Global Labour Market Research Articles

The ILO nowcasting model: Using high-frequency data to track the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on labour markets1

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in unprecedented labour market disruption, triggering the most severe global labour market crisis on record. The speed and depth of the crisis rendered labour force survey data unable to provide timely information. The ILO nowcasting model was designed to track the disruption in the world of work caused by the pandemic. This required: 1) filling data gaps, 2) increasing the timeliness of available data, and 3) focusing on an indicator that captured well the pandemic disruption: hours worked. The estimates obtained from the ILO nowcasting model have become the backbone of the empirical strategy behind the ILO Monitor on the World of Work publication series. The latest estimates corroborate that the pandemic induced very large declines in hours worked at an unprecedented speed. Furthermore, the recovery process has stalled, driven by a stagnant recovery in developing economies. The country-level input data and estimates of the ILO nowcasting model allow for complementary analysis, which was published in the ILO Monitor. The topics included the effects of COVID-19 testing and tracing, fiscal stimulus, and vaccination on labour market outcomes.

OPTIMISATION OF THE MANAGEMENT APPARATUS IN THE SYSTEM OF SOCIAL AND LABOUR RELATIONS

One of the most important ways of ensuring the social orientation of a market economy is the rational organisation of work at all levels of government. Ukraine's participation in the global labour market provides for the organisation of social and labour relations according to international norms and the integration of the national system of labour-capital relations into the system recognised by the global community. This makes it necessary to study the problems associated with bringing national legislation into conformity with international labour standards, to study and summarise domestic and foreign experience in regulating social and labour relations, to master the "technology" of assessing their condition and developing proposals for improvement in the light of global achievements in this field. Labour that is organized on the scientific basis is a guiding factor of its productivity growth - the basis for providing competitiveness of economic entities of the market economy. Labour organisation means bringing people's labour activity into a certain system, which is characterised by a set of elements and their stable interrelations, the content of functioning of these elements, directions and dynamics of their development. Within an enterprise, of paramount importance for labour organisation is the issue of correct placement of workers in production on the basis of rational division of labour and connection of professions, specialisation and expansion of service areas. Optimisation of the management apparatus in the system of social and labour relations firstly requires changes in the structure of the apparatus in relation to the solution of priority tasks of crisis management, namely the application of functional, hierarchical and technological redistribution of work and people; secondly, the appointment of managers according to their crisis functions (based on job, professional, qualification and personality matching of the nature and content of crisis functions); thirdly, the improvement of the vertical and horizontal structure of the apparatus; and The formation of anti-crisis strategic plans belongs to the most responsible and weighty issues, since it is a reasonable choice of anti-crisis measures that ensures the exit of the enterprise from the state of crisis with the least losses in the shortest possible time. Anti-crisis program is a system of measures aimed at prevention or elimination of unfavourable phenomena for business, using all potential of modern management, development and implementation of special program which has strategic character, allows to remove temporary difficulties, preserve and use market position of enterprise, building on its strengths using own resources. There is then an urgent need for a theoretical treatment of the methods, techniques and principles for optimising the interests of the parties to social and labour relations under crisis economic conditions.

EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE IN THE TRAINING OF MEDICAL EDUCATION MANAGEMENT SPECIALISTS

The article examines the European experience in the field of training specialists in the management of medical education in Germany and Great Britain. It was determined that there is a widespread opinion in Ukraine that in the educational sphere of health care reforms were not implemented at all or were implemented ineffectively. This was facilitated by the vision that the main efforts of the executive authorities were aimed at preventing the collapse of the existing health care system and maintaining a minimum level of social security. On the basis of the analysis of the researches of domestic scientists, it was concluded that the results of their scientific researches make it possible to deepen the understanding of the problems of training specialists in the management of medical education. At the same time, the issue of applying foreign experience of such training has not been comprehensively reflected in the field of public administration knowledge. It was found that in the conditions of European integration, reforming the medical education system is impossible without taking into account the European experience, which will contribute to the development and implementation of a national comprehensive mechanism of public management of medical education. The reviewed various master’s programs in the field of medical education management in Germany and Great Britain revealed their advantages over those available today in Ukraine. It was determined that the introduction of standards for the training of masters of state management of medical education in European countries will contribute to the improvement of the content of domestic master’s programs, while creating greater employment opportunities on the domestic and global labor market. It was found that the professional training of the management personnel of the medical education system is extremely important and relevant today in Ukraine, due to the fact that in many European countries there is a growing interest in the training of highly qualified managers in the medical education system. The main efforts of European educational programs are aimed at increasing the level of requirements for the competence characteristics of managers of medical education institutions. Ways to overcome the problems of training medical education management specialists based on the introduction of new educational programs are proposed.

International education programmes as an element of educational change in the Polish education system

The main aim of the article is to present selected international education programmes implemented in Poland (International Baccalaureate, Advanced Placement, International General Certificate of Secondary Education) in the context of educational change. The background of the analyses is the metamorphoses in the Polish education system after the period of political transformation. Literature in the field of education policy, theory of educational systems, normative documents of educational law, European Union directives and programme documents of international organizations conducting and accrediting IB, AP, and IGCSE programmes were used for the research. The author argues that the educational change that took place after 1989 in the organization and structure of the education system made it possible to implement international education programmes and contributed to the democratization and socialization of the Polish education system. Currently, international education programmes constitute an attractive educational offer that provides a chance for continuing education at renowned foreign universities, makes it possible to efficiently find oneself on the global labour market, and also prepares young people to be active members of civil society, guided by such values of political and social life as respect for human rights, democracy, solidarity, freedom of speech, and tolerance.

The study-to-work transition of Chinese international students: Navigating a future in the global labour market

In the global competition for talents, the massive inflow of Chinese students into the UK has drawn great attention. However, only few studies examine students’ interactions with socioeconomic structures in their study-to-work transition. This study used HESA data and interview data collected from Chinese postgraduate students, and it aims to: investigate structural factors that influence post-study migration patterns of Chinese students; and explore how Chinese students interact with wider social structures. This study found that different configurations between student’s ‘goals’, ‘actions’, and ‘reflexivity’ would lead to different employment outcomes. Three different study-to-work transition strategies were identified: ‘proceeding without a fixed plan’; ‘reaching a compromise’; and ‘knowing goals and approaching to goals’. Findings suggest that transition between study and work is more complex than what is described in human capital and push-pull approaches. Better understanding of students’ decision-making process would help HEIs in preparing graduates for careers in global labour market.

Конкурентоспособность новых поколений на современном рынке труда: экономический аспект

The questions of the competitive ability of new generations at modern labour market become particularly relevant in conditions of high uncertainty and rapid transformation of the global labour market due to the covid19 pandemic and the geopolitical crisis 2022. Experts of the World Economic Forum believe that in the conditions of accelerating automation and robotization, a significant number of workers will not be able to keep their jobs to 2025. The process of creating new jobs in the care economy, green technologies, databases and cloud computing, artificial intelligence has a slower speed. The real prospect in the next two to three years will be a significant increase in unemployment. There is a problem of creating the necessary conditions for ensuring employment of the population. This article analyzes the situation on the Russian labor market from the point of view of the generations that make up the majority of the labor force, and the prospects of employment prospects of youth and women, as the two most vulnerable groups.

Key Trends in the Global Labor Market

Key Trends in the Global Labor Market

The Pepsi‐Jenner disaster: Translation and collaboration in global image markets

In 2017, Pepsi released a video advertisement online that became an international pop reference for ignorance regarding race relations and police brutality. This video offers a rare but theoretically productive moment to examine the errors and interpretive disjunctures that characterize the global labour market in advertising. More videos are being outsourced offshore due to decreasing budgets for video production internationally. Although the international provenance of creative advertising videos is well hidden, their nonscalability produces a trail of strange images that can provoke unexpected responses.

SOCIAL AND PEDAGOGICAL PRECONDITIONS FOR THE FORMATION COMPETITIVENESS OF FUTURE MATHEMATICS TEACHERS

New socio-economic and political conditions that have been forming in Ukraine in recent years, European integration processes cause an increase in the requirements for the professional training of future specialists who are competitive in the global labor market. Competitiveness is understood as a set of superiorities, manifested in the unique abilities of a modern specialist. Competitiveness is an indicator of successful professional activity, the ability to be more in demand compared to others due to many qualities that determine a high level of professionalism in their field. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the socio-pedagogical preconditions for the formation of the competitiveness of future teachers of mathematics. Research methods: analysis of scientific literature, systematization (to understand the key concepts of the study), generalization (to form author's conclusions). We identify four groups of socio-pedagogical preconditions for the formation of the competitiveness of future mathematics teachers. The first group is associated with changing the paradigm of education, the formation of a new concept of education that meets the needs of the individual, and dynamic society in the context of the introduction of innovative learning technologies. The second group is due to the peculiarities of the development of the information society: an increase in the volume of information produced, an increase in information consumption, and the development of new information technologies. The third group of preconditions is related to the integration processes of education: the development of a system of continuous education, the continuity of levels of education, the modernization of the educational process, and academic disciplines. The fourth group is caused by problems with the quality of education: an increase in the requirements for the level of professionalism of teachers, a change in the expectations placed on the education system, and the expansion of the educational opportunities of the individual. We have established that an important direction in improving the quality of education is to improve the mathematical education of young people.

Gig Economy Teaching: On the Importance and Dangers of Self-branding in Online Markets

Abstract The gig economy is rapidly transforming service-based industries, including online teaching. Even before the COVID-19 pandemic forced millions of people worldwide to work remotely, gig economy teaching generated billions of dollars in revenue and was responsible for millions of lessons per month. Although the global labor market is currently experiencing a major shift because of the gig economy, applied linguists have paid little attention to gig-based work and its implications. The current study narrows this research gap by using self-branding theories to understand the ways in which gig economy teachers market themselves to potential students. The findings, which are based on 100 teacher profiles, reveal that teachers adopt four self-branding discourses when marketing their teaching services. These self-branding discourses may vary according to the teacher’s country of origin, professional qualifications, and first language background. The study argues that self-branding discourses reflect a larger, and perhaps more problematic, global trend in which individual workers directly compete against each other in a race to lower earnings and job security.

Прекаризация занятости в цифровой экономике

Introduction. Precarization of employment has become one of the objective and significant manifestations of the employment processes transformation in the digital economy, while it is rapidly expanding and becoming more complex. The increase in upward precarization, depending on the degree of digitalization processes development and economic turbulence, indicates that it has acquired the qualities and characteristics of a clearly dominant trend in modern economic development, which has already become a reality for different categories of employed and which all participants and contractors of the labor market – employees and employers – have to reckon with. Precarization of the employed is a relatively new and therefore only fragmentally studied phenomenon not only for the global labor market, but also for the Russian labor market, where it has its manifestations and features. All this in general determines the relevance of the research topic. Theoretical analysis. The study of various aspects of precarization of employment in the digital economy as a stochastic system – its content, causes, main manifestations and related consequences, externalities – is of scientific interest. Particularly significant in epistemological and ontological aspects is the analysis of the reasons for the intensification of precarization processes in digital economy in relation to Russian conditions, namely, the reduction of jobs, the excess of the need for new specialists over the capabilities of the modern education system, the transition to the platformization of labor processes, the expansion of the short-term contracts economy. Results. Active processes of precarization in the digital economy create conditions for the formation of new employment standards and new competencies of the employed.

Development of a competence ecosystem for the future space workforce: strategies, practices and recommendations from international master programs in northern Sweden

Requirements from the global labor market have substantially changed in recent years. Graduate and post-graduate students with excellent subject knowledge, deep understanding of modern working methods, technical and higher-order thinking, engineering intuition and problem-solving skills are in great demand. They should also have professional skills such as well-developed abilities in communication and teamwork, usually in an international work environment. This review discusses the advantages of multidisciplinary study environment, educational strategies such as student-oriented teaching, project-based learning with its applicability to a “real-world” setting, active learning techniques, development of entrepreneurial skills, lessons learned and best practices from the international Master Program in Spacecraft Design and the Joint Master Program in Space Science and Technology – SpaceMaster at Luleå University of Technology in northern Sweden. The importance of complementarity between formal, informal and non-formal learning methods for science and engineering students has been specifically highlighted. Connections to the world of work, through active industry involvement in the education in a systematic way, e.g. External Advisory Board, shared services and facilities, joint projects and supervision of Master and PhD students, is recognised as a key success factor for professional training. A structural combination of modern pedagogical tools, strategic partnership with industry, business entities, academic partners and up-to-date multidisciplinary labs creates the conceptual framework for a Competence Ecosystem for fostering a new generation of space scientists and engineers.

INDONESIA-JAPAN COOPERATION IN LABOUR MIGRATION TO IMPROVE THE COMPETITIVENESS OF INDONESIAN MIGRANT WORKERS

The 2018 Global Compact of Migration provides guidance for countries informulating policies and actions to improve the quality of International Migration governance so that they can realize migration that benefits Indonesian Migrant Workers, sending countries, and receiving countries. This research aims to analyze the cooperation of Indonesia and Japan in labour migration to improve the competitiveness of indonesian migrant workers. This research uses qualitative research methods which are carried out based on the interpretation of research data into research results. The research is carried out based on a review of official documents from authorized and relevant government agencies, experiences of actors in Indonesia-Japan cooperation in labor migration in the global labor market and studies references. Indonesia conducts bilateral relations with Japan under an economic cooperation agreement by sending Indonesian workers BNP2TKI as government representatives assigned to supervise the debriefing and protection of Indonesian workers. While on the Japanese side there is the Japan International Corporation of Welfare Services (JICWELS) which will be responsible for receiving the Indonesian Workforce.

INTERNATIONALIZATION AS A KEY FACTOR FOR MODERNIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION

The article is devoted to the analysis of relationship between internationalization of higher education and its positive impact on the development of higher educational institutions (HEIs) in Uzbekistan on the example of the National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek. The contribution of the European partners within the framework of international projects, like Erasmus+, to the development of curricula or restructuring of administrative units resulted in the improvement of educational process and made emphasis on the development of actual knowledge and skills required on the global labour market.

A new model of personnel training in the digital economy

This study was conducted in the context of the emergence of the need for professional retraining in Russia and the world. The article conducted a research for scientific and practical research on the following key questions: why professional retraining has become a burning issue for organizations; what retraining models are used by organizations. The purpose of the work is to identify a list of socio-economic trends in the formation of an acute need for retraining. The empirical basis of the study was information prepared on the basis of open statistical data from Rosstat and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, as well as resources of analytical publications and scientific publications, including materials from international organizations, leading consulting companies, global associations, leading educational institutions and other active participants in the global educational environment and labor market experts. The collected material allows us to see the general trends in the implementation of professional retraining programs and to formulate certain conclusions. The novelty of the research is to present a new model of personnel retraining, as the integration of business, higher education and the state. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that it will allow companies in the face of new technological challenges to combine business needs with the fundamental training of a specialist for his movement along a new career path. At the level of organizations and the state, it will help to overcome the emerging personnel and skills gaps by creating massive retraining programs. The tools of this transformation will create an environment in which employees themselves can keep up with the pace of change, produce new solutions faster than competitors, increase their expertise and build a reputation.

The Experience of European Researchers in China: A Comparative Capital Advantage Perspective

This paper unfolds a “black box” concerning European researchers working in China, an emerging phenomenon as an outcome of European and Chinese international research collaboration. China’s rapid economic growth has created plentiful career opportunities in research and innovation, attracting mainly returning Chinese but also non-Chinese researchers. While emerging research has brought attention to the individual experiences of the latter group, this work has been hampered by a lack of conceptual frameworks, as well as empirical knowledge regarding these migrants’ motivations, job satisfaction, and career prospects. This article attempts to bridge this research gap by focusing on European researchers working in Chinese universities. It develops a novel analytical framework that integrates insights from the push–pull framework and Bourdieu’s conceptualization of capital and applies this framework in a qualitative investigation of China-based European researchers. This analysis shows, first, that significant capital gains exist for natural scientists, as opposed to social scientists, in China, as the former operates in a more internationalized, better-funded, and less politically controlled environment. Second, it demonstrates that European researchers’ migration journeys in China remain predominantly temporary, as their initial advantages tend to fade away over time. Finally, this article finds that European researchers’ reasons for leaving China are connected to challenges beyond the workplace, yet their stay in China becomes an important step in increasing their competitiveness in the global academic labor market.

The perception of stress, behavior in stressful situations and mental health of bank employees within a German-Ukrainian comparative study.

The banking sector is a branch of the global labor market that is increasingly facing stress. This can have some negative effects on mental and physical health. The aim of the study was to examine the management of stress and the assessment of mental health in 2 European countries. The sample comprised 90 (52%) German and 83 (48%) Ukrainian bank employees (BA) (N = 173). To achieve the aim of the study, the following questionnaires were used: the Differential Stress Inventory (DSI), the Inventory for Personality Diagnosis in Situations (IPS) and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). The participants were examined in regard to nationality. Age, gender, senior position and DSI types were considered as covariates. There were some significant national differences. The senior position, gender and age alone had little or no influence on the results. In stress management, the German sample showed unfavorable values of DSI and IPS categories. Significantly more German bank employees (10%) were overstressed (DSI type II) compared to Ukrainian ones (3%). Significant differences in stress trigger, stress manifestation and stress stabilization of DSI, and in almost all IPS categories, were found between the bank employees of both countries. More specifically, 20% of the German sample and only 8.8% of the Ukrainian sample reported impaired mental health. Bank employees from Germany and Ukraine differed in their perception of stress and behavior in stressful situations, based on the DSI and IPS results; the Germans were shown to perform worse. This is reflected in the higher level of mental health impairment among the Germans, which is demonstrated by the GHQ-12 results. However, there is a need for workplace health promotion and preventive programs for both samples. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2022;35(1):81-94.

1 Rebuilding a resilient world of work after the COVID‐19 pandemic

Chapter 1 investigates the prospects for a global labour market recovery from the COVID‐19 crisis. It presents an analysis of factors that hold back the labour market recovery. The continuing pandemic, but also macroeconomic risks such as those related to inflation, all slow down and even threaten to derail the recovery. Unequal access to vaccines and different capacity to provide fiscal policy support created a great divergence in the recovery trajectories, with high‐income countries performing much better. The chapter also warns of the risk that the damaging impact of the pandemic on jobs and livelihoods, if not quickly reversed, will of inducing long‐term structural change with enduring adverse implications for labour markets. The ILO Centenary Declaration for the Future of Work provides a blueprint for a human‐centred agenda to overcome the crisis, address existing challenges and lead to a better future.

Research Cooperation of Youth Russian and International Organizations: Incentive Mechanisms and Development Prospects

The development of research potential and the active involvement of young people in research work are included in the priority development tasks of many countries, both at the state and institutional levels. In this paper, the authors examine the formation of a research organisation of youth, analyses the tools to stimulate young personnel to conduct research. The global context of the development of modern society determines the need to consider issues of international research integration. This paper describes the practices of successful organisation of such interaction, which educational institutions can use to develop the research potential of their graduates and increase their competitiveness in the global labour market.

Impact of COVID19 Pandemic in Bangladesh: A Perspective of Mental Health and Socio-Economic Status

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the global labor market has threatened millions of livelihoods globally including Bangladesh. The study attempts to analyze the emerged socio-economic crisis among street vendors’ households in Bangladesh and to explore the psychological impacts among them during the COVID-19 pandemic. Following the qualitative approach, it was conducted in a total of 16 KIIs from street vendors. The study found that levels of depression and anxiety varied from individual to individual (i.e., street vendors), the households of street vendors with multiple breadwinners or minimum earnings were merely affected by psychological distress whereas the households with single breadwinners or no income had to suffer severe anxiety and depression. Mostly, COVID-19 infected street vendors went through severe mental depression in comparison to others. In conclusion, the paper suggests that policymakers and other respective authorities can effectively address the issues for ensuring the well-being of street vendors in upcoming pandemics.