The subject of the research is the causes, prerequisites and the state of regulation of artificial intelligence (AI) in multilateral formats. The aim of the work is to identify approaches to AI regulation at the multilateral level and analyze the current status of the regulatory process. The relevance is due to the rapid development of AI technologies and the various risks associated with this process. The research methodology includes the use of general scientific methods, namely statistical and expert assessments, analysis of empirical data, classification, structuring and systematization of objects. As a result of the research, the level of the global AI technology market has been determined, and conceptual approaches to multilateral regulation in various structures have been identified. The main directions of AI regulation within the framework of international organizations (UN, OECD, Council of Europe, and WTO), the EU and non-integration type associations, as well as informal discussion clubs (Hiroshima Process, Global Partnership on AI) are considered. It is concluded that despite the mass of solutions and documents being developed in multilateral formats, the «rules of the game» for AI developers and distributors lag behind the development of technologies in this area. It has been established that decisions taken at the multilateral level are not binding on subjects of the global economy, with the exception of regulatory acts of integration groupings. There has been an increase in the regulatory activity of international structures in recent years due to an increase in the level of commercialization of AI technologies, as well as innovative products produced using AI or containing it as an integral part. The role of multilateral regulation of AI in shaping global economic development trends is outlined.

In an increasingly competitive global labour market, employability has become a defining benchmark of higher education success, particularly for management graduates entering dynamic business environments. This study examines how structured career planning and development initiatives influence the employability competencies of management students. Drawing on human capital and career construction theories, this research explores the extent to which proactive career guidance, experiential learning, and skill-oriented interventions translate into tangible employability outcomes. Using a mixed-method approach, quantitative data were collected from 312 final-year management graduates across Indian universities, complemented by qualitative insights from academic mentors and industry recruiters. Statistical analysis through multiple regression and mediation testing revealed that career planning significantly enhances employability, mediated by self-efficacy and career adaptability. Qualitative findings further underscored the importance of reflective career workshops, mentoring, and institutional support in shaping graduates’ job readiness. The study contributes to both theory and practice by reaffirming that employability is not merely an institutional output but a co-constructed developmental process between learners, educators, and employers. Practical implications are offered for universities seeking to integrate career development frameworks that foster lifelong learning and professional agility.

The United Nations has set a global vision towards emissions reduction and green growth through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Towards the realisation of SDGS 7, 9, and 13, we focus on green hydrogen production as a potential pathway to achievement. Green hydrogen, produced via water electrolysis powered by renewable energy sources, represents a pivotal solution towards climate change mitigation. Energy access in West Africa remains a challenge, and dependency on fossil fuels persists. So, green hydrogen offers an opportunity to harness abundant solar resources, reduce carbon emissions, and foster economic development. This study evaluates the techno-economic feasibility of green hydrogen production in five West African countries: Ghana, Nigeria, Mali, Niger, and Senegal. The analyses cover the solar energy potential, hydrogen production capacities, and economic viability using the Levelised Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) and Net Present Value (NPV). Results indicate substantial annual hydrogen production potential with LCOH values competitive with global benchmarks amidst the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). Despite this potential, several barriers exist, including high initial capital costs, policy and regulatory gaps, limited technical capacity, and water resource constraints. We recommend targeted strategies for strengthening policy frameworks, fostering international partnerships, enhancing regional infrastructure integration, and investing in capacity-building initiatives. By addressing these barriers, West Africa can be a key player in the global green hydrogen market.

Curcuma xanthorrhiza, also known as Java turmeric, is a medicinal plant that has been used for centuries. Because of the growing global market demand for this species, several biotechnology studies involving in vitro propagation and production have been conducted. Unfortunately, high costs are incurred as a result of the high contamination level of shoot bud explants. As a result, it is addressed in this study in order to solve the contamination problem. Surface sterilisation is extremely difficult in most plants, making sterilisation procedures critical for successful cultures. A total of twelve distinct sterilisation methods were assessed on the explants where 70% ethanol and 5% sodium hypochlorite were added with fungicide or mercuric chloride with different time explore for surface sterilisation with the goal of identifying the best method to establish an in vitro culture. The sterilised shoot bud explants were then cultured on Murashige & Skoog (MS) media with no additional vitamin or plant growth regulators under light below 25°C. Based on this study, a combination of 70% ethanol + 5% NaOCl + 0.1% HgCl2 for 10 min was the best to reduce the contamination rate to 25% with a 65% survival rate of C. xanthorrhiza explant.

ABSTRACT Greece’s path toward climate neutrality, aligned with the European Green Deal and REPowerEU strategies, relies on the rapid expansion of renewable energy sources combined with the development of energy storage capacity to ensure system resilience and reduce dependence on natural gas. This study uses the LEAP-NEMO model to assess the role of seasonal hydrogen storage in achieving national energy and climate targets. The results confirm that hydrogen storage allows for a higher penetration of renewable energy sources, thereby reducing curtailments and contributing to the early phasing out of natural gas from the country’s energy mix. However, its low round-trip efficiency and limited short-term response make it unsuitable for short-term balancing, highlighting the need for complementary storage technologies. Furthermore, reduced dependence on gas imports enhances energy security, allowing Greece to meet demand with competitive domestic resources, mitigating exposure to the high volatility of global market. The novelty of this work lies in the updated analysis of the Greek electricity system through an energy model framework, applied for the first time in the country, and in the demonstration of the role of hydrogen as a factor for the future scaling-up of renewable energy sources.

Robo-advisors (RAs), powered by artificial intelligence and automation, are transforming the landscape of wealth management by offering financial advice that is cost-efficient, widely accessible, and free from human bias. As adoption increases and the global market expands, it becomes crucial to examine how scholarly research on this topic has progressed. This study undertakes a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis of 140 articles published in the Scopus database between 2019 and 2024 to evaluate the maturity, thematic trajectories, and collaborative dynamics of research on robo-advisors. The findings indicate that while the field is still in its early stages, it has gained notable momentum in recent years. Research outputs remain concentrated within a limited set of journals and geographic regions, with the United States, Germany, and India standing out as leading contributors. The analysis identifies four major thematic clusters: consumer adoption and behavioral aspects, financial performance and regulatory issues, the integration of emerging technologies, and specialized applications. Nonetheless, the field remains fragmented, with minimal interdisciplinary collaboration and several underexplored dimensions, including long-term client outcomes, ethical considerations, and regulatory frameworks. By charting the intellectual landscape and highlighting research gaps, this study provides valuable insights for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers, while laying the groundwork for more comprehensive exploration of robo-advisors in the context of wealth management.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the current state of development of the grain industry in Kazakhstan, identify the factors constraining their growth and substantiate recommendations for achieving high results in this industry. Research methodology . The methodological basis of this study is a set of complementary scientific approaches that provide a comprehensive and objective analysis of the problems and prospects of the development of the grain industry in Kazakhstan. The choice of a systematic approach is conditioned by the need to take into account the multidimensional nature of the problem under consideration, since ignoring individual elements of the system can lead to ineffective solutions. The comparative analysis made it possible to set targets for the development of the industry and identify the most effective mechanisms of state support. The application of the dialectical approach made it possible to take into account the dynamics of industry development and predict possible changes in the future, as well as develop flexible strategies that can adapt to changing conditions. The study used official statistical data obtained from the following sources: the Bureau of National Statistics of the Agency for Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the State Revenue Committee of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the World Bank, etc. Tools such as Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS Statistics were used to process and analyze the collected data. The time frame of the study covers the period from 2019 to 2024. The choice of this period is due to the availability of complete and reliable statistical data provided by official sources. The need to analyze the latest trends allows us to reflect current trends in the grain industry, changes in the global grain market and increased competition from Russian producers. The originality/value . This research has a high degree of originality and value, as it offers a comprehensive and scientifically based approach to solving the problems of the grain industry in Kazakhstan, contributing to its sustainable development and increasing competitiveness in the global market. Findings . This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of the grain industry in the Republic of Kazakhstan, identifies key problems hindering its sustainable development, and develops scientifically sound recommendations for overcoming them. Special attention is paid to the issues of low yields, dependence on climatic conditions, inefficient water use, lack of financing and increased competition from imported grain. The grain industry in Kazakhstan, despite its significant potential and strategic importance for ensuring food security, is characterized by a significant lag in yield from world leaders and high vulnerability to external factors. The lack of an integrated approach to solving systemic problems that hinder innovation, production modernization and market diversification hinders the development of the industry's potential and reduces its competitiveness. The scientific novelty of the research consists in conducting a comprehensive analysis of the factors determining the sustainable development of the grain industry in Kazakhstan; substantiating the need to switch to targeted government support; developing a system of measures to diversify export markets and increase the competitiveness of Kazakhstani grain; proposing specific measures to implement long-term strategic goals for the development of the grain industry, including the allocation of responsibility.

Purpose – This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the global uranium market and assesses the ability of future supplies to meet growing demand through 2050. The study aims to identify potential imbalances between projected uranium supply and demand, taking into account market and geopolitical factors. Methodology – The study is based on a comprehensive approach that combines econometric analysis and uranium supply curve modeling. Econometric analysis uses a variety of methods to examine the correlation between prices and production volumes, ensuring the reliability of the results. Supply curve modeling shows how uranium availability will change with price changes, allowing for an assessment of market stability under different scenarios. Originality / value – The study analyzes the International Atomic Energy Agency’s forecasts and shows that primary uranium production will remain the main resource, despite the contribution from secondary sources. The study also highlights the importance of reviewing production and export policies in uranium-rich countries and ensuring security of supply. Findings – The main conclusion is that a significant imbalance between the projected uranium demand and supply, especially under medium and high demand scenarios, indicates that a potential shortage may arise by 2035. Kazakhstan is expected to take a leading position in the uranium export market by 2050. In addition, political and energy security issues may contribute to the growth of demand for nuclear energy, leading to the formation of new global partnerships and trade routes. The conclusions provide a deep understanding of market dynamics and contribute to the sustainable development of nuclear energy.

Employment Policies Are An Integral Part Of Economic Development Policy Because Of Their Dimensions And Objectives. For This Reason They Are Of Interest To Most Societies And Countries. Through This Study, We Tried To Address The Most Important Employment Policies Adopted By The Algerian Government As An Attempt To Rebalance The Labor Market. It Has Been Shown By Tracking The Process Of Variables Variables That The Measures And Negative Policies Of Employment Are Revived By The High Frequency Of Investments, Which In Turn Rise With The Rise In Oil Prices In Global Markets. Keywords- Employment Policies, Labor Market, Unemployment, Job Demand And Supply.

Currently, there is a growing need for wine authenticity tools to face the global wine market and deal with adulteration cases. Stable isotope analyses, recognized by the Organization of Vine and Wine as a tool for detecting authenticity fraud, form the basis of the European Wine Databank, which faces limitations concerning the geographical origin of wines. Several studies were developed on applying the 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratio to evaluate wine geographical origin, involving wine-producing regions worldwide. The most important feature of Sr, evidencing its reliability as a provenance tracer, is its assimilation by the vine plant roots in the same isotopic proportions in which they occur. Although important aspects such as 87Sr/86Sr in relation to the vineyard substratum, analytical methodologies and the effect of technological processes have been addressed, relevant issues remain, such as the interpretation of soil data and the need for a better understanding of the impacts of anthropogenic factors. In this context, the strontium isotope ratio of Arinto (Vitis vinifera L.) wine samples from the same vineyard located in the Lisbon wine region, across 13 vintages, was assessed. Before 87Sr/86Sr determination by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, the samples underwent a pretreatment procedure: (i) sample digestion by high-pressure microwave digestion for the elimination of organic substances to prevent any interference during chromatographic separation, and (ii) chromatographic separation of 87Sr and 87Rb to avoid isobaric overlapping 87Rb and 87Sr. The values of 87Sr/86Sr found in the studied wines, ranging between 0.706 and 0.709, are consistent with those reported for soils developed on different basaltic rocks. No significant differences were observed between the isotopic ratio values of the wines from different vintages, thus confirming the reliability of this isotopic ratio for traceability purposes. © 2025 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Most studies exploring the global market of association football (soccer) transfers have relied on the hedonic pricing approach, where the characteristics of the player are the key features. While this has largely been useful, there are some potential challenges since it does not represent the global market and is susceptible to selection bias. In this exploratory study, we aimed to address these two key issues by proposing a different modelling approach that relies on an original solution (i.e., video gaming data). First, we built a random global sample by starting from an existing player universe, and appended video gaming data, transfer and salary data. Second, we developed new measures of transfer prices (without selectivity). This design is superior as it addresses the challenges of non-representativeness and selection bias. Indeed, the results are homoscedastic across different segments (regions and player positions) and provide results that are robust and representative of the global market than previous studies.

In recent years, submarine cable systems have grown in size and velocity, with nation-states, venture groups, and US-based platform corporations investing heavily in this backbone of the global internet. However, a significant share of new cable projects are abandoned, prompting us to explore what this particular type of ‘ghost infrastructure’ can teach us about the ongoing reconfiguration of infrastructural power in digital societies. To unfold these epistemic potentials, we apply online archival methods and identify 65 unrealised projects – that is, one ghost cable project for every ten cables laid across the ocean floor. We then explore the main ‘causes of death’, finding that lack of funding and geopolitical unrest are recurrent triggers of cable abandonment. Investigating the ‘afterlives’ of deceased projects, we find that some disappear completely, others are acquired or replaced, while a final few are resurrected under altered names, with new owners and slightly adjusted routes. Taken together, our analysis suggests an asynchronous power balance where smaller and regionally oriented market actors compete with platform corporations operating on a global market; where actors reliant on attracting external public and private funding are competed out of business by billion-dollar corporations with the necessary funds in-house; and where consortia spending years on negotiating, planning, and establishing a connection are being surpassed by single corporations moving at a higher pace. This imbalance is self-reinforcing, as skewed market conditions allow dominant actors to advance their profit-generating services while sidelining others and deepening dependency, thereby consolidating the economic and infrastructural power of the platform corporations.

With the continuous turbulence in the global market and the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI), the sustainable development of supply chains has attracted significant attention. Addressing the "efficiency-environmental protection-equity" challenges faced by current sustainable supply chains, this paper attempts to analyze how AI can empower sustainable supply chains and explores AI's ability to handle the dynamic complexity of supply chains, including real-time data monitoring, accurate prediction, intelligent decision-making, risk management, data sharing, and continuous learning. The study finds that AI can empower sustainable supply chains through the following aspects: demand forecasting and inventory optimization, logistics network optimization, supply chain risk management, supplier management, production and manufacturing optimization, real-time monitoring and transparency, as well as carbon footprint management and emission reduction optimization. Through these means, AI helps improve supply chain efficiency, reduce costs, enhance forecasting and demand management capabilities, strengthen risk management and emergency response capabilities, and boost supply chain resilience.

Economic sanctions engender the disturbance of financial transactions between the sanctioner and the targeted nations. The Russia-Ukraine war also restricted Russia's entry into financial and commodity markets, with reverberating effects on the global market. Hence, the study aims to elucidate the relationship between armed conflicts and economic sanctions enforced by the G7 nations, the crude oil market, and its corresponding volatility index, OVX. It seems that heightened levels of ambiguity, conflict, nervousness, and hostility have contributed to an increase in the fluctuation of the energy market, leading to an extreme response to economic sanctions. Our findings reveal that financial restrictions imposed by Australia, Japan, the UK, and the USA have led to higher uncertainty and increased volatility in the oil market. The news variable War exhibits higher volatility compared to Crude oil and Recession in the media press. The war-induced uncertainty has shown a significant impact on the oil volatility.

Driving sustainability: Role of economic incentives, and environmental awareness in electronic sector.

This review explores the potential of microneedles (MNs) in enhancing the delivery of biologics vital for treating conditions, including infectious diseases, cancer, and autoimmune disorders. The COVID-19 pandemic has amplified the demand for biologics, prompting research and development. The global biologics market is expected to grow substantially due to the rise of personalized medicine. Large, complex molecules, including proteins, peptides, and vaccines, are known as biologics, and a potential technique for their delivery is microneedles. MNs come in various forms: solid, hollow, coated, dissolvable, and hydrogel MNs. Traditional drug delivery methods have limitations, while transdermal drug delivery via Microneedles offers a promising alternative. Microneedles painlessly penetrate the skin's barrier, forming temporary microchannels for effective medication administration. This minimally invasive, self-administered technique increases patient comfort and compliance and eliminates the complications of oral medications and injections, indicating a bright future for biologic drug administration. Microneedles hold the promise to reshape healthcare delivery by facilitating broader access to vaccines, insulin, and other crucial biologics.

Lanthanide luminescent markers in hollow-point projectiles to facilitate post-mortem ballistic analysis.

Enhanced ligand exchange for ultrasensitive neonicotinoid detection in soil water via surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

A comprehensive analysis of the scrapping and abandonment of fiber-reinforced polymer vessels at sea.

Globalization and stock market efficiency