Global Conflict Research Articles

АНАЛІЗ ЧИННИКІВ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ ДЕРЖАВИ В УМОВАХ ЗАГОСТРЕННЯ ГЛОБАЛЬНИХ КОНФЛІКТІВ

The article is analyzed the factors of economic security of the state in the conditions of the exacerbation of global conflicts. A leveled approach to economic security is singled out, which presents its hierarchical structure in the following form: mega level – global, international economic security; macro level – economic security of the national economy; meso level – economic security of the region and industry; micro level – economic security of enterprises and households. The six-level structure of economic security of Ukraine is considered. It is proven that each level of economic security has the formation of appropriate conditions to guarantee the proper level of functioning and development of each component, which are determined by certain limit values and meet the specified criteria. It was determined that globalization factors have a negative impact on economic security, including: a significant level of technological differentiation; weakness of the resource base; the disproportionality of the development of economies at the world level; a significant gap between commodity and financial markets; the growth of unemployment due to structural changes and new views on the quality of labor resources; deepening of social problems; increase in the number and exacerbation of existing armed conflicts; loss of national identity, etc. In addition, the main threats to economic security in modern conditions are highlighted: aggravation of military conflicts; significant level of corruption; instability of economic growth; a significant level of dependence of the national economy on the conjuncture of foreign markets; insignificant growth rates of the domestic market; low specific weight of products with a high share of added value; a significant share of the shadow economy. It is substantiated that the new model of economic security of Ukraine should take into account the actions of internal and external factors and be flexible from the point of view of space and time, that is, to face geopolitical and geoeconomic challenges. In addition, an effective model should consist of common conceptual foundations of global security and take into account the peculiarities of the national economy.

The National Security Consequences of the Major Questions Doctrine

The rise of the major questions doctrine—the rule that says that in order to delegate to the executive branch the power to resolve a “question of ‘deep economic and political significance’ that is central to [a] statutory scheme,” Congress must do so expressly—threatens to unmake the modern executive’s authority over foreign affairs, especially in matters of national security and interstate conflict. In the twenty-first century, global conflicts increasingly involve economic warfare, rather than (or in addition to) the force of arms. In the United States, the executive power to levy economic sanctions and engage in other forms of economic warfare are generally based on extremely broad delegations of authority from Congress. The major questions doctrine (MQD) threatens the ability to fight modern conflicts for two reasons. First, classic national- security-related conflicts—wars of territorial conquest, terrorism, or nuclear proliferation—increasingly are met with economic measures. But the statutes that authorize economic warfare actions are incredibly broad and recent administrations have interpreted these statutes in ways that risk running afoul of an expansive and free-form MQD. Second, “foreign affairs exceptionalism,” in which the Court decides not to apply the MQD to statutes involving foreign affairs, is not likely to work well as a response because what is “foreign” and “domestic” cannot be easily distinguished and attempts to do so will have perverse consequences. The MQD raises serious problems for foreign affairs and national security. If the MQD is applied to domestic, but not foreign, delegations, then the executive branch will have an incentive to use broad foreign affairs delegations to accomplish domestic policy objectives in order to evade the safeguards and limits that attend domestic administrative action. At the same time, judges will have to police the porous boundary between “foreign” and “domestic,” with especially high error costs because wrong decisions will affect national security. If the MQD is applied to economic delegations that touch foreign commerce, the most likely consequence is that judges—particularly lower court judges—will be put in the position of second-guessing executive branch decisionmaking on precisely those questions—economic foreign policy questions of deep economic and political significance—on which the political branches enjoy both constitutional primacy and institutional expertise. This result is troubling; judges lack the knowledge and training to make effective decisions bearing on foreign policy, and putting them in the position to do so contravenes the norms of our legal system.

Ukraina i pułapka Tukidydesa: Jak uniknąć konfliktu światowego?

The “Thucydides trap” is a term popularized by the political scientist Graham T. Allison to describe the danger which occurs when a rising power rivals an established one. The description of the Peloponnesian war, especially of its reasons, consequences and the debate between the realist and idealist perspectives provided in the Melian Dialogue are still relevant to analyze today’s armed conflicts, and partially the current war in Ukraine, which, because of the NATO involve- ment, can dangerously develops from a local to a global conflict, and the strategic competition between USA and China. An applications in this work of the comparative method allows to refer to such issues as, the reasons of war between superpowers, the need for professional diplomacy and a realistic calculation of forces. Additionally, the factors that are decive for a character of warlike are presented: fear, real benefits, rational calculation of forces, demoralization, ideology, community or conflict of interest, view from both sides, building cooperation rather than hostility. Each armed conflict for its rational justification should be analyzed by reference to these factors. While warning against war, it must be admitted that because of the Thucydides trap, there are usually no winners in a war between superpowers. We should consider this prudent historical lesson and the realist arguments, and stop the war in Ukraine, as soon as we can, rather than further escalate it.

The Global Peace Mandate of the United Nations Security Council, Conflict Management and the Israeli-Palestinian Question

The United Nations global conflict management strategy is based on certain fundamental assumptions that require serious re-examination in the twenty-first century. This study is focused on the United Nations Security Council, its global peace maintenance responsibility mandated by the United Nations Charter and the protracted Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The doctrinal approach was employed for this study. This is with aim to assess the long-standing violence between Israel and Palestine and a possible way of effective management and possible resolution, which is the sole responsibility of the United Nations Security Council. The study shed more light on the role of the Security Council, its efforts and its challenges that are hampering warring nations from settling their disputes. The study concluded that, although the United Nations Security Council has played vital roles in instituting global peace, which is the fundamental principle of macroeconomic stability, the reforms of the Council is at the top of the most pressing global political issues facing the international community. Therefore, among the recommendations of this study is that, the reformation of the Council to mirror the present globalized world political order is of utmost significance in order to provide room for effective regional or continental representation, just as a representative government is well suited for a federating country. This would enable effective representation via regional or continental powers creating a platform for feasibly effective conflict management and possible resolution of interstate conflicts.

CHINA’S FINANCIAL RISE AND RAMIFICATIONS FOR UNITED STATES OF AMERICA’S PETRODOLLAR HEGEMONY

This article examines the pattern where China’s growing global economic influence in post-9/11 era has been complimented with the gradual and sustained rise of its monetary cooperation, competition as well as conflicts with United State of America (USA). While chronicling the Neoliberal and advanced capitalist arguments regarding the current international economic order and financial infrastructure led by the USA; this article refines the focuses on the global monetary system and the role of monetary coercion and builds a critical approach by engaging with Realist, Leftist-Marxist and antiimperialist theorisations with the objective to analyse the nature of cooperation and confrontation between the two states. The methodology employed is qualitative and interpretive supported with analysis of empirical data to substantiate the theoretical claims. It is argued that the rise of Chinese currency is related to these oft-recurring financial trends, which lie at the core of USA’s global economic system and the related global financial conflicts have the potential to fundamentally transform the global economic order. The paper concludes that China’s internationalisation of its currency is likely to intensify its confrontation with US with the potential for international conflict.

Grindr? it's a "Blackmailer's goldmine"! The weaponization of queer data publics Amid the US-China trade conflict.

In March 2019, the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) identified Grindr, a hookup app that predominantly caters to men who have sex with men, as a "national security threat" and compelled the Chinese conglomerate Kunlun Tech to divest from it entirely. The CFIUS-Grindr ruling is indicative of larger regulatory debates over increasing datafication trends in the dating app industry. Through a political economy approach to communication, this paper examines how this ruling was predominantly constructed by various stakeholders as a public controversy in light of the ongoing US-China trade conflict. This interpretation of the controversy relies on a prejudicial trope that construes queer dating app users as vulnerable targets of potential blackmail schemes operated by Chinese intelligence agencies. Through the Lavender Scare, a historical period referring to state-led investigations into the presence of LGBTQ+ employees in Western federal workforces, this paper historicizes this blackmail trope to highlight how the politicization of queer vulnerabilities amid global hegemonic conflicts is a tactic that predates the US-China trade conflict. It argues that the CFIUS-Grindr ruling weaponizes Grindr's queer data publics as threats against which the US government should protect itself, while failing to fully recognize the urgency for the state to protect the data privacy rights of the LGBTQ+ communities in the digital economy. In light of the CFIUS-Grindr ruling, this paper examines the implications that datafication raises for the LGBTQ+ communities whose sexual lives and identities are increasingly being datafied and exploited by digital media platforms.

Exchange Rate Misalignment: An Application of Purchasing Power Parity and the Behavioral Equilibrium Exchange Rate in Vietnam

The impact of exchange rate misalignment on economic growth has become an important research topic in recent years in many different countries. Especially, in the context of global economic turmoil and trading conflicts between China and the United States, many countries have raised interest rates to combat rising inflation. Governments try to find suitable exchange rate policies to help stabilize the inflation and develop their economies. This paper aims to analyze the misalignment of the real effective exchange rate in Vietnam by using the Behavioral equilibrium exchange rate and purchasing power parity model. The result shows that the Vietnam Dong was undervalued in the period 2000-2010 and overvalued in the period 2010-2020.

Understanding Social Media and Global Conflict

Understanding Social Media and Global Conflict

Introduction

Abstract This introduction examines the two main questions explored in the special issue: What does the Cold War’s interweaving of international politics and global war disclose about contemporary world literature discourse? What does world literature (as idea, program, and, more importantly, as reality of writing and reading beyond the framework of the nation-state) tell us about the Cold War and its discursive reliance on rhetorical ambiguity? We depart from the major approaches to literature’s relationship with the Cold War that focuses on how the latter is represented by literature or how literature responds to the Cold War. We also do not simplistically consider the Cold War as only naming an epoch in world history, or world literature as the totality of literary works and circulation networks spurred by a partly frozen global conflict at the heart of the twentieth century.

No borders on a fragile planet: Introducing four lay models of social psychological precarity to support global human identification and citizenship.

Measures such as Identification with all humanity (IWAH) and global identification and citizenship (GHIC) are positivity correlated with measures of humanitarianism, cosmopolitanism and environmental concern. Research using these measures suggests that most citizens have low-global identification scores. This article sheds light on this finding by investigating how global identification relates to precarity and migration (neither of which are measured in the IWAH/GHIC). The study conducted in England, Scotland and Sweden introduces a qualitative dialogical approach to GHIC. This involves measuring migration-mobility in dialogical interviews and controlling and removing borders on world maps-using an interactive world mapping task (N=23). Participants articulate four social representations relating to a fragile earth, enduring colonial settler/native conflict, ingroup/outgroup conflict or, in contrast, a cooperative plentiful planet where borders are unnecessary. Such social representations demonstrate the importance of planetary consciousness and relate to four lay models of social psychological precarity related to intergroup competition, global conflict, economic rationality and human-made borders. In conclusion, all participants employ lay models of social psychological precarity when discussing sovereignty, migration and belonging. We recommend psychologists investigating GHIC include measures of social psychological precarity and migration-mobility.

Russian Diplomacy in the Struggle for National Interests during World War I

Article covers a complex of the most important geopolitical questions facing Russian empire during the first global conflict of 1914-1917, and also the efforts of domestic diplomacy directed on their decision in a favorable course for the country in the conditions of a difficult confrontation of great powers. Relevance of the topic is conditioned by insufficiently deep analysis of the struggle on the diplomatic front of the First World War and superficial idea about the aims and motives of the Russian imperial government in its actions on the world arena in relation to both the enemies from the bloc of the Central Powers and the Entente allies. In the course of the research the author has traced the evolution of Russian foreign policy from the beginning of military operations to the period of revolutionary upheavals, the cause-and-effect relationships of decisions of its leadership in the course of the world conflict, and also gives an objective assessment of the results of this work in achieving the final reunification of its ethnic territories, creation and consolidation around itself of new Slavic states, realization of rights for the "Byzantine heritage".

Risky cascading transitions in international relationships.

Changing attitudes in diplomatic relations is a common feature of international politics. However, such changes may trigger risky domino-like cascades of "friend-to-enemy" transitions among other counties and yielding catastrophic damage that could reshape the global network of international relationships. While previous attention has been focused on studying single pairs of international relationships, due to the lack of a systematic framework, it remains still unknown whether, and how, a single transition of attitude between two countries could trigger a cascade of attitude transitions among other countries. Here, we develop such a framework and construct a global evolving network of relations between country pairs based on 70,756,728 international events between 1,225 country pairs from January 1995 to March 2020. Our framework can identify and quantify the cascade of transitions following a given original transition. Surprisingly, weaker transitions are found to initiate most of the largest cascades. We also find that transitions are not only related to the balance of the local environment, but also global network properties such as betweenness centrality. Our results suggest that these transitions have a substantial impact on bilateral trade volumes and scientific collaborations. Our results reveal reaction chains of international relations, which could be helpful for designing early warning signals and mitigation methods for global international conflicts.

Future directions in rural history: Ireland, the First World War and the search for historical evidence

AbstractA social history of Ireland (encompassing rural communities) is needed if historians are to fully come to terms with what really happened between 1914 and 1918 and to properly tackle the question of ‘consent’ and ‘constraint’ in relation to the war effort. In addition, historians need to devote a comprehensive book-length research to the April 1918 Conscription Crisis in Ulster (but more generally to the anti-conscription movement in Ulster), determining if the urban/rural – Belfast/countryside divide existed (and, if so, what its magnitude was). Finally, in a few years’ time, anyone will be able to say if the Republic of Ireland of today opted to anchor the global conflict in the collective memory of its people, or if the Centenary of the First World War was just a politically motivated parenthesis to commemorate a lost generation that still struggles to find its rightful place in modern Irish history.

“Vaccinodemic” as a component of the global hybrid conflict between democracy and autocracy: the case of Ukraine

Today, there is no doubt that the large-scale invasion of Ukraine by Russian troops in February 2022 represents just another phase of the Russo-Ukrainian War that has lasted for nine years. There are many aspects to this confrontation. The consequences of the war will affect the future of the world order. It will include such aspects as security, formation of new political blocs, force interaction of political regimes, the choice of state-building models by the countries, the art of war, the role of civil society, and strengthening of the informational component in the confrontation between states and their alliances. Russia-Iran has already emerged as one such aggressive alliance. In the article, the authors explain the phenomenon of the infodemic and one of its structural elements, the “vaccinodemic”. The COVID-19 pandemic became a vivid example of the global clash of actors in international relations that implement conflicting ideologies – democratic or authoritarian rule in the social and political life of their states – and realize such aspects in foreign policy. The authors assert that the current situation in Ukraine, namely, the open military Russian invasion and the further aggravation of the security crisis, primarily in the European region, are only the next phase of an ideological confrontation that could be observed during the response to the COVID-19 pandemic by humanity. Now, this confrontation continues in a more aggressive, conventional format. Manifestations of the infodemic and its unique form, the “vaccinodemic”, captured the essence of the global confrontation, which will determine international processes for decades. Namely, Russia’s fight between democracy and authoritarianism has acquired neo-totalitarian characteristics. This fight will determine, in addition to other social phenomena, the structure and content of the global information space. It is noted that authoritarian regimes have shown some success in addressing the pandemic, which may aggravate the rivalry between democracy and authoritarianism, as the former will have to prove its effectiveness and long-term advantages.

The Global Civilizational Conflict of the Twenty-First Century and the Role of Russia

The Global Civilizational Conflict of the Twenty-First Century and the Role of Russia

Technology Focus: Reserves Management (December 2022)

We continue to live in volatile times. While there has been an easing of the global pandemic, geopolitical issues and conflicts have been increasing. There is also ever-increasing pressure to sanction and maintain oil and gas projects in a socially and environmentally sustainable manner. These projects can no longer be considered part of an isolated or independent petroleum sector but as part of the whole resource base of an area, country, or region. There needs to be visibility of the linkages among company vision; national, regional, and global targets; and the project attributes in meeting sustainable development goals and maintaining good governance. Paper SPE 205603 is a good example of a systematic approach to managing oil and gas reserves and resources data that has been assessed using the SPE Petroleum Resources Management System (PRMS). It is important for entities to accurately capture the information gathered during resource evaluation to use for strategic planning and sound resource management. We have been encouraged with the ongoing adaption of PRMS and many of the recommendations of the system, including the use of project-maturity subclasses. We would like to provide a cautionary note that several papers in the 2021–22 cycle highlight the need to ensure that management of resources complies with the requirements of PRMS when they say they do—for example, that when modifications are made to the system, the project still meets the requirements for inclusion in a particular class, such as discovery for contingent resources; and that discovered unrecoverable resources are not contingent resources. Paper SPE 207801 is a case study in trying to apply the principles of sustainable resource management by repurposing oil and gas wells for geothermal production. The paper follows a systems approach to testing the principles of the circular economy (though this term is not used in the paper). A circular economy is a systems approach that enables the resource to maintain its highest value for as long as possible. Critical considerations in implementing circularity are reducing and rethinking resource use and pursuing longevity, renewability, reusability, reparability, replaceability, and upgradability for resources and value-added products. Paper SPE 208483 discusses the challenge of decommissioning oil and gas equipment in Australia. The paper is a comprehensive discussion that highlights the importance of good regulation and the development of visible and robust decommissioning plans by industry titleholders. This important issue will resonate at a global scale and underlines the importance of a lifecycle focus on decommissioning rather than a just-in-time approach, which may not optimize costs or engender safe and environmentally responsible practices. Finally, we encourage you to seek out the additional reading material. Topics include good governance in exploration planning, testing pathways to decarbonization for remote offshore gas fields, an integrated subsurface study, and an example of the complementary use of PRMS and the United Nations Framework Classification. Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. IPTC 21458 The Dusk of the Minimum Economic Field Size in the Digital Era of Exploration Value Creation by Dmitry Surovtsev, Schlumberger, et al. OTC 30941 Pathway to Decarbonization and Maximum Value Recovery for Remote Offshore Gas Fields by Lee Thomas, Intecsea, et al. SPE 205688 Integrated Subsurface Study To Convert Upside Intrabeta Subzone Stakes Into Additional Main Targets in Tunu Gas Field, Mahakam Delta, Indonesia by Dwiki Drajat Gumilar, Pertamina Hulu Mahakam, et al. SPE 207055 The United Nations Framework Classification Concept and the Possibility of Its Application in Azerbaijan by Narmina Garayeva, Baku Higher Oil School, et al.

Arabic Language Reality between Globalization and Identities Conflict

This study attempts to investigate the linguistic reality that the Arabic language faces at three levels: First, the globalization and linguistic imperialism that imposed the English language under the new world order, creating bilingualism or multilingualism. Second, the identity conflict between Arabic nationalism, represented by standard Arabic, and nation-states represented by their dialects. Third, the linguistic entities (pidgin) created by economically, politically, and socially oppressed groups, have not been integrated into the societies where they moved to. Therefore, they have created a fragile system of communication consisting of the two languages combination. This paper, hence, tries to analyze the linguistic phenomena, the identities conflict, and their implications on the Arabic language by extrapolating some written samples and exploring its reflections.

Islam and Ecological Sustainability: An Exploration into Prophet’s Perspective on Environment

The Quran— which is considered as the most sacred Islamic Scripture, the Word of Allah was revealed to Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) via the Archangel Gabriel over 1400 years ago—and the Hadith— The Prophet Muhammad's (peace and blessings be upon him) cherished traditions, sayings, and affirmations in respect to religious issues embody Islam's perspective on the cosmos and the Divine, as well as humanity's relationship with both. When Allah constructed it, every detail was carefully thought out. These supernatural techniques guarantee the existence and protection of natural resources. Islam's environmental teachings are based on the fundamental understanding of how interconnected humans and all other living things are with the rest of the earth. Additionally, our survival and the survival of future generations depend on this information. Because caring for the world also includes caring for our own needs. Islam, is often referred to as a religion which unlike any other dictates it’s followers as to how they are supposed to be leading their life. It not only lays down religious perspectives about what is to be followed in a good and bad sense (i.e. to say the concept of Haraam and Halaal) but also brings about guidelines for the minutest of details of everyday life. According to Islam, protecting the environment is the only way to maintain the delicate balance of life. The Quranic teaching that humanity has been given guardianship over nature is supported by the most well-known Hadith on environmental issues, which states that, "The earth is green and beautiful, and Allah has appointed you his stewards over it."
 Although in the recent times the environmental crisis in Muslim nations has recently worsened due to a complicated web of issues, including globalization, economic competition, and political conflicts among the economically dominant states. In order to avert the destruction, a number of Islamic academicians and experts stressed the importance of reconsidering and going back to the Islamic environmental teachings. On the other side, many intellectuals have denounced Islamic beliefs as wholly ethical and unscientific without fully examining its discourses and detailed sermons. Since this has been emphasised as a key element of Islam as a religion and way of life, the mere fact that Islamic beliefs place weight on the individual's obligation to preserve the ecosystem needs to be thoroughly investigated. This paper highlights how the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) established by the United Nations in 2015 for environmental conservation stand aligned with lslam's strong commitment to protecting the environment and these traditions of the Prophet Muhammad's environmental practices which were practiced years ago. Environmental ethics and practices may be enhanced by focusing on the Islamic perspective on contemporary environmental concerns (such as resource depletion, pollution, and poverty). This study aims to stimulate the teachings of Islam on environmental issues in order to advance the role of religious and scientific organisations in environmental protection. providing appropriate responses. Several environmental challenges are discussed in this article from an Islamic viewpoint.

Колоніальна спадщина Росії в українському кінематографі: проблеми подолання

Colonial expansion of the imperial Russia on the territory of Ukraine is of a three hundred years’ history, which has got its logical continuation in the 20th – 21st centuries. Social and cultural dynamics of the colonial war of the imperial centre against Ukraine and its people during the last century is analyzed in the article. It is the period starting from the destruction of cultural institutions at the turn of the 1920s – 1930s, arrests and executions of a whole generation of the workers of literature and art, destruction of grain-growers’ culture and its bearers during the years of Holodomor. Then there has been a decade of the late Stalin years (1944–1954), when the only existence of Ukraine and Ukrainians is declared illegitimate, decades (1954–1964, 1964–1974) of the legitimization of Ukrainian political elites, with the condition of their work for a real liquidation of Ukrainian culture and language, and resistance of a young generation (the Sixtiers) to a new imperial policy. The following decennial periods have their peculiarities, however, even at the times of the dawning of the age of Ukrainian independence the expansion of Russia hasn’t abated. It is armed with the cultural and informative technologies of influence, reformatting of the consciousness of the masses, developed over the centuries. Cinematograph is one of the most powerful means of the formation of senses, narratives and images, aimed at the territories, interpreted as the zones of traditionally ostensibly Russian civilization. In fact, these zones are the borderlands. Really a clash of civilizations takes place here. According to popular and authoritative nowadays concept of the clash of civilization by American sociologist and political scientist Samuel P. Huntington, the most important borders, dividing mankind in modern world, are not determined by ideology, economics, but culture. These are not nation-states that are in conflict now (although their significance in the world is still very notable), but nations and groups, belonging to different civilizations. The clash of civilizations becomes a dominant factor of a world politics. The conflict between civilizations, which turns into a real war, is the final phase of the evolution of global conflicts in the modern world. Russian-Ukrainian war is a real war for the strengthening of the civilizational senses and lines in this context. From the side of Ukraine this is a struggle for the return to the West civilization. The struggle, which is conducting including with the means of purely cultural and artistic direction, which is evidenced with the submitted material from the up to date history of Ukrainian cinema.

Special Issue: Properties and Processing Process of Flour Products

The development of flour from established native sources to alternative and sustainable sources is increasing as demands for flour products rise due to recent global conflicts [...]