats treated with hexane extract of cassia fistula bark, exhibited significant (p=0.05) decrease in serum insulin and glucose levels. Conclusion: Hexane extract of cassia fistula bark possesses potent hypoglycemic effects. Keywords: Cassia fistula, Hypoglycemic effects, diabetic rat

Arabinoxylans-Based Oral Insulin Delivery System Targeting the Colon: Simulation in a Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem and Evaluation in Diabetic Rats.

Arabinoxylans (AX) microcapsules loaded with insulin were prepared by enzymatic gelation of AX, using a triaxial electrospray method. The microcapsules presented a spherical shape, with an average size of 250 µm. The behavior of AX microcapsules was evaluated using a simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem. AX microcapsules were mainly (70%) degraded in the ascending colon. The fermentation was completed in the descending colon, increasing the production of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids. In the three regions of the colon, the fermentation of AX microcapsules significantly increased populations of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus and decreased the population of Enterobacteriaceae. In addition, the results found in this in vitro model showed that the AX microcapsules could resist the simulated conditions of the upper gastrointestinal system and be a carrier for insulin delivery to the colon. The pharmacological activity of insulin-loaded AX microcapsules was evaluated after oral delivery in diabetic rats. AX microcapsules lowered the serum glucose levels in diabetic rats by 75%, with insulin doses of 25 and 50 IU/kg. The hypoglycemic effect and the insulin levels remained for more than 48 h. Oral relative bioavailability was 13 and 8.7% for the 25 and 50 IU/kg doses, respectively. These results indicate that AX microcapsules are a promising microbiota-activated system for oral insulin delivery in the colon.

Design, Synthesis, Molecular Modeling and Anti-Hyperglycemic Evaluation of Quinazoline-Sulfonylurea Hybrids as Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ) and Sulfonylurea Receptor (SUR) Agonists.

New quinazoline-sulfonylurea hybrids were prepared and examined for their in vivo anti-hyperglycemic activities in STZ-induced hyperglycemic rats using glibenclamide as a reference drug. Compounds VI-6-a, V, IV-4, VI-4-c, IV-6, VI-2-a, IV-1, and IV-2 were more potent than the reference glibenclamide. They induced significant reduction in the blood glucose levels of diabetic rats: 78.2, 73.9, 71.4, 67.3, 62, 60.7, 58.4, and 55.9%, respectively, while the reference glibenclamide had 55.4%. Compounds IV-1, VI-2-a, IV-2, V, and IV-6 showed more prolonged antidiabetic activity than glibenclamide. Moreover, molecular docking and pharmacokinetic studies were performed to examine binding modes of the prepared compounds against peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). The highest active compounds exhibited good binding affinity with high free energy of binding against PPARγ. In silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and toxicity (ADMET) studies were performed to investigate pharmacokinetics and safety of the synthesized compounds. They showed considerable human intestinal absorption with low toxicity profile.

Litsea polyantha Extracts Ameliorate Diabetes and Oxidative Stress in Streptozocin-induced Diabetic Rats

Published on:August 2022Journal of Young Pharmacists, 2022; 14(3):289-294Original Article | doi:10.5530/jyp.2022.14.57 Authors:Waseem Khan1, Jaya Sharma1, Sanjay Singh2, Pankaj Sharma11School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Apex University, Rajasthan, INDIA.2Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, INDIA. Abstract: Objectives: Litsea polyantha (LP) is a traditional medicinal plant in India. As the bark is mildly astringent, it is traditionally used to treat diarrhoea. Powdered bark and roots are used for pain, bruises, contusions, and fractures in animals. Litsea polyantha was evaluated for its blood glucose lowering abilities as well as for its ability to curb oxidative stress. Methods: In Wistar rats, diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal administration of Streptozocin (STZ) (60 mg/kg, b.w) for four weeks. After clipping the rats’ tails, blood glucose levels were determined. Body weight and urine volume were also measured. In addition, oxidative stress markers such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) were measured. Biochemical estimations were further strengthened by histological evaluation. The statistical analysis of results was carried out using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey’s post hoc with GraphPad Prism software package. Results: Compared to untreated diabetic rats, LP extracts significantly decreased blood glucose levels in diabetic rats for 4 weeks. As evidenced by the glucose levels and biochemical markers, diabetes has significantly improved. LP treated diabetic rats had significantly higher levels of antioxidant defence enzymes and lower levels of TBARS. STZ-induced elevation of glucose levels in diabetic rats was prevented by LP. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated that LP had antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties that might contribute to its therapeutic effects on diabetic rats.Keywords: Litsea polyantha, Diabetes, Oxidative stress, Inflammation, Antioxidant.

The Effect of Wet Cupping (Al-hijamah) and Limonene on Oxidative Stress and Biochemical Parameters in Diabetic Rats

Background: According to the international diabetes federation, 629 million adults will suffer from diabetes by 2045. Wet cupping therapy is a combination of bleeding and dry cupping and has been used in traditional medicine as a complementary therapy for diabetes. Limonene was shown to have both antioxidant and antidiabetic activity but its potential alongside other treatments has not been thoroughly explored. Objectives: Although wet-cupping therapy is widely used under different conditions, its potential in the treatment of diabetes is not well-examined. Methods: Male Wistar rats were then injected with alloxan and nicotinamide to induce diabetes. After cupping, the rats’ serum nitric oxide, creatinine, SGPT, SGOT, cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, GPX, urea, and HDL levels were determined. The glutathione, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, malondialdehyde, and protein level of the serum, renal, and liver were then measured. Results: The results showed a significant differences in serum glucose levels among the diabetic rats receiving wet cupping and limonene, in serum glutathione levels in diabetic rats receiving limonene or limonene and wet cupping compared to the diabetic rats, in liver GSH levels in control rats receiving limonene and wet cupping, in the liver GPX activity in control rats receiving limonene, and in liver catalase activity in control rats receiving limonene and wet cupping compared to control group. There was no significant change in serum NO, protein, creatinine, SGPT, SGOT, cholesterol, triglyceride MDA, urea, catalase, HDL, renal GSH, MDA, catalase, liver protein, and MDA Level. Conclusions: The findings of the present study suggested that a combination of limonene and wet cupping therapy could be presented as an agent to lower elevated blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. Further clinical studies are required to confirm the findings.

Anti Diabetetic Activity of Illupai Ver Chooranam on Streptozotocin Diabetic Rats

Roots of Illupai (Madhuca longifolia) are mentioned for Madhumegam in Gunapadam -Mooligai (Siddha Materia Medica). The disease Madhumegam found in siddha text is correlated with Diabetes mellitus type-II. Madhuca longifolia known as Illupai in Tamil has been widely used for the treatment of diabetes. Hence, the present study aimed to demonstrate the antidiabetic effects of Illupai ver chooranam in normal and streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of the chooranam showed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, triterpenoids, polyphenols, carbohydrates, steroids, saponin and proteins. Acute toxicity studies revealed the nontoxic nature of the illupai ver chooranam up to a dose level 2000 mg/kg body weight until the end of the study period. The illupai ver chooranam (500 and 1000 mg/kg) significantly reduced (P**&lt; 0.01) glucose levels in diabetic rats. The other biochemical parameters like cholesterol, lipid, urea, protein, liver glycogen, serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), were found to be reduced by the illupai ver chooranam. The histopathological results of treated groups showed the regenerative/protective effect on cells of pancreas in diabetic rats. In the oral glucose tolerance test, the illupai ver chooranam increased the glucose tolerance. The current study revealed the antidiabetic potential of illupai ver chooranam effective in hyperglycemia and that it can effectively protect against other metabolic aberrations caused by diabetes in rats, which seems to validate its therapeutic traditional use.

Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities of extracts of Barleria buxifolia Linn on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

Traditionally, Barleria buxifolia Linn is utilized for antidiabetic action with absence of logical investigation. Thus, the current examination was attempted to explore for its antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic movement in streptozotocin instigated diabetic animal models. Blood glucose levels were estimated in normoglycemic rats at initial, 60th and 120th minutes intervals and in glucose feed hyperglycemic rats at initial, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after solitary portion of streptozotocin at 55 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneal were made diabetic in albino rats. Blood glucose levels were estimated at week by week spans after every day administration of chloroform and methanol extracts of Barleria buxifolia at dosages of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. Other biochemical boundaries of serum triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, total protein, albumin, globulin, uric acid, creatinine, urea, transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransaminase, insulin and glycosylated hemoglobin were likewise estimated toward the finish of the investigation. Chloroform and methanol extracts of Barleria buxifolia by oral organization for 21 days altogether (P&lt;0.001) decreases the elevated blood glucose levels in diabetic rats whereas in normoglycemic rats it doesn’t alter the blood glucose levels significantly and in glucose feed hyperglycemic rats significantly decreases the raised blood glucose levels. Likewise, the chloroform and methanol extracts of Barleria buxifolia improved other biochemical boundaries related with diabetes. Moreover, the extracts of Barleria buxifolia favorable affect the histopathological changes of pancreas in streptozotocin initiated diabetic rats. Delayed consequences legitimize the traditional utilization of Barleria buxifolia for its antidiabetic action. Keywords: Antidiabetic activity, Barleria buxifolia Linn, Biochemical parameters, Histopathology.

Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of hydroethanolic extract of the fruit of Baillonella toxisperma in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

ObjectiveThis work evaluated the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of pulp extracts of B. toxisperma fruits in rats. MethodsThe regulatory ability of the extract on the secretory capacity of pancreatic beta cells (oral glucose tolerance test), and digestion and/or absorption of carbohydrates (starch and sucrose) were evaluated on normal Wistar rats. Diabetes was induced in Wistar rats by intravenous administration of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg), and the animals were treated by the administration of a single daily dose of 400 mg/kg BW of extract. The effect of the extract on blood glucose levels of diabetic rats was monitored 30 min, 2 h, and 5 h after administration, and on the 7th and 14th days of treatment. After 2 weeks of treatment, the rats were sacrificed, liver was preserved for the determination of glycogen content. The serum was prepared and markers for nephro and hepatotoxicity were assessed, as well as cardiovascular risk. ResultsThe hydroethanolic extract of B. toxisperma fruits significantly reduced glucose concentrations after administration of starch and sucrose in normoglycemic rats by limiting the glycemic peak (increasing of 19.67% vs 27.88% for positive control and 35.96% vs 43.97% for positive control, for starch and sucrose respectively). No effect was observed after glucose administration. B. toxisperma fruits significantly decreased glucose levels by 14.5% and 54.23% respectively 30 min after administration and 7th days of treatment respectively. The extract decreased plasma triglycerides and total cholesterol levels in diabetic rats; it also decreased the cardiovascular risk through the reduction of Cardiac Risk Ratio, Atherogenic Coefficient, and non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol. The extract also promoted renal function but not structural integrity of the liver. ConclusionsThis study suggests that the hydroethanolic pulp extracts of B. toxisperma fruits are good antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic properties agents and could be a potential source of compounds for diabetes management.

Study on Diabetic Rats Comparing the Effects of Sitagliptin and Probiotics on Serum Glucose

Objective: Probiotics were compared to Sitagliptin in this research in order to see whether they might lower blood glucose levels in diabetic rats more effectively. Study Design: Quasi experimental study Place and Duration: Fatima Jinnah Medical University Lahore. Jan, 2021 to June, 2021 Methods: There were 80 male rats were presented in this study. We used Streptozotocin to inflict diabetes in rats, and after one week, the results were validated by measuring Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) (&gt;7 mmol/L was termed diabetic). Rats were divided in four groups. Group I had 20 diabetic control rats, group II had 20 rats and received probiotics (250 mg/Kg), group III received sitagliptin (10 mg/Kg) among 20 rats and group IV received combination of probiotics and sitagliptin. Blood glucose was measured at baseline and after 6-weeks. Results among all groups were compared. SPSS 24.0 was used to analyzed all data. Results: We observed that rats given probiotics in group-II saw a substantial drop in their fasting blood glucose levels, with an effectiveness that was on par with that of rats given sitagliptin in group-III (p 0.05). Sitagliptin and probiotics had a synergistic impact in group IV that was stronger (p&lt;0.05) than either of their individual effects in groups II and III. Conclusion: We concluded that Sitagliptin plus Probiotics lowers diabetic rats' blood glucose more than individual medicines. Probiotics reduce fasting blood glucose in diabetic rats like Sitagliptin. Diabetes treatment can include probiotics. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Fasting blood glucose, Sitagliptin, Probiotics, Rats

Subacute effects of hydroethanolic extracts of the pulp of Gambeya africana on glucose plasmatic levels and oxidative stress markers in diabetic rats

The management of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress is a key point in the control of diabetes and its complications. The work evaluated the hypoglycemiant and antioxidant properties of pulp extracts of Gambeya africana fruits. The acute toxicity was conducted for 14 days at the dose of 2000 mg/kg via oral gavage. Diabetes was induced in rats by intravenous administration of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). The effect of the extract on blood glucose levels of diabetic rats was monitored at 2h after administration; and on the 7th and 14th days of treatment (single dose of 400 mg/kg/day). After 2 weeks of treatment, the rats were sacrificed. The oxidative stress markers (Hydroperoxides, Malonedialdehydes, Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase, and Total Antioxidant Capacity) and hepato/nephrotoxicity markers (Alanine Amino Transferase, urea, and creatinine) were determined. The hydroethanolic extract of G. africana fruits has a lethal dose upper than 2000 mg/kg. It significantly decreased glucose levels by 28.29% and 84.86% respectively after 2h and 14th days of treatment. The extract increased the antioxidant status and decrease oxidative stress, especially in the pancreas. This study suggests that the hydroethanolic pulp extract of G. africana fruits is a good hypoglycemiant and antioxidant agent and could be a potential source of compounds for diabetes management.

Miglitol-PMO nanoparticles, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, has prolonged action on blood glucose level in diabetic rats

Multiple conventional antidiabetic agents are clinically approved for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) for improving the lives of patients and slowing the progression of disease. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) have shown potential as effective therapies in the clinic among other treatment strategies. In this study, one such AGI, miglitol, was loaded into periodic mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (PMO NPs) to improve the compound's antidiabetic activity and minimize cytotoxicity. PMO NPs were initially constructed through a sol–gel technique, and were used to encapsulate high payloads of miglitol. TEM and DLS analysis revealed that both unloaded and loaded PMO NPs were spherical in shape with a diameter range of 324–370 nm and a relatively high surface negative charge ranging between −22 and −35 mV. TGA, FTIR, PXRD analyses also confirmed the effective loading of the drug into the PMO NPs (i.e. up to ca. 89.3% loading efficiency). A release kinetics experiment showed minimum release of drug from PMO, ensuring that a major amount of drug remains associated with PMO. A 30 mg/kg dose of both pure miglitol drug and miglitol-loaded PMO (Mig-PMO) NPs were orally administered to diabetic rats and their treatment progression was monitored as compared with both healthy rats and untreated diabetic rats. These animal studies revealed that the PMO nanoparticles are nontoxic consistent with in vitro results performed on RAW macrophages. Further, the Mig-PMO NPs exhibited a prolonged antidiabetic effect by lowering/controlling the blood glucose levels of diabetic rats over a 10 h period as compared to a 2 h sustained effect from free miglitol. The antidiabetic effect was positively correlated with inhibition of intestinal alpha-glucosidase enzyme.

Closed-Loop Diabetes Minipatch Based on a Biosensor and an Electroosmotic Pump on Hollow Biodegradable Microneedles.

Developing a miniaturized, low-cost, and smart closed-loop system for diabetes could significantly improve life quality and benefit millions of people. Conventional closed-loop devices are large in size and exorbitant. Here, we unprecedentedly demonstrate an electrically controlled flexible closed-loop patch for continuous diabetes management by integrating hollow biodegradable microneedles with a biosensing device and an electroosmotic pump. The hollow microneedles were fabricated using a combination of soft lithography and micromachining. The outer layer of the microneedles was functionalized to serve as a biosensing device for the in situ sensitive and accurate monitoring of interstitial glucose. The inner layer of the microneedles was integrated with a flexible electroosmotic pump to deliver insulin, and the delivery rate was electrically controlled by the glucose level from the biosensing device. The closed-loop system successfully stabilized the blood glucose levels of diabetic rats in a normal and safe range. The system is painless, miniaturized, cost-effective, and flexible. It is anticipated that it could open up exciting new avenues for fundamental studies of new closed-loop devices as well as practical applications for diabetes management.

IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ANTIDIABETIC EFFECTS OF SALACIA OBLONGA WALL LEAF AND ROOT EXTRACTS

The present study was framed out to evaluate the antidiabetic effects of S. oblonga Wall leaf and root ethyl acetate and toluene extracts in vitro and in vivo. The root ethyl acetate extract found significant inhibition of alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzyme functions in vitro. The in vivo studies are carried out according to the guide line of CPCSEA and IAEC. The acute toxicity test of the extracts resulted in the no effect on the animals. The ethyl acetate extract of root showed the increase in body weight of animals at the end of the experiment. The blood glucose levels of diabetic rats are significantly reduced after the treatment of root ethyl acetate extract. The leaf toluene and ethyl acetate extract exhibited average antidiabetic activity. We conclude that root extract exhibited good antidiabetic activity comparing to leaf extract.

Studies on testicular ultrastructural and hormonal changes in type-2 diabetic rats treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy conjugated silver nanoparticles

AimThis study investigated the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) loaded silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as HAART-AgNPs on the sperm count, viability, serum hormonal profile, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1), and testicular ultrastructure. MethodsThirty-six adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated into diabetic and non-diabetic groups (n = 18). The rats in the diabetic group were induced experimental type 2 diabetes using fructose and streptozotocin (frt-STZ). Animals in both groups were subdivided into three groups each, A-C and DF (n = 6), and received distilled water, HAART, and HAART-AgNP, respectively. FindingsTreatment with HAART-AgNP displayed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in serum gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testicular IGF-1 in diabetic rats. Also, electron microscopy revealed ameliorated testicular ultrastructure upon administration of HAART-AgNP in diabetic rats that were previously marked with architectural and cellular alterations. In addition, treatment with HAART-AgNP significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the blood glucose levels of diabetic rats. In contrast, the treatment of non-diabetic rats with HAART caused a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the sperm count, serum GnRH, and testicular IGF-1, however, this treatment induced ultrastructural changes and a significant increase (p < 0.05) in serum testosterone levels in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. SignificanceThis study has demonstrated the beneficial impact of HAART-AgNP on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, IGF-1, and testicular architecture in male frt-STZ induced diabetic rats. This nanoconjugate could be a potential nano-drug candidate to cater for testicular dysfunction and metabolic derangements while managing HIV-infected male individuals.

The impact of dried banana peels on lipids and glucose levels in diabetic rats

The impact of dried banana peels on lipids and glucose levels in diabetic rats

Yiqi Tongluo Fang could preventive and delayed development and formation of diabetic retinopathy through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects

BackgroundYiqi Tongluo Fang (YQTLF) is an effective prescription for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy (DR), but its mechanism of action remains unclear. MethodThe content of YQTLF was determined using liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS and GC-MS, respectively). Twenty-five Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly selected as the normal control group. One hundred SD streptozotocin-induced diabetes (type 1) rats were randomly divided into diabetic control, diabetic+insulin+ calcium dobesilate (CaD), and diabetic+insulin+ YQTLF groups, with 25 rats in each group. Bodyweight level was measured every 2 weeks. After 12 weeks of gavage, the glucose levels, lipids, oxidative stress, inflammation, retinal histopathology, and the blood-retinal barrier were assessed in each group. The p38 MAPK pathway was changed to explore its internal mechanism. The measurement data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, and different statistical methods were used according to a normal distribution, square error, or not. ResultsA total of 1024 valid peaks were identified in YQTLF using GC-MS. YQTLF significantly lowered the fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. YQTLF early inhibited changes in retinal histology, capillaries, cells, and tight junction proteins (such as ZO-1, occludin, claudin-5, and VE-cadherin) before the formation and development of DR. These findings correlated with the alleviation of glucolipid metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress. The lncRNA MALAT1 and the PRC 2/p38 MAPK-related pathway, such as the expression of EZH2, SUZ12, EED, p38 MAPK, MMP-9, and VEGFR, were also correlated. ConclusionWe have demonstrated the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the preventive and delayed development and formation of DR. YQTLF prevents changes in dyslipidemia, retinal histology, capillaries, cells, and tight junction proteins. These protective effects appear to be linked to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which prevent the activation of intracellular signaling pathways, such as the lncRNA MALAT1 and PRC 2/p38 MAPK-related pathway.

Meta-analysis Flavonoids from traditional Chinese herbs for diabetes in rats: a network Meta-analysi.

In this Meta-analysis, we evaluated the hypoglycemic effect of 5 flavonoids found in traditional Chinese herbs (naringenin, kaempferol, puerarin, baicalein, and luteolin) on diabetic rats. Four databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library, were searched from inception to May 2020. Only studies using diabetes model rats were included in the analysis. Blood glucose data from the last measurement were collected and analyzed. Pair-wise Meta-analyses were conducted using STATA v14.0 software and a Meta-analysis was conducted using STATA v14.0, ADDIS v1.16.6, and R v3.6.1. The quality of included studies was assessed with the SYRCLE risk of bias tool for animal studies, and publication bias was evaluated with a comparisonadjusted funnel plot. A total of 33 studies were included in the analysis, in which all 5 flavonoids showed a beneficial effect on blood glucose level of diabetic rats were included in the final analysis. The standardized mean differences (95% confidence intervals) were -4.92 (-6.67, -3.17) fornaringenin, -12 (-18.74, -5.27) for kaempferol, -2.52 (-3.77, -1.26) for puerarin, -3.04 (-5.75, -0.34) for baicalein, and -1.94 (-2.95, -0.92) for luteolin. The network Meta-analysis showed no statistically significant differences between the effect sizes of the flavonoids. The results of the Meta-analysis showed that naringenin, kaempferol, puerarin, baicalein, and luteolin all have clear hypoglycemic effects in rat diabetes models, highlighting their therapeutic potential for preventing and treating diabetes mellitus in clinical practice.

Antidiabetic Activity of Caulerpa racemosa: Role of Proinflammatory Mediators, Oxidative Stress, and Other Biomarkers

AbstractA marine alga, Caulerpa racemose (seaweed), exhibits few biological activities, such as antinociceptive/anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and growth regulator. This study aimed to determine the antidiabetic activity of this seaweed. High-performance thin-layer chromatography of C. racemosa ethanolic extract was performed to identify its active constituents. Antidiabetic activity of C. racemosa ethanolic extract (100 and 200 mg/kg) was evaluated using various biochemical paradigms against glipizide (5 mg/kg) in a streptozotocin-induced diabetes rat model. High-performance thin-layer chromatography revealed β-sitosterol as an active constituent and also indicated the presence of saponins and alkaloids. Treatment with C. racemosa ethanolic extract significantly reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic rats, and the degree of glucose reduction was comparable to that attained by glipizide treatment. The C. racemosa ethanolic extract treatment restored the impaired glycosylated hemoglobin level, liver glycogen level, glucose uptake by hemidiaphragm, and glucose transport by hepatic cells. Pretreatment with C. racemosa ethanolic extract also restored lipid abnormalities, elevated liver enzymes, elevated inflammatory markers, and depleted endogenous antioxidants. A superior effect was shown by C. racemosa ethanolic extract (200 mg/kg) over glipizide (5 mg/kg). Moreover, the restoration of the histoarchitecture of the pancreas by C. racemosa ethanolic extract (200 mg/kg) was comparable to that of the glipizide (5 mg/kg) treatment group. The present experimental findings demonstrate significant antidiabetic activity of C. racemosa ethanolic extract in diabetic rats using various biochemical paradigms. Further, C. racemosa ethanolic extract seems to be safe and does not affect vital organs adversely.

EFFECTS OF BREADFRUIT LEAF ETHANOL EXTRACT ON IN VIVO LOWERING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS

Breadfruit plant is traditionally used as a medicine for diabetes mellitus. Research has been conducted on the effects of ethanol extract of breadfruit leaves (Artocarpus altilis) against a decrease in the blood glucose levels of diabetic rats induced by allocation at a dose of 130 mg/kg bb. Breadfruit leaf ethanol extract (BLEE) is given orally at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg BW for 20 days. The test was conducted by measuring the blood glucose levels of rats with the GOD-PAP method. The observed parameters are blood glucose levels, ED 5,0 and pancreatic histopathology. The results showed a percentage decrease in blood glucose levels of 38,785%, 39,918%, and 44,925% of BLEE with successive doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg BB that had significantly differences between groups (p&lt;0.05). From the data obtained it can be concluded that BLEE 200 mg/kg BW has a decreased activity of blood glucose levels in which the pancreatic histopathology shows the improvement of endocrine cells islets of Langerhans almost perfect. Based on the percentage relationship of decreased blood glucose levels to dose, the effective dose (ED50) of BLEE is 329,341 mg/kg BW.